Uhlelo lwezinombolo zaseBabiloni: isimiso sokwakha nezibonelo

Uhlelo lwezinombolo zaseBabiloni, olwakhula eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ngaphambi kokuqala kwenkathi entsha, lwaluqala ukuqala kwezibalo. Naphezu kobudala obudala kakhulu, lathinteka ekuhloliseni futhi lidalulwe abacwaningi izimfihlo eziningi zase-Ancient East. Thina, futhi, manje sizobe siphumelele esikhathini esedlule futhi sithole ukuthi yini abadala abayicabangayo.

Izici Eziyinhloko

Ngakho-ke, into ebaluleke kakhulu ukwazi ukuthi uhlelo lwezinombolo zaseBabiloni lusezingeni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinombolo zilotshiwe kusukela kwesokudla kuya kwesobunxele futhi ezansi. Esikhundleni sokuqala kukhona ikhulu, bese-ke ishumi nambili, bese iyunithi. Kumathematika asendulo, lesi sici sibaluleke kakhulu, njengaseGibithe, isibonelo, uhlelo aluyinto engezansi, futhi izinombolo enombhalo zilotshwe ngendlela edidayo, eyabangela ukudideka. Isici sesibili - ohlelweni lwaseBabiloni kwakukhona umjikelezo wesifo sobulili. Ukubalwa kuphelile njalo kunomunye wesithupha, futhi ukuqhubeka uchungechunge lwamanani, isigaba esisha saphawulwa, futhi ukurekhoda kwaqala futhi kusuka kwesinye. Ngokuvamile, uhlelo lwezinombolo zaseBabiloni aluyona inkimbinkimbi, ngisho noma ingane yesikole izokwazi ukuyiqonda.

Umlando wesenzakalo

Kuyaziwa ukuthi umbuso waseBabiloni wakhiwa emanxiweni yamandla amabili anamandla - uSumer no-Akkad. Kusukela kulezi zinkambiso kukhona amafa amaningi amasiko, amaBabiloni ayala ngokuhlakanipha ngokuhlakanipha. EmaSumeriya, bakholeka uchungechunge lwezinombolo eziyisithupha lapho kutholakala khona ukuphuma, kanti ama-Akkadi ayenenqwaba. Ukuhlanganisa izimpumelelo zokhokho babo, izakhamuzi zombuso omusha zaba ngabadali besayensi entsha, ebizwa ngokuthi "izibalo." Isistimu yokubala yokuziphatha ngokobulili yaseBabiloni yakwenza kucacise ukuthi isikhundla sokubaluleka siyisici esibaluleke kakhulu ekuqopheni izinombolo, ngakho-ke kulezi zinsuku, izinombolo zamaRoma, iziGreki nezama-Arabhu zadalwa ngalesi simiso. Kuze kube manje silinganisa izindinganiso ngamashumi, njengokungathi zihlukanisa ngosizo lwabo inamba kumadijithi. Kodwa ngokuqondene nomjikelezo wesithupha, bese ubheka ubuso bewashi.

Qopha Izithombe ZaseBhabhiloni

Ukuze sikhumbule uchungechunge lwezinombolo zabaseBhabhiloni lasendulo, akufanele kusetshenziswe imizamo ekhethekile. Emathematika, basebenzisa izibonakaliso ezimbili kuphela - umgqa oqondile, owawuchaza leyunithi, futhi "i-recumbent" noma i-wedge enezingqimba ebonisa amaminithi amabili. Lezi zibalo zinento efana ne-Roman, lapho kunezinti, amathrekhi neziphambano. Inombolo yalezi noma leyo micala ibonise ukuthi zingaki amashumi namayunithi enombolweni ethile. Ngendlela enjalo, isibalo senziwe sibe ngu-59, ngemva kwalokho irekhodi elisha eliqoshiwe lirekhodiwe ngaphambi kwenombolo, okwakuyisikhathi esicatshangwa ngaso manje njengama-60, futhi kube nokukhishwa okufana ne- comma encane phezulu. Njengoba sebenezinhla zokuzivikela, izakhamuzi zombuso waseBabiloni zihlukumeza izinombolo ezindala kakhulu futhi ezinzima-ama-hieroglyphs. Kwakwanele ukubala inani lamakhamera amancane nemikhakha ephakathi kwabo, njengoba kwacaca ngokushesha ukuthi iyiphi inombolo phambi kwakho.

Ukusebenza kwemathematika

Eqhubeka nokuthi uhlelo lwezinombolo zaseBabiloni lwaloluhlelo, ukufaka nokukhupha kwenzeka ngokohlelo olujwayelekile kithi. Kwakudingeka ukubala inani lezinombolo, amashumi namayunithi enombolweni ngayinye nangemva kokuwafaka noma ukuthatha okuningi kusuka ngaphansi. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi isimiso sokuphindaphinda ngaleso sikhathi sasifana nanamuhla. Uma kwakudingeka ukwandisa izinombolo ezincane, basebenzisa ukuhlanganisa okuningi. Uma isibonelo sinezinkomba ezintathu noma ngaphezulu ezibalulekile, basebenzisa itafula elikhethekile. AmaBabiloni asungula amatafula amaningi wokuphindaphinda, ngayinye yalezi zici kwakuyishumi elithile (20, 30, 50, 70, njll).

Kusukela okhokho kuya esikhathini esifanayo

Ngemva kokufunda konke lokhu, cishe uzobuzwa umbuzo: "Uhlelo lwezinombolo zaseBabiloni, izibonelo ezisetshenziswa abadala, futhi imisebenzi yafinyelela kanjani ngokunemba ezandleni zabavubukuli banamuhla?" Into yukuthi ngokungafani nezinye impucuko ezazisisebenzisa i-papyrus Iziqephu zendwangu, abaseBabiloni basebenzisa amaphilisi enobumba abhala kuwo wonke amaphuzu abo, kuhlanganise nokutholakala kwemathematika. Le nqubo yayibizwa ngokuthi "i-cuneiform", ngoba ngobumba olusha uhlamvu oluthile oluthile lwasetshenziswa ukubonisa izimpawu, izibalo kanye nezibalo. Ekupheleni komsebenzi, amapuleti ayomile futhi agcinwe esitokisini, lapho angahlala khona kuze kube yilolu suku.

Ukufingqa

Kulezi zithombe ezingenhla, sibona ngokucacile ukuthi kwakunjani nokuthi uhlelo lwezinombolo zaseBabiloni lwarekhodwa kanjani. Izibhebhe zobumba ezitholakala ezikhathini zasendulo, okungafani nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ukucubungula", kodwa isimiso sihlala sinjalo. KwaBabiloni, ukuvela kwezibalo kwakungenakugwemeka, ngoba le mpucuko yayiyingxenye yokuhola emhlabeni. Bakha izakhiwo ezinkulu ngalesosikhathi, benza izinto ezithengiswayo zezinkanyezi futhi bakha umnotho, ngenxa yokuthi uhulumeni waphumelela futhi uphumelela.