Uphi isibonakude esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni?

Kude okumatasa futhi izibani impucuko, ezingwadule lingenamuntu futhi entabeni iphakama zinde ngokubabazekayo, ogama amehlo njalo bebhekise besibhakabhaka esinezinkanyezi. Ezinye ume emashumini, kuyilapho abanye uzobona izinkanyezi yabo yokuqala kuphela. Namuhla sithola lapho 10 izibonakude enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni futhi simazi kangcono ngamunye wabo eceleni.

10. Ezinkulu anokulandisa okufanayo Survey Telescope (LSST)

I isibonakude itholakala phezulu ezintabeni laseChile Ubumpunga Pachon endaweni engamamitha 2682 m ngaphezu kolwandle. Ngokusho uhlobo sihlobana reflectors optical. I ububanzi kwesibuko eyinhloko kungukuhlasela 8.4 m. Ukukhanya lokuqala (a eside okusho ukusetshenziswa lokuqala isibonakude ku ukusetshenziselwa injongo ethile) LSST ukubona unyaka ka-2020. A usebenze ngokugcwele umshini iqala nge 2022. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kwesibonakude itholakala ezingaphandle kwe-US, isakhiwo sayo usekelwa amaMelika. Omunye wabo kwakungu-UBill Gates, ngubani usise 10 izigidi zamaRandi. Sekukonke, iphrojekthi izobiza 400 million.

Ikhaya isibonakude umsebenzi - ukuthatha izithombe isibhakabhaka ebusuku njalo nobusuku obungamashumi ambalwa. Ukuze wenze lokhu, idivayisi lunekhamera ka 3.2 gigapixel. LSST has a wokubuka angela enkulu - 3.5 degrees. Moon futhi Sun, isibonelo, kwindlela bangakwazi ukucabanga ukuthi emhlabeni uphethe kuphela isigamu ngezinga elithile. amathuba ezinjalo ngenxa ubukhulu umxhwele kwesibonakude kanye nomklamo layo eliyingqayizivele. Iqiniso liwukuthi lapha kunokuba senze ngendlela evamile ezimbili izibuko esetshenziswa ezintathu. Akukona kwesibonakude enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, kodwa ungaba ngomunye ukuyedlula.

Izinjongo yesayensi yephrojekthi: usesho iminonjana esimnyama; ukukwazi Milky Way; uzingela entsha ukuqhuma supernew; ethungatha lezinto encane esimisweni sonozungezilanga (asteroyidi kanye lezinkanyezi ezinomsila), ikakhulukati isondelene uMhlaba.

9. Southern African Telescope Esikhulu (USAWOTI)

Lo mshini futhi kuyinto kugqame optical. Itholakala ku-South African Republic, ku phezulu egqumeni,-semi ehlane endaweni eduze zokuhlala Sutherland. Telescope ukuphakama 1798 m ububanzi kwesibuko main -. 11 / 9.8 m.

Akukona kwesibonakude enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, kodwa kwekulu Nenkabazwe oseningizimu. Ukwakhiwa iyunithi ngemali kwezigidi ezingu-36 zamaRandi. Ingxenye yesithathu kubo egqanyisiwe uhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika. Inani elisele wadibaniswa eJalimane, iGreat Britain, Poland, e-United States nase New Zealand.

Eyokuqala ukufakwa USAWOTI isifinyezo senzeka ngo-2005, cishe ngokushesha ngemva kokuba umsebenzi wokwakha. Kepha izibonakude optical, design salo ngempela ezintsha. Nokho, abantu abaningi landa phakathi abamele entsha ngezibonakude ezinkulu. esibukweni Main 91 yakhiwa izakhi eziyisithupha, ngamunye ephethe ububanzi 1 imitha. Ukuze bafinyelele imigomo ethile futhi ukwandisa ukubonakala kwakho zonke izibuko kungase kushintshwe engela.

USAWOTI yakhelwe spectrometric nokuhlaziya okubonakalayo emisebeni wukukhanya izinto yezinkanyezi ezingavumelani emehlweni izibonakude e Nenkabazwe. abasebenzi Telescope ukugcina quasars, imithala ekude futhi iseduze, kanye ukulandela ukuvela izinkanyezi.

It has a isibonakude ezifanayo Melika - hobby-Eberly Telescope. Itholakala Iphandle Texas, futhi kucishe design ukufakwa USAWOTI.

8. Keck I neyesi-II

Keck izibonakude ababili exhunywe ohlelweni, okuyinto kwakha nesithombe esisodwa nje. Basuke etholakala eHawaii iMauna Kea. Engamamitha kuyinto 4145 m. Ngokusho uhlobo izibonakude futhi kukhona reflectors optical.

Keck Observatory itholakala kwelinye elihle kunawo (kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa astroclimate) izindawo Emhlabeni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuphazamiseka umkhathi ngo-surveillance incane. Ngakho-ke, i-Observatory Keck kwaba ngenye yezinkampani ezingcono kakhulu emlandweni. Futhi naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kwesibonakude esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni ayikho lapha.

izibuko Main nangezibonakude Keck ezifanayo ngokuphelele. Bona, njengomuntu USAWOTI isibonakude, aqukethe iqoqo izakhi ephathekayo. Lapha sebeseduze 36 ngalinye amadivaysi. Ukuma kwesibuko kukhona iheksagoni. I Observatory zingabuka esibhakabhakeni optical kanye infrared. Keck uqhuba ezahlukene ucwaningo eziyisisekelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, namuhla ibhekwa njengempophoma omunye the best izibonakude phansi ezisekelwe ukucinga amaplanethi extrasolar.

7. Omkhulu eCanary Telescope (GTC)

Siyaqhubeka uphendule umbuzo iphi isibonakude esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Ngalesi sikhathi, ilukuluku kuye kwasilethela eSpain, abantu abalisebenzisayo eziQhingini zaseCanary, ngokunembile esiqhingini La Palma, lapho isibonakude GTC. umklamo engamamitha 2267 m ububanzi eyinhloko esibukweni - .. 10.4 m Lena kugqame optical. Ukwakhiwa kwehlelo isibonakude laqedwa ngo-2009. Ukuvulwa wavakashela Juan Carlos I - King of Spain. Le phrojekthi abiza abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-130-euro. U-90% Imali ebekelwe nguhulumeni of Spain. Labo abasele abanga-10% base ngokulinganako phakathi Mexico futhi University of Florida.

I isibonakude zingabuka besibhakabhaka esinezinkanyezi ku-optical futhi uhla maphakathi no-infrared. Ngenxa amathuluzi Osiris CanariCam angakwazi ukuqhuba polarimetric, spectrophotometric futhi koronograficheskie ukufunda izinto emkhathini.

6. Observatory "Arecibo"

Ngokungafani ngaphambili, yona le Observatory kuyinto radioreflektorom. I ububanzi kwesibuko oyinhloko (ukunakwa!) 304.8 amamitha. Ingabe lesi simangaliso ubuchwepheshe e Puerto Rico endaweni engamamitha 497 m ngaphezu kolwandle. Futhi lokho ngeke kwesibonakude enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Igama umholi, uyofunda ngezansi.

isibonakude Giant ngaphezu kwesikhathi esisodwa wazithola lens movie ikhamera. Khumbula impi yokugcina phakathi James Bond futhi umphikisi wakhe e ifilimu "Golden Eye"? Ngakho wahamba lapho. I isibonakude iye ehlanganiswe i-movie yesayensi noKarla Sagana "Imininingwane" nezinye amabhayisikobho amaningi. I Itheleskopu yerediyo ine uye sahlanganisa emdlalweni vidiyo. Ikakhulu, i-Rogue Transmission Map amathoyizi Battlefield 4. Ukungqubuzana phakathi kwezempi ziyazula isakhiwo, belingisa ngokuphelele Arecibo.

Kwaphela isikhathi eside kwakucatshangwa ukuthi Arecibo - kwesibonakude esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Izithombe lokhu giant kumelwe ukuba wabona zonke izakhamuzi zomphakathi Umhlaba yesibili. Kubukeka esingavamile ngempela: ipuleti usayizi omkhulu, afakwe zemvelo sinkholes, embozwe aluminium futhi ezungezwe emahlathini ayisinindolo. Eminyakeni ipuleti imiswe okwesikhashana irradiator ephathekayo, okuyinto oba izintambo 18. Nazo ngokufanayo, ogibele phezu kwemibhoshongo ezintathu okusezingeni eliphezulu efakwe kanye emaphethelweni amapuleti. Ngalezi Ubukhulu "Arecibo" ungakwazi ukubamba anhlobonhlobo (wavelength - kusuka 3 cm 1 m) emisebeni kagesi.

I Itheleskopu yerediyo ine wafakwa ukusebenza emuva 60s. Uvele izifundo eziningi, enye yazo waklonyeliswa uMklomelo KaNobel. E Observatory ngasekupheleni 90 kwakungu lamathuluzi abalulekile yokusesha iphrojekthi zokuphila ezisemkhathini.

5. Ichaza enkulu Atacama Desert (Alma)

Sekuyisikhathi cabanga ezibizayo iningi izibonakude ekhona phansi ezisekelwe. Kuyinto interferometer umsakazo, esemgwaqweni the Atacama Desert (Chile) endaweni engamamitha 5058 m ngaphezu kolwandle. I interferometer siqukethe 66 yerediyo ezithinta ububanzi amamitha-12 noma 7. Le phrojekthi abiza eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1,4 zamaRandi. ngokwezimali yakhe America, iJapan, Canada, Taiwan, e-Europe ne-Chile.

Alma yakhelwe ukufunda milimitha futhi submillimeter amagagasi. Ukuze ama-apharathasi yalolu hlobo kuba inani elihle kunawo entabeni ezomile. Telescope kwalethwa indawo kancane kancane. I-antenna umsakazo lokuqala wethulwa 2008, futhi waba owokugcina - ngo-2013. The main Umgomo yesayensi interferometer - Ukutadisha kwemvelo yonke, ikakhulukazi, ukuzalwa kanye kwemvelo izinkanyezi.

4. Magelanov isibonakude giant (GMT)

Ukubhekelela eningizimu-ntshonalanga, ogwadule efanayo Alma, endaweni engamamitha 2516 m ngaphezu kolwandle, yakheke isibonakude nge ububanzi 25,4 m GMT. Ngu uhlobo sihlobana reflectors optical. Lena iphrojekthi ahlangene Melika nase-Australia.

Esibukweni main izobandakanya eyodwa emaphakathi kanye eziyisithupha ezizungezile izingxenye lwalugobile. Ngaphezu kugqame, kwesibonakude ifakwe yokukhanya oluhambelana we ekilasini entsha, okuvumela ukuba sifinyelele ezingeni ubuncane ukuhlanekezela ozungeze umhlaba wethu. Ngenxa yalokho, izithombe izikhathi 10 ngokunembile kuka ne isibonakude emkhathini "Hubble".

Izinjongo yesayensi GMT: ukucinga amaplanethi extrasolar; ekutadisheni lezinkanyezi, Galactic kanye kwemvelo kwamaplanethi; ekutadisheni izimbobo black nokuningi. ekwakhiweni imisebenzi isibonakude kufanele libe seliqediwe ngo-2020.

Amathathu Imitha Telescope (TMT). Le phrojekthi ungaphakathi imingcele nezinjongo ezifanayo kuya izibonakude kanye Keck GMT. Kuzobakhuthaza esisogwini Hawaiian iMauna Kea, endaweni engamamitha 4050 m ngaphezu kolwandle. I ububanzi kwesibuko main kwesibonakude 30 amamitha. Esikhathini kugqame optical isicelo TMT esibukweni ihlukaniswe sebuningini izingxenye olunezinhlangothi. kuqhathaniswa ne Keck iyunithi usayizi kuphela ingaphezu kathathu. Ukwakhiwa kwesibonakude namanje awukaqali ngenxa yezinkinga ekuphathweni wendawo. Iqiniso lokuthi entabeni iMauna Kea kungcwele Native baseHawaii. Izindleko phrojekthi $ 1.3 billion. Utshalomali lizokuba yingxenye ikakhulukazi ngaphandle kwelaseNdiya neChina.

3. 50 imitha isibonakude eyindilinga (FAST)

Lapha kuba, kwesibonakude esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Septhemba 25, 2016 ku China wethulwa Observatory (FAST), eyenzelwe ukuhlola umkhathi nocwaningo ngezibonakaliso ke kokuphila okuhlakaniphile. I ububanzi we kudivayisi kufana nokuthi 500 metres, ngakho-ke wathola isimo "kwesibonakude enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni." EChina, baqala ukwakha i Observatory ngo-2011. Le phrojekthi abiza US ezweni $ 180 million. Iziphathimandla zendawo ngisho wathembisa ukuthi bathutha abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-10 abahlala kule indawo km-5 emhlabeni isibonakude, ukudala izimo ezikahle ukuze ukuqapha.

Ngakho, "Arecibo" ayisekho kwesibonakude esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. China wathatha isiqu esithi ePuerto Rico.

2. Square Kilometre Array (SKA)

Uma iphrojekthi ye interferometer umsakazo igcwaliswe ngempumelelo, Observatory SKA kuzoba yi-izikhathi ezingu-50 sibe sikhulu kunesihlalo nomthamo ngezibonakude ezinkulu ezikhona. Nge izimpondo zabo ngeke ukumboza indawo mayelana 1 square ikhilomitha. Ngokusho isakhiwo ufana isibonakude Alma iphrojekthi, kodwa ubukhulu lungaphezu bebakhulu isitshalo Chilean. Kuze kube manje, kukhona zimo ezimbili: ukwakhiwa ngezibonakude nge 30 izimpondo ku m 200 kanye nokwakhiwa 150 imitha-90 izibonakude. Kunoma ikuphi, ososayensi wakhulelwa Observatory kuyodingeka ukuthi uyephuza 3,000 km.

SKA kuzoba yi akhiwe ngqo wala mazwe amabili - South Africa nase-Australia. Le phrojekthi izobiza mayelana $ 2 billion. Isamba is yahlukaniswa yadliwa amazwe 10. Ngo-2020, phrojekthi okumele luphele.

1. isibonakude esikhulu kakhulu European (E-ELT)

Ngo 2025, esigcwele amandla isibonakude optical bayokhululwa, okuzokwenza idlule usayizi TMT by kakhulu ngendlela 10 metres uphinde uthele kancane uzobe elise Chile phezulu entabeni Cerro Armazones, endaweni engamamitha 3060 m. Kuyoba isibonakude ngobukhulu optical emhlabeni.

main cishe imitha-40 esibukweni awo ayohlanganisa cishe 800 izingxenye ezinyakazayo, kanye imitha nengxenye ububanzi ngamunye. Ngalezi izilinganiso zobukhulu kanye namathuluzi yokukhanya yesimanje oluhambelana, E-ELT bazokwazi ukuthola amaplanethi Earth-like, futhi ukufunda indlela yokwakheka eziphindwe yabo.

Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke isibonakude sibonakalisa emhlabeni ngeke futhi sitadishe inqubo kumiswa kwamaplanethi nezinye ezindabeni eziyisisekelo. izindleko zalo msebenzi imayelana 1 euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu.

Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke isikhala isibonakude emhlabeni

Isikhala izibonakude awadingekile e Ubukhulu ezifana umhlaba, njengoba ngenxa yokungabi bikho ithonya emkhathini, bangakwazi ukubonisa imiphumela emihle kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, kulesi simo, ngcono ukuthi "onamandla kunayo," hhayi "enkulu" isibonakude emhlabeni. "I-Hubble" - isibonakude emkhathini, ezidumile emhlabeni wonke. Ubukhulu bayo elingamamitha cishe izingalo ezimbili nengxenye. Kulokhu, isinqumo idivaysi izikhathi zokuhlola ezingu ukube Emhlabeni.

Esikhundleni "Hubble" e 2018 kuza elinamandla kakhulu isibonakude, "Dzheyms Vebb". Ubukhulu bayo ka 6.5 m, futhi esibukweni uzobe eyakhiwa izingxenye eziningana. Lapho esebekwe ukuba abe, embonweni wabasunguli, "Dzheyms Vebb" izoba Lagrange iphuzu L2, emthunzini eMhlabeni njalo.

isiphetho

Namuhla sahlangana kweshumi ngezibonakude wokuvelela kakhulu emhlabeni. Manje ngoba sewuyazi ukuthi yini ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlola umkhathi futhi zobuchwepheshe giant ekwazi ukuklama, kanye malini imali esetshenziselwe ukwakhiwa izibonakude.