I okuqinile kuyinto crystalline kanye umzimba amorphous. Crystal - kangaka okuthiwa ku ice lasendulo. Bese sabizwa ngokuthi asebenza ngebhethri crystal futhi rhinestone, nicabanga ngalezi namaminerali ice bethukile. Zinhlayiya kukhona yemvelo kanye eyenziwe (zokwenziwa). Zisetshenziswa jewelry umkhakha, yokukhanya, electronics kanye nobunjiniyela bukagesi, aba yizinto zokuphasa izakhi ephezulu ukucacisa amathuluzi njengoba superhard impahla athile.
ukudla okuqinile Crystalline zinezikhathi ubulukhuni, wanikwa isikhundla esiphakeme ngokuqinile njalo emkhathini zishintshe, ama-athomu noma ion, kanjalo zakha isimiso gqwa ngakuthathu crystal ngehele (isakhiwo). Ngaphandle, lubonakaliswa ethile okuqinile ifomu wesimethri lomzimba izakhiwo ezithile ngokomzimba. Ngendlela sangaphandle umzimba crystal ibonisa wesimethri esivela yangaphakathi "emaphaketheni" izinhlayiya. Lokhu kunquma ukulingana engele phakathi ubuso bazo zonke zinhlayiya ehlanganisa ayinto efanayo.
Bayoba alinganayo kanye nebanga elivela isikhungo ukugxilisa phakathi ama-athomu angomakhelwane (uma yayisezintabeni umugqa owodwa ngqo, lokhu ibanga kuyoba okufanayo kulo lonke ubude line). Kodwa la ma-athomu esuke emgceni locondzile kusuka kwenye isiqondiso, ibanga kuyoba ehlukile phakathi izikhungo ukuzulazula kwama-athomu. Lokhu ebangela anisotropy. Anisotropy - okubaluleke kakhulu, zihluke amorphous crystalline ukudla okuqinile.
Bangaphezu kuka-90% ukudla okuqinile akunakubangelwa zinhlayiya. Emvelweni, ngabe zikhona ngesimo zinhlayiya olulodwa futhi amasampula polycrystalline. zinhlayiya Single - olulodwa, izici okuyinto amelwa ngemapholigoni njalo; basuke libhekene khona okuqhubekayo crystal ngehele, futhi anisotropy izakhiwo ngokomzimba.
Polycrystals - umzimba owakhiwa zinhlayiya eziningi ezincane, "tho" nomunye kancane ngezinga elingafani. Polycrystals kukhona izinsimbi, ushukela, amadwala, isihlabathi. Ngo anjenge (isib isinqamu metal) anisotropy akuyona ngokuvamile kubonakala ngenxa yelungiselelo okungahleliwe izici, nakuba eceleni zithathwe crystal anisotropy nobuntu emzimbeni.
Ezinye izimpahla materials crystalline: lokushisa ngokuqinile kuchazwe crystallization futhi ukuncibilika amaphuzu (khona amaphuzu ezibucayi), amandla, kuyaqina, conductivity, ecucuza, ukushisa conductivity.
Amorphous - abangenalo ukuma. Ngakho ngokwezwi nezwi ehunyushwa ngokuthi kusukela lesiGreki. umzimba amorphous adalwe nemvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, inhlaka, emakhilayoni, ingilazi mlilo. Ngokwakha abantu yokufakelwa ukudla okuqinile amorphous abathintekayo - ingilazi ne resin (yokufakelwa), upharafini, epulasitikini (polymers), rosin, naphthalene, var. izinto amorphous ungenalo ngehele crystal ngenxa yelungiselelo kunezinxushunxushu zishintshe (ama-athomu, ion) e isakhiwo umzimba. Ngakho-ke, izakhiwo ngokomzimba kwezinye umzimba amorphous isotropic - okufanayo kuzo zonke izindawo. Ukuze izinto amorphous, akukho ezibucayi lokushisa ukuma, kancane kancane sashintsha lapho Ukushisa jikisa ketshezi viscous. emizimbeni amorphous labelwe Lesisemkhatsini (ushintsho) isimo phakathi uketshezi futhi crystalline ukudla okuqinile: baba lukhuni futhi babe nokunwebeka Ukwedlula bangase crack lapho wamshaya izigaxa shapeless ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphansi. Emazingeni aphezulu, lezi zinto abonise ductility, ekubeni uketshezi viscous.
Manje ngoba sewuyazi ukuthi yini umzimba crystal!