Izinhlangano Zokuphefumula Kwezinye Izinto Eziphilayo

Umhlaba wezilwane eziphilayo ezihlala emhlabeni wethu uhlukile kakhulu. Abanye babo baphila kuphela emvelweni wamanzi, abanye baye bavumelanisa ingxenye yokuphila ukuze baphathe amanzi, kanti abanye - emhlabathini. Futhi zonke izinhlobo zemvelo eziphilayo zivumelaniswa endaweni yayo. Izitho zokuphefumula zezilwane zihlukile, futhi uhlobo lwabo nesakhiwo akuxhomeke kuphela lapho bahlala khona, kodwa futhi nasebunzima belungiselelo lomzimba.

Izilwane ezilula futhi ezindala kakhulu zizilwane ezingenayo i-unicellular, kuhlanganise, isibonelo, i-amoeba, i-infusoria-shoe, i-sporoviki. Izitho zabo zokuphefumula azikwakhiwa. Baphefumula i-oxygen, ehlakazwa emanzini. I-latter, nayo, ingena emzimbeni emzimbeni womzimba ngosizo lwe-osmosis.

E-coelenterates (iziponti, i-hydra, i-jellyfish, i-corals) ezisezilwane eziningi, ukuphefumula nakho kuvela emzimbeni womzimba. Lokhu kubonisa izici zokuqala zama-coelenterates.

Iningi lezinambuzane ezingenazo izidakamizwa zinomoya wokuphefumula, okungukuthi, i-oksijeni ingena esikhumbeni, kodwa izimpethu zamanzi zinamalungu akhethekile okuphefumula - izigulane. Emigqumeni, i-ciror i-cirrus noma i-parapodia iguqulwa. Izibungu ezinama-parasitic (ama-flukes, azungeze) azinawo izitho zokuphefumula, ukuphefumula kwabo kuyi-anaerobic.

Uhlobo lwe-arthropod lungokwenyama enkulu yezinto eziphilayo ezihlala kuzo zonke izindawo, ngakho-ke izitho zazo zokuphefumula ziyahlukahluka. Ezingxenyeni ezisemhlabathini (izinambuzane, izinhlanzi, izinambuzane) izitho ezikhethekile zokuphefumula zakhiwa - amasaka e-pulmonary, trachea, amaphaphu.

Ama-scorpion nezicabucabu zakudala baphefumulela emaphashini. Lezi yizimpondo zesisu esiswini, ezigcwele i-hemolymph futhi ziqukethe amapuleti amaningi afana namakhasi. Ngodonga lwama-plates kukhona ukushintshaniswa kwegesi, i-oksijeni ingena esikhwameni sepulmonary nge-spiracles, esesiswini. Iningi lezinhlayiya zinamapayipi kanye nethrachea ngesikhathi esifanayo.

I-trachea - ithubhu elincane, libhoboza umzimba wonke wesilwane. Ngosizo lwemigodi, i-trachea ivula ngaphandle, engxenyeni yokuqala yesisu. Amaphaphu anesakhiwo sokuqala, ngakho-ke i-trachea ingcono ifakwe ekuphefumuleni oksijini emoyeni.

Izitho zokuphefumula zezinambuzane nazo ziyi-tracheas egcwele umzimba wonke. Babonakala bephuma ngaphandle, bemboza zonke izitho zangaphakathi zesilwane. I-Trachea iphetha ngamathambo amancane kakhulu - i-tracheoles, engena emangqamuzaneni. I-tracheas yezinambuzane ikhulumisana ngokukhululekile nemvelo, kodwa ekupheleni kwayo inezinsimbi zokuvala, ngenxa yokuthi ukulahlekelwa kwamanzi ngesikhathi sokuhamba kwenambuzane kuncishisiwe.

Ama-arthropod ahlala emzimbeni wamanzi (ama-crayfish, ama-crabs, i-daphnia, amahhashi) baphefumula ngosizo lwegill gill. Lezi zinhlayiya zisemkhawulweni wesilwane futhi zinenani elikhulu lamacwecwe amancane lapho kuhanjiswa khona amagesi. Emhlabathini, isilwane sisaphila ngenkathi lezi zicucu zixutshwa ngamanzi.

Izifo zokuphefumula kwama-mollusk zingaba izigulane namaphaphu. Amaphaphu aphefumula ama- gastropods asemhlabeni . Isigqoko sezingubo zalezi zinkukhu enkambisweni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo senze kube lula. Leliphunga linomgodi wokuphefumula ohlangene nemvelo futhi ingavalwa.

Ama-gastropods amanzi aphefumulayo aphefumula umoya womoya, ngoba i-inhalation iphakama emanzini. Izindonga zamaphaphu zibopha imithwalo yegazi, njengoba lapha igazi likhishwa nge-oxygen ne- carbon dioxide. I-sea mollusks iphefumula ngosizo lwamagill. Ama-gill ayi-plate ye-trellis ehlanganiswe ne-epithelium ehlanganisiwe. Ukusebenzisa i-cilia ye-epithelium ehlanganisiwe, amanzi angena emgodini wesigqoko. La manzi aletha i-oksijeni, ehlanganiswa nezigulini. Njengoba i-oksijeni, izakhi zingena emzimbeni, futhi imikhiqizo yokudiliza kanye ne-carbon dioxide ikhishwa nge-siphon yesigxobo se-mantle.