Proton ibuye - base ukubaluleka aphansi kuyizinhlayiyana physics

Uma ujwayelene isakhiwo ye-athomu, wazi ukuthi i-athomu kwanoma iyiphi isici siqukethe izinhlobo ezintathu izinhlayiya aphansi: proton, ama-electron, neutrons. Proton kuhlangene neutrons ukuze Singumgogodla yesici zamakhemikhali. Njengoba icala proton uhilela izenzo, i-nucleus njalo kahle icala. Icala zikagesi ka -nucleus yama-athomu ihlawulelwa ifu ezizungezile nezinye izinhlayiya aphansi. Electron omubi icala - lena athomu ingxenye ukuthi kuzole icala se-proton. Kuye ngokuthi lakhiwe kanjani ama-electron amaningi azungeze i-nucleus, element kungaba kagesi kokungathathi hlangothi (uma nenani elilinganako proton ne-electron-athomu), noma ube necala emihle noma emibi (uma ukushoda noma electron ngokweqile, ngokulandelana). elementi athomu saphatha icala elithile, ngokuthi ion.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi isibalo proton kunqunywa izakhiwo izakhi nokuthi zikuphi ishadi lesikhathi ke. D. I. Mendeleeva. Eziqukethwe neutrons nucleus babe ngaphandle kwemali. Ngenxa yokuthi i- mass-neutron futhi proton kwehlisa futhi cishe ulingana nomunye, futhi ungqimba electron is azinakwa eqhathaniswa nabo (ezikhathini 1836 esingaphansi the nesisindo se-proton), isibalo neutrons e-nucleus yayo iye indima ebaluleke kakhulu, okuwukuthi, inquma ukuzinza uhlelo kanye nezinga zokuwohloka ka enemisebe nuclei. Okuqukethwe-neutron kunqunywa IKhompyuthaYami (ezihlukahlukene) timphawu.

Nokho, ngenxa ukungafani wesisindvo icala izinhlayiya, ama-proton, futhi ama-electron ehlukile inkokhiso ecacile (lesi silinganiso kunqunywa ratio izinhlayiya aphansi ngaphandle kwenkokhiso isisindo sayo). Ngenxa yalokho, inani lemikhaya icala proton kuyinto 9.578756 (27) x 107 C / kg ngokumelene -1.758820088 (39) ngesikhathi × 1011 electron. Ngenxa okusezingeni eliphezulu ethize icala abakuzuzile proton khulula ngeke babakhona abezindaba liquid: anika hydration.

EMiseni futhi ophethe i-proton - a ezidlula othize, lapho sakwazi ukumisa ekuqaleni kwekhulu elidlule. Ubani yososayensi wakwenza - omunye komkhulu - kuvulwa zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili? Emuva ngo-1913, 'uRutherford, kusekelwe eqinisweni ukuthi abantu bazo zonke izakhi zamakhemikhali eyaziwa mkhulu nesisindo se-athomu ye-hydrogen ukuze inamba izikhathi, basikisela ukuthi le-nucleus ye-athomu ye-hydrogen kufakwe i-nucleus ye-athomu ye-yimuphi isici. Ngandlela-thile Kamuva uRutherford inhlolo-vo lapho betadisha ukuxhumana ne-nitrogen eningi nuclei-alpha izinhlayiya. Ngenxa yalokho ukuhlola kusuka nucleus athomu landizela kuyizinhlayiyana okuyinto 'uRutherford wathi "proton" (kusukela lesiGreki elithi "protos" - owokuqala) futhi wasikisela ukuthi i-nucleus ye-athomu ye-hydrogen. Nokucabanga okuye kungase kutholakale Ucwaningo e-uphinda lesi senzakalo yesayensi ekamelweni efwini.

URutherford hypothesis efanayo khona kuyizinhlayiyana nucleus yama-athomu senziwe 1920, okuyinto ilingana nenqwaba proton, kodwa liqukethe ngaphandle kwemali kagesi. Nokho, kwakunzima ukuthola le kuyizinhlayiyana ukuze 'uRutherford. Kodwa ngo-1932, umfundi wakhe Chadwick Ucwaningo kwafakazela ukhona neutrons nucleus - izinhlayiya njengoba uRutherford abikezela, okungenani zilingana nenqwaba proton. Thola neutrons kwakunzima ngoba abanazo icala kagesi futhi efanele, akangeni nokuxhumana nezinye nuclei. Ukungabi kwenkokhiso alichaza property neutrons njengoba amandla eliphezulu kakhulu eyenza umuntu acabange eseZwini.

Proton kanye neutrons eziboshwe ngasemfuleni i-nucleus yama-athomu ungamandla enamandla kakhulu. Manje physics bukhomba umqondo wokuthi lalezi zinhlobo ezimbili eziyisisekelo yenuzi zifana kakhulu nomunye. Ngakho, banayo ngemuva efanayo, futhi amabutho zenuzi senze ngokuvumelana nayo ngokuphelele ngokulinganayo. Umehluko kuphela - icala omuhle ka-proton, neutron efanayo has ngaphandle kwemali. Kodwa njengoba icala zikagesi ekuxhumaneni yenuzi ayinakho incazelo, kungaba kuphela kubhekwe njengendlela uhlobo proton ilebula. Uma Nokho, ukuphuca i-proton kagesi, uyolahlekelwa yokuhluka kwakhe kwabanye kuphela.