Surface namandla sangaphakathi metal

imikhiqizo Metal yakha uhlaka eziyisisekelo yesondlo okwakhiwe ngayo ngezidingo, kukhona impahla eluhlaza for the nokwakha umkhakha. In ngamunye lezi zindawo ukusetshenziswa izici eziningana ezinjengolwazi kuhambisana wemfanelo omkhulu. On obandayo nokuxhumana isakhiwo kanye nethonya zamakhemikhali umthwalo ongeke kube nesidingo ukuhlaziya eyinhloko izakhiwo ezibonakalayo. Ukuze uqonde isetshenziswa nemingcele ukusebenza ngisho nomqondo onjalo, amandla we metal esichaza ukuziphatha isici esisodwa noma isakhiwo ezimweni yokusebenza ehlukile.

amandla Mahhala

A sebuningini izinqubo isakhiwo imikhiqizo metal kunqunywa khulula amandla izici. Ukuba khona ion asendabeni nge engaba esinjalo siholela ukunyakaza kwabo kwezinye izindawo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngesikhathi ukusebenzisana izixazululo equkethe ion efanayo, izakhi contact metal bangene inhlanganisela. Kodwa lokhu kwenzeka ezimweni lapho amandla khulula we metal idlula izibalo okuhambisanayo isixazululo. Ngenxa yalokho, kungaba zakha ipuleti omuhle double ensimini kagesi ngenxa electron khulula asele aseduze laphezu komhlabathi metal. Ukuqiniswa emkhakheni ubuye enze njengesithiyo vesi ion entsha - ngaleyo ndlela kwakha umngcele isigaba, okuyinto kuvimbela ukuhwebelana izakhi. ezinyakazayo okunjalo uyaqhubeka kuze kube isikhathi lapho insimu eyayisanda kumiswa umkhawulo umehluko ezingaba abayifunayo. umkhawulo Peak kunqunywa ibhalansi umehluko okunamandla isixazululo kanye metal.

ebusweni amandla

Ngemva contact zishintshe inoveli phezu kwensimbi kwenzeka ukuthuthukiswa PFAs. Ngo inqubo ezihambayo molecule hlala phezu microcracks surface futhi emihle wokusanhlamvu izingxenye kwesigaba - ingxenye ye ngehele crystal. Ngokusho leliqhinga kukhona ukushintshwa ebusweni amandla mahhala, okuyinto kwehlisa. Ngo ukudla okuqinile, ungase futhi bagcine izinqubo lula ukugeleza plastic esifundeni ebusweni. Ngakho, amandla kobuso metal kubangelwa amandla Luhambo yezinhlayiya. Lapha kuyafaneleka ubukhulu amaphaphu ebusweni, okuyinto kuxhomeke ezicini eziningana. Ikakhulu, ichaza geometry yezinhlayiya, lisebenzisa amandla alo-athomu e isakhiwo. Futhi inenani isikhundla-molecule e-ungqimba ebusweni.

ukucindezeleka ebusweni

Ngokuvamile izinqubo tensioning zenzeka ezindaweni heterogeneous leyehlukile yi esibonakalayo izigaba immiscible. Kodwa kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi kanye ukungezwani manifest nezinye izakhiwo evele ngenxa kwemigomo ekusebenzelaneni kwabo nabanye izinhlelo. Isiqalo nesigcino lezi izakhiwo zinqunywa iningi imingcele zobuchwepheshe metal. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, amandla we metal ngokuya ebusweni kwadambisa isimo esasishubile, unganquma kwemigomo droplet coalescers ku Alloys. Bocwepheshe kanjalo ukukhomba izici Refractories futhi ecucuza, kanye nokuxhumana zabo medium metal. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhiwo ebusweni nomthelela izinga termotehnologicheskih izinqubo, phakathi lapho Ukukhetha yamagesi futhi yesivini of izinsimbi.

Nokuklanywa namandla izakhiwo kwensimbi

Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi ukucushwa kwe-ukusatshalaliswa zishintshe phezu isakhiwo metal ungakwazi ukuchaza izici ngamunye komsebenzi. Ikakhulukazi, obonakalisa ezithile izinsimbi eziningi kanye opacity zabo zibangelwa ukusatshalaliswa amazinga energy. amandla sokuzuza amazinga amahhala kanye umatasa kunomthelela endow iyiphi quantum amazinga amabili amandla. Omunye wabo kuzoba band Valence, kanye nezinye - ezindaweni conduction. Lokhu akusho ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa kohlelo lukagesi electron metal kuyinto umile futhi akusho izinguquko. Imisuka band Valence, isibonelo, ukudla kwezimila Quanta ukukhanya, ezifudukayo ku band conduction. Ngenxa yalokho, ukukhanya amuncwa umzimba hhayi kubonakala. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, izinsimbi kufanele isakhiwo opaque. Ngokuphathelene isicwebezelisi, kudala inqubo ekushayweni ukukhanya lapho ubuyela isebenze electron ekushayweni emazingeni aphansi amandla.

Amandla yangaphakathi

Leli ezingaba is by amandla ion nangemifanekiso enyakazayo futhi ezishisayo we-electron conduction. Ngendlela ecashile, lesi silinganiso libhekene namacala ayo izakhiwo metallic. Ikakhulukazi, ngoba steel, okuyinto nabo electrolyte, it is ngokuzenzakalelayo isethwe ku engaba lakho siqu. Njengoba yangaphakathi izinguquko amandla elihlobene ne izinqubo eziningi ezingezinhle. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokuvumelana le nkomba, ungakwazi ukunquma ukugqwala futhi ukusonteka imihlola. Ezimweni ezinjalo, amandla sangaphakathi metal kuholela ukuba khona micro- futhi makronarusheny e isakhiwo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukushabalalisa olungaphelele amandla ngaphansi ukugqwala efanayo futhi ihlinzeka ukulahlekelwa ingxenyenamba ezithile umthamo. Ekusebenteni, ukusebenza imikhiqizo metal ezintweni ezingezinhle ushintsho amandla yangaphakathi kungaba ukuzibonakalisa ngesimo umonakalo kanye nokunciphisa ductility.

amandla electron ku metal

Lapho echaza izinhlayiya aggregate, okuyinto uxhumana esimweni ziqinile esetshenziswa imibono ye-quantum-mechanical amandla electron. Amanani leyehlukene zivamise kuncuma ubunjalo ukusatshalaliswa idatha ye-elementi phezu amazinga energy. Ngokuhambisana quantum theory, nesilinganiso amandla electron akhiqizwa electron-volts. Kukholakala ukuthi bezikhali electron izinsimbi by oda ezimbili ephakeme kunaleyo amandla ebalwa theory kinetic yamagesi emazingeni okushisa okuvamile. Amandla of electron kusukela izinsimbi kanye, ikakhulukazi, ukuthi lingakanani ijubane lokuya izakhi akuxhomekile lokushisa.

ion amandla e-metal

ion amandla ukubala ivumela ukucacisa izici metal enqubeni ukuncibilika, Sublimation, ukusonteka, njll .. Ikakhulu, izibalo embule amandla eqine amasu kanye kuyaqina. Ukuze lokhu kube yethulwa nomqondo ngehele crystal lapho ion kukhona ISIZINDA. Neqiniso lukagesi ion ngokuvamile ibalwa ikhumbula imiphumela yayo kungenzeka elimazayo indaba crystalline ukwakha izinhlayiya oluyinhlanganisela. Isimo athomu kungathinta amandla kinetic of electron ukhiphe ensimbini ngesikhathi ukushayisana. Kusukela nemibandela nesanda umehluko okunamandla imvelo we electrode eziyinkulungwane volts ezihambayo ijubane izinhlayiya is kakhulu anda, amandla zanqwabelana ukwanele cleavage zingashayisani molecule ku ion.

ngibopha amandla

Izinsimbi libhekene izinhlobo okuxubile yokuxhumana. Emisipheni covalent futhi ionic babe ukutjheja imikhawulo abukhali futhi ngokuvamile kuyendlulela nomunye. Ngakho, metal ukuqina inqubo ngenxa yesenzo ukusonteka plastic kanye alloying nje wachaza ukugeleza emisipheni zensimbi covalent ukuxhumana. Kungakhathaliseki uhlobo idatha uxhumano, bona kuchazwa ngokuthi yezinqubo zamakhemikhali. Kulokhu, zokuxhumana ngamunye amandla. Ngokwesibonelo, ionic, electrostatic futhi covalent ekuhlanganyeleni kungase kusinikeze isilinganiso esithile engaba 400 kJ. Amanani ethize kuzoncika lukagesi zensimbi nokuxhumana ezindaweni ezahlukene futhi ngaphansi imithwalo lokukhanda. Metal isibopho kungase abonise ezahlukene amagugu amandla, kodwa yiziphi izenzo ngeke ufana izakhiwo afana covalent futhi ezindaweni ionic.

I izakhiwo metallic izibopho

Enye yezimfanelo eziyinhloko njani amandla ngibopha kuyinto ukugcwaliswa. Le mpahla inquma isimo amangqamuzana, futhi ikakhulukazi, isakhiwo sabo kanye nokwakheka. I izinhlayiya metal khona ifomu leyehlukene. Okokuqala ukuqonda izakhiwo ukusebenza zezakhi eziyinkimbinkimbi esetshenziswa Valence isibopho theory, kodwa eminyakeni yamuva ke ilahlekelwe okukushoyo. Ngazo zonke izinzuzo zayo, lo mqondo alichazi inani izakhiwo kukhona ezibaluleke kakhulu. Phakathi kwazo kunabafundi spectra ukumuncwa zezakhi, izimfanelo kazibuthe kanye nezinye izici. Kodwa impahla ezifana amandla omlilo bungabonakala kubalwa zamandla ebusweni izinsimbi. Ithola ikhono metal evele okhela ngaphandle ukucupha activators.

isimo metal

Iningi metal libhekene ukucushwa kwe-Valence isakhiwo electronic. Kuye izakhiwo isakhiwo, futhi inqunywa isimo sangaphakathi impahla. Ngesisekelo lezi nemingcele bese ecabangela ubudlelwane akhawunti ungakwazi ukufinyelela kwesakho isiphetho mayelana abakuzuzile lokushisa ukuncibilika metal ethile. Ngokwesibonelo, izinsimbi elithambile, kuhlanganise negolide nethusi, libhekene ongaphakeme ukuncibilika lokushisa. Lokhu kungenxa ukwehla kwenani electron ayibhangqiwe e-athomu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinto ezisansimbi ezithambile babe okusezingeni eliphezulu ukushisa conductivity, nakho, ngenxa ukuhamba electron okusezingeni eliphezulu. Phela, lo metal, ukuqongelela amandla e izimo elikhulu le conductivity ion, ihlinzeka okusezingeni eliphezulu conductivity kagesi ngenxa electron. Lena ngenye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu ukusebenza izici ukuthi zinqunywa isimo metallic.

isiphetho

izakhiwo Chemical ngezinto zinquma izimfanelo zabo lobuchwepheshe kanye ngokomzimba. Lokhu kuvumela ochwepheshe ukugxila ukusebenza namandla leyo nto, ngokuya kungenzeka ukusebenzisa kwayo ezimweni ezithile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla metal abanakwethenjwa ngaso sonke isikhathi kumelwe libhekwe njengelingcwele ezimele. Okungukuthi, umthamo wabo ingase yehluke kuye ngesistimu ubunjalo nokuxhumana nezinye abezindaba. metal evele Iningi zokuxhumana ekhululekile nezinye izakhi ngesibonelo umsebenzi wokudlulisa, lapho ukugcwaliswa we khulula amazinga energy.