I-Generator Van de Graaf: idivayisi, isimiso sokusebenza nesicelo

I-generator yeVan de Graaf yasungulwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Yayisetshenziselwa izinhloso ezehlukene, ikakhulukazi, ucwaningo lwenuzikliya. Kamuva isicelo sincane. Namuhla ungayithenga njengethoyizi futhi uyibonise izingane, ukuhanjiswa kwezinto ezihlukahlukene. Futhi, i-generator ingakhiwa ngokuzimela. Khona-ke iyoba imodeli ephakeme kakhulu yezemfundo, okuhlolwa ngazo okuhlukahlukene.

Izindlela zezingane

Ingabe ufuna ukudala "umlingo"? Thatha isikhwama se-polyethylene, uthathe kokubili ukuphela bese ubopha ngentambo ukwenza umnsalo. Khona-ke umbusi evamile wepulasitiki ubophe ngokufanele into yeboya bese uyisa emnsalo: indiza izoqala ...

I-"magic wand" elungile enezifanekiso ongenza ngazo izinto ezinjalo, ungathenga esitolo.

Kodwa indlela elula yokubona "imilingo" nje ukuphikisa ikati. Khona-ke ungase uzizwe futhi ubone ugesi omile oye wavela.

Kodwa ithoyizi, ephindaphinda umklamo we generator Van de Graaf, isebenza ebhetri. Lapho inkinobho icindezelwe, ukushayela kwe-electrostatic kudalwa ekugcineni. Ngakho-ke, isibalo siyayamukela, futhi amacala egama elifanayo aqala ukuphindana. Njengoba isithombe sibonwe ngandlela-thile, "sithandwa" futhi sithola ivolumu. Uma icala libuthaka, udinga nje ukucindezela inkinobho "imilingo".

Umlando omncane

Yiqiniso, i-van de Graaf generator akuyona nje amathoyizi wezingane. I-physicist ngokwakhe wadala i-brainchild yakhe ngokucwaninga okujulile esigabeni se-atomic physics. Isampula yokuqala yokubonakaliswa yenziwa ngo-1929. Kwakuncane. Ubukhulu obuningi bokuthakazelisa bamukeleke yi-Van de Graaf generator efakwe emigwaqeni yezindiza. Imodeli yayinezinsika ezimbili, lapho phezulu zafakwa khona izingxenye ezingenalutho ze-aluminium ngezingalo eziyishumi nanhlanu.

Ukufakwa okwakhiwe ngo-1931 no-1933 kufinyelele amandla amandla ayizigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-7. Kodwa kuphela ukukhishwa kwama-kilovolts angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye kwanikezwa i-generator yokuqala kaVan de Graaf.

Isimiso sokusebenza

Ngaphakathi, i-tape dielectric evela ephepheni ijikeleza ngokuqondile. I-roller ekhonjwe phezulu i-dielectric, futhi ngezansi kwenziwa ngensimbi futhi ixhunywe emhlabathini. I-electrode ibhulashi kulesi sigaba isusa futhi inikeze icala, elalisatshalaliswa ngokufanayo emkhakheni. Ngaphansi kwe-electrode engezansi, umoya u-ionized, i-ions ewusizo uhlezi ku-tape, futhi leyo ngxenye ekhuphuka iyakhokhiswa.

Ukuthola umehluko omkhulu ongase ube khona kuma-accelerator (ama-generator) ayadingeka), kwasetshenziswa amasu amabili anezindleko ezahlukene. Kwesinye sazo, ama-positive anqwabelene, futhi kwezinye izinto ezimbi. Lapho ukuhlushwa kufinyelela ezingeni elithile, ukuphuma kwamandla kagesi kwagxila phakathi kwabo. Nguye owaphenywa. I-voltage lapha ifinyelele izigidi zama-volts.

Amadivaysi asekuqaleni asetshenziselwa ukucwaninga kwe nyukliya kanye nokwenyuka kwezinhlayiyana. Ngemuva kokuba kunezinye izindlela zokusheshisa, zaqala ukusetshenziswa kule nsimu kaningi kakhulu. Njengamanje, i-generator Van de Graaff isetshenziselwa ukufanekisa. Isibonelo, ukuyisebenzisa ukulingisa ukukhishwa kwegesi yemvelo. Esikhundleni samateyipu, ukufakwa kwezikhathi ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa amaketanga ahlanganisa izixhumanisi zeplastiki nezensimbi.

Okudingayo ukwakha idivayisi ngokwakho

Imodeli kulula ukuzakhela ngokwakho kusuka ekuthuthukiseni izindlela. I-Generator Van de Graaf, ehlangene ngezandla zakhe siqu, iqukethe izingxenye ezilandelayo:

• Ipensela;
• Ukunciphisa ipayipi le-PVC;
• Ama-Rubber bands;
• Iziqeshana zephepha;
• Phuma kusuka ku-aluminium;
• Injini evela kudoti;
• I-ampu yokukhanya engenzi lutho;
• Ama-pastes omile asuka kusibambo;
• Amabhethri for volts ayisishiyagalolunye;
• I-Scotch tape;
• Izintambo;
• Amapulangwe.

Zonke izakhi kumele zome, kanye nomoya ekamelweni. Uma kungenjalo, umklamo ngeke usebenze noma uzoba, kodwa ube buthakathaka kakhulu.

Yilokhu okushiwo i-generator Van de Graaf. Isithombe ngezansi sikhombisa ukuthi imodeli kufanele ibheke kanjani.

Indlela generator eyenziwe ngokuzimela

Okokuqala, bamba umgodi ebhodini, okuzoba yisisekelo saleso sakhiwo. I-drill ikhethwe ngobubanzi obufanele, ukuma ngendlela yenhlanzi. Khona-ke e-tube yenza izimbobo ezimbili: phezulu nangaphansi, ngamadlelo. Yenza izimbobo ezimbili: eyodwa ibe ngaphezu kwephezulu, kanti eyesibili - ingqikithi engezansi.

Okulandelayo, unamathisela kufanele uhlanzwa ngokuphelele ngeyinki. Sika ucezu oluhambelana nobubanzi obungaphakathi ngaphakathi kwepayipi. Thatha isiqeshana sephepha, uqondise futhi usike ucezu olwanele, ukuze luqhubeke kusukela ku-tube ngecentimeter.

I-tape yenziwe nge-tape. Ibhande le-rubber lihlanganiswe ukuze izinhlangothi zombili zihlangane.

Izakhi ezilungiselelwe ziqoqwe.

Engeza amabhulashi aqoqa ukukhokha. Ngezansi, ibhulashi lidlula emgodini, futhi iphuzu lenziwa lukhuni. Amabhulashi kufanele abe eduze ne-band elastic, kodwa ungayithinti. Ingenhla idlula emgodini phezulu.

Emva kwalokho, besebenzisa i-foil ye-aluminium efaka isibani esingasebenzi. Intambo engenhla ifakwe kufilishi. Isibani sifakwa phezulu kwesakhiwo.

I-generator kaVan de Graaf isilungile.

Okuhlangenwe nakho

Uma izintambo eziningana zinamathele ku-electrode engenhla futhi izandla zilethwa eduze, "ziyoqhubeka ekugcineni" futhi zimboze iminwe yazo nxazonke. Zama ukuqhuba ukuhlolwa ebumnyameni.

Ukuze uthole umthamo onamandla kakhulu, xhuma ama-generator amabili.

Inketho enhle yokuhlolwa kuyoba yibhange leLeyden.

Okuhlangenwe nakho okudumile kunayo lapho izinwele zimi khona ekugcineni. Ukuze wenze lokhu, udinga ukuma emgqeni we- rubber, ibhodi lezinkuni noma i-plywood. Isandla sibekwa esiqenjini (i-generator kufanele ivaliwe ukuze ingasabisi). Ngemva kokuvula idivayisi, inhlansi izodlula, okwenza izinwele zime ekugcineni.

I-generator kufanele ikhishwe ngemuva kwesicelo ngasinye futhi isebenze nayo ngokucophelela, ngoba okwamanje ingaba yingozi kubantu.