Ukushintshaniswa kwepulasitiki, isisekelo sayo kanye nendima yenyama

I-plasabolism ye-plastiki ibizwa nangokuthi i-anabolism noma ukufana nokuhlanganiswa kwazo zonke izimpendulo ze-enzymatic biochemical, ngenxa yalokho ama-bioorganic compounds ahlanganiswa.

I-plastic metabolism ihilela i-biosynthesis yamaprotheni, i-lipids, i-carbohydrate, i-nucleic acid. Ngo-anabolism, inqubo ye-photosynthesis ne-chemosynthesis nayo idlula.

Uma sikhuluma nge-plastic metabolism emzimbeni womuntu, khona-ke kufanele kushiwo ngokushesha ukuthi zonke izakhi ezingena emzimbeni ngokudla zinesisindo esikhulu samangqamuzana, ngakho-ke asikwazi ukugaya. Ngenkathi yokugaya lezi zinhlanganisela ziyahlukana zibe yizici zomuntu ngamunye, ezisetshenziselwa ukuhlanganiswa kwezakhi ezithile eziphezulu ze-molecular ezivela emzimbeni womuntu.

Enye yezinhlobo ezibaluleke kakhulu zezinhlanganisela kukhona amaprotheni. Amaprotheni uhlobo lwama-enzyme omzimba, kanye namanye amahomoni. Amaprotheni ayinhlangano ye-hemoglobin (inikeza umsebenzi wokuphefumula), ama-antibodies (anikeze ukuphendula komzimba omzimba), i-actin kanye ne-myosin (isandulela-mkhuba), i-collagen ne-keratin (yenza umsebenzi wokwakha emzimbeni).

Njengoba inikezwe indima ebalulekile yamaphrotheni ekusebenzeni komzimba, kufanelekile ukucubungula inqubo yokwabelana kwabo njengengxenye ebalulekile ye-plastic metabolism.

Kumelwe kuthiwa zonke izinto eziphilayo zihluke phakathi kwabo ngokukhona kwamaprotheni athile, anama-amino acids. Kuyinto ukukhonjiswa kwama-amino acids okukhomba izindawo ezithile eziphathelene nama-protein compounds.

Ama-proteins ahlanganiswa ngaphakathi kwe-cytoplasm yeseli yi-organelles - ribosomes ekhethekile. Lezi zakhiwo zihlanganisa izingxenye ezincane nezincane. Bamba iqhaza ezinhlelweni zeprotheni synthesis. Indima ebalulekile ku-biosynthesis yamaprotheni idlala yi-nucleic acid, efaka i-DNA ne-RNA. Ngakho, ama-structural units of DNA (amagciwane) aqukethe imininingwane ekhonjiwe mayelana nesakhiwo esiyinhloko samaprotheni (ukulandelana kwe-amino acid), futhi i-RNA inesibopho sokufunda nokuthunyelwa kwama-amino acid endaweni lapho amaprotheni ahlanganiswa khona.

Ukwenziwa kwamaphrotheni kwenzeka ngezindlela ezimbili: ukubhaliselwa nokuhumusha. Ukubhalisa kusekelwe kwinqubo yokudlulisa ulwazi mayelana nesakhiwo seprotheyini esuka ku-DNA kuya ku-RNA.

Ukuhumusha ukuhlanganiswa okuqondile kweketheni ye-polypeptide ngokulandelana kwe-amino acid ngokuhambisana nekhodi yezofuzo ngokuhlanganyela kwe-matrix (ulwazi) i-RNA. Inqubo yonke yokuhumusha idlula ngezigaba ezintathu: ukuqaliswa, ukuxilongwa nokuqedwa. Ngenxa yokuhumusha, amaprotheni anomakhiwo oyinhloko akhiwa.

Kumelwe sikhumbule ukuthi ukushintshaniswa kweplastiki akuyona nje ukuhlanganiswa kwamaprotheni noma amanye ama- organic compounds, kodwa futhi i-photosynthesis, okuyinkqubo eyinkimbinkimbi neyinkimbinkimbi, idlula ngezigaba ezimbili.

Isigaba sokukhanya senziwa ngama-chloroplasts (kuma-thylakoids), i-ATP yakhiwa futhi kukhishwa i-oxygen yamangqamuzana, futhi isigaba esimnyama sidlula emthonjeni omkhulu wama-chloroplast futhi kubangele ukuxubha kwe-carbon dioxide nokwakhiwa kwama-carbohydrate.

Ngicabanga ukuthi akufanele sibheke indima ye-photosynthesis, kwanele ukusho ukuthi le nqubo ikhiqiza amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-150 ezidakamizwa ngonyaka, kanye namathani angaba ngu-200 wezigidi zomoya.

Kumele ngithi ukushintshaniswa kwepulasitiki kuhlobene eduze nezinqubo zamandla ezenzeka emzimbeni. Ngakho-ke, i-metabolism yamandla (i-catabolism) inqubo ehlukile ye-anabolism futhi ihlanganisa yonke indlela yokuhlukana, lapho izinhlanganisela eziyinkimbinkimbi zihlukana zibe izinto ezilula, futhi izinto ezinamandla ziba yizinombolo zamakhemikhali aphansi. Kulokhu, amandla akhululwa, asetshenziselwa izinqubo ze-plastic metabolism.

Ngakho-ke, i-plastic kanye ne- energy metabolism esitokisini yakha isisekelo somzimba jikelele, okuhlanganisa zonke izinqubo zokuhlanganisa nokudilizwa kwezinto.