Ukungenelela kwe-Central Bank. kokungenela zokushintsha zangaphandle: definition, indlela

Namuhla, inqubomgomo ephethwe lokuhwebelana lwemali kazwelonke emazweni amaningi emhlabeni, okuyiwona isimo amabhange usekelwe okuthiwa lwemali ukungenelela, elungiselelwe value ezithile lwemali yasekhaya. Emva kokukhipha ngesilinganiso lwemali kazwelonke ukuntanta ngokukhululekile, ungathola izinkinga emnothweni. Kuyini lwemali kokungenela we Central Bank, nokuthi yenziwa - lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze baqonde kabanzi.

Ukuchaza umqondo yokungenela

Lwemali kokungenela ibizwa ngokuthi umuntu-off kuthengiselana noma ukuthengiswa izimali zakwamanye amazwe e-Russian Federation Kwenziwa Bank of Russia. Umthamo kokungenela exchange angaphandle ngokuvamile mikhulu. Inhloso yabo ukulawula izinga lwemali kazwelonke zabo ukuze bakhonze izithakazelo isimo. Ngokuyinhloko, lezi zenzo ezisetshenziswa ukuze aqinise lwemali kazwelonke, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi zenza ingathunyelwa futhi kuyadamba yayo.

imisebenzi ezinjalo okwazi ukuqondisa elikhulu kokubili emakethe exchange angaphandle sisonke, futhi ngokuhamba iyunithi yemali. Lwemali zokungenelela okuqalwe Central Bank futhi, ngokuvamile, zingabantu indlela yabo eyinhloko yokuqhuba komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulawulwa lwemali ubudlelwane, ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa amazwe yezwe yesithathu, kwenzeka ngokuhlanganyela namanye amalungu IMF. Ukuze bahlanganyele izenzakalo ezinjalo bakhangwa amabhange kanye wezezimali, futhi manipulations abazenzi zezimali hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi izinsimbi eziyigugu, ngegolide ethile. Lwemali ukungenela Central Bank kwenziwe ngokukhethekile ilungiselelo ngaphambi futhi wenziwa endaweni ethileko na, nesikhathi esibekelwe kusengaphambili.

Izindlela Uphakamisa uphinde wehlise lwemali kazwelonke

Empeleni, lo mshini ukulawulwa lwemali kazwelonke silula, futhi yakhelwe isimiso 'kwaneliswe isidingo ". Uma kudingeka, ukwandisa izindleko imali yasekhaya Central Bank yezwe iqala ngenkuthalo ukuthengisa imali yamaphepha angaphandle (ikakhulukazi US dollar), kungasetshenziswa noma yiluphi olunye uhlobo lwemali Convertible ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ngakho, kokungenela Central Bank kuholelaphi ngokweqile (supply lenyuke) lwemali angaphandle emakethe yezimali. Ngesikhathi esifanayo Central Bank othenga i currency kazwelonke, okudala funa eyengeziwe ngenxa yalo, lapho wenza ikhule Yiqiniso ngisho ngokushesha.

Ngqo obuhlukile iyona olwenziwa lwemali ukungenela Central Bank, okuhloswe ngaso buthakathaka lwemali kazwelonke, okuyinto isiqala ukuthengisa, hhayi sivumele yona ikhule value. Ukuthengwa banknotes angaphandle kuholela ukusweleka yokufakelwa emakethe yasekhaya.

Izinhlobo lwemali ukungenelela

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngaso sonke isikhathi kokungenela Central Bank lihilela ukuthenga nokuthengisa semali lwemali, kuyilapho inqubo ngamanga kungaba kwenziwe ngezikhathi ezithile, ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi ngamazwi. Ezimweni ezinjalo, Central Bank ake abanye amahemuhemu noma "duck", ngenxa okuyinto isimo emakethe lwemali Ungashintsha kakhulu. Ngezinye izikhathi kokungenela ngamanga isetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa umphumela walesi kokungenela lwemali. Futhi, ngokuvamile kakhulu amabhange eziningana ungakwazi sihlanganise imizamo yabo ukuze kuzuzwe imiphumela oyifunayo ke.

Umkhuba ebonisa ukuthi kokungenela ngamazwi iCentral Amabhange isetshenziswa kakhulu izikhathi ezingaphezu yangempela. A indima enkulu Ezimweni ezinjalo, into engalindelekile udlala. Kunoma ikuphi, ukungenela Central Bank, okunqotjhwe kilo ukuqinisa lo mkhuba ekhona emakethe lwemali, avame ukuba aphumelele kakhulu ukwedlula manipulation, injongo okuyinto ukuyivula kolunye uhlangothi.

Lwemali ukungenela Isibonelo Japan

Izindaba ezaziwayo amacala zokukhwabanisa mass emakethe lwemali. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2011, ngenxa yobunzima eU.S. EU iminotho, Japan kwadingeka alungise ngesilinganiso lwemali kazwelonke, kanye neziphathimandla baphoqeleka ukuba kuncishiswe it. wezeziMali Japan wathi kokuqagela emakethe lwemali sezishiye overvaluation we yen ngokumelene izimali zakwamanye amazwe futhi isimo esinjalo ayihambisani isimo umnotho. Ngenxa yalokho, kwanqunywa ukuba ulungise izinga lokushintshisana kwe-yen, kanye Central Bank of the West, okuyiwona Japan ukwenze eziningana yemisebenzi emikhulu ku ukuthengwa izimali zakwamanye amazwe. Ukwethulwa emakethe lwemali isigidintathu yen yasiza ekunciphiseni izinga layo 2%, nebhalansi emnothweni.

Ukusetshenziswa asizakale eRussia

Isibonelo esimangalisayo ukusetshenziswa asizakale zezimali eRussia kungabonakala nasemkhakheni kusukela ngo-1995. Kuze kube kuleli qophelo Central Bank ithengiswe izimali zakwamanye amazwe ngokulawulwa of the ruble, futhi ngo-July 1995, isimiso se-band exchange rate lwaqala, owawuthi ukubaluleka lwemali kazwelonke kufanele kugcinwe ngaphakathi kwemingcele ebekiwe futhi isikhathi esithile. Kodwa-ke izinguquko emnothweni wamazwe omhlaba ngonyaka ka-2008, senze lokhu imodeli kwenqubomgomo yemali ayizwakali ke laqanjwa ezimbili lwemali ephasishi. Kulokhu, izinga lokushintshisana ukuthi ezilungisiwe ngesisekelo kwawo nesihloko dollar kanye euro. Kunoma yikuphi, emaphakathi yasebhange exchange angaphandle kokungenela kwenziwe ngokulandela lesi komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali.

Imicimbi 2014-2015 badukiswa ukuthela Central Bank of Russia lwemali ukungenelela, ngakho-ke, lokugcina manipulations yakhe ungayeki elamukelekile. Ukuwa kwamanani kawoyela, ukunciphisa imiphumela kodwa zibe sebuthweni lezokuvikela of Central Bank kanye iphutha isabelomali ekugcineni kokungenela exchange angaphandle engenangqondo leze.

Alternative izinga adjustable

Namuhla, i-Russia kuncike kakhulu hydrocarbon nokuthengiswa, okuyinto evimbela ukukhula lwemali kazwelonke. Ngakho-ke, asizakale zezimali ezifana, njengoba ukungenela Central Bank, ngawo emakethe is ehlelekile wafaka ku dollar kanye euro kumane ezidingekile umnotho wezwe. Nokho, ekukhanyeni izenzakalo zamuva, lapho ukungenela Central Bank saphela neqhaza ukulawula izindleko lwemali kazwelonke, kwathatha elintantayo exchange rate waqalwa kusukela ngoNovemba 10, 2014. Manje kokungenela exchange angaphandle eyenziwa kuphela ezimweni ezingavamile.

Mhlawumbe, kulesi sihloko, impendulo oluphelele yombuzo, kuyini izinga lokushintshisana yokungenela Central Bank, ngakho ngokuphelele iye butholakala enqubweni eyinkimbinkimbi yokuthela kwezezimali ziyokwenza okufanayo.