Alexander Radishchev - umbhali, imbongi: biography, ubuciko

U-Alexander Radishchev waphila impilo encane - wazalwa ngo-1749 (August 31), wafa ngo-1802 (ngo-Septhemba 12). Wayengumntwana wokuqala emndenini ocebile kakhulu - umkhulu wakhe u-Athanasius Prokopievich wayengumnikazi omkhulu wendawo.

Ubuntwana obujabulisayo

Izinsuku zezingane zasetshenziswa endaweni kayise eNemzovo, idolobha elisendaweni yaseBorovo esifundazweni saseKaluga. Umndeni wawunobungane, abazali - abantu abafunde kahle. Ubaba, okhuluma ngezilimi eziningana, kuhlanganise nesiLatini, wayebandakanye nendodana yakhe. Umfana wayeyintandokazi kamama. Njengoba kwaziswa emindenini ehloniphekile, yafundiswa ekhaya - izingane zesiRashiya ezifundiswa ezifundweni zamatoriki - i-psalter ne-hora-book, ukuze kuhlolwe izilimi zangaphandle, ikakhulukazi isiFulentshi, abafundisi babemenywe. U-Alexander omncane wayengenalo inhlanhla - ngaphansi kwesifiso somfundisi wesiFulentshi, isosha elibalekile labaqasha.

I-Azi Yemfundo Ehle

Ngo-1955, kwavulwa iNyuvesi yaseMoscow, futhi u-Alexander Radishchev waya eMoscow, kumalume kamalume kamalume wakhe, uMnumzane Argamakov, owayengumfowabo ngaleso sikhathi isikhundla somqondisi (ngo-1955 -1957). Futhi lokhu kwanikeza abantwana ilungelo ku-Argomakovs noSasha Radishchev ukuthola ulwazi ekhaya ngaphansi kokuqondiswa kwamaprofesa kanye nabafundisi be-gymnasium eyunivesithi. Lapho eneminyaka engu-13 ubudala u-Alexander Radishchev wanikezwa ikhasi elikhuphukele esihlalweni sobukhosi ngo-1762 nguCatherine II, futhi wathumela ukuqhubeka nokufundiswa ku-Corps of Pages - ngaleso sikhathi isikhungo semfundo ehlonishwa kakhulu eMbusweni waseRussia, lapho afunde khona kusukela ku-1762 kuya ku-1766.

Iminyaka eyunivesithi

Wayecebile, wevela emndenini omdala ohloniphekile, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, wafunda kahle futhi wayekhuthele kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, lapho uCatherine ethatha isinqumo sokuthumela iqembu labantu abasha abasemaphandleni angu-12, ngaphandle kwamakhasi angu-6, u-Alexander Radishchev wayengowokuqala kulolu hlu. Waya eLeipzig ukuyofunda umthetho. Nokho, ngaphezu kwezesayensi eziphoqelekile nokutadisha okujulile kwezilimi, abafundi nabo bavunyelwe ukuba bajwayelane nezinye izayensi. U-A.N. Radishchev wakhetha imithi namakhemikhali, lapho, njengezilimi, waphumelela kakhulu. Iminyaka emihlanu eyichithwa eLeipzig yayigcwele izifundo, futhi ngenxa yalokhu, uRadishchev waba omunye wabantu abafunde kakhulu ngesikhathi sakhe, hhayi eRussia kuphela. Endaweni efanayo, ngaphandle, uqala ukubhala. Ukubheka okungenakwenzeka kulezo zinsuku kwaba kuye ubungane no-Ushakov, owayesekhulile, ehlakaniphile futhi efundiswa kakhulu kune-Alexander, nokufa kwalowo mngane. Inkumbulo wakhe Radishchev Alexander Nikolayevich wabhala umsebenzi owabizwa ngokuthi "The Life of Fedor Vasilyevich Ushakov".

Iminyaka yokuphila eRussia ngemuva kokubuya

Lapho ebuyela ezweni lakubo ngo-1771, u-AN Radishchev, kanye nomngane wakhe uMutuzov, bangena enkonzweni eSt. Petersburg Senate, lapho bengasebenzi khona isikhathi eside ngezizathu eziningana. Ukusuka phesheya Radishchev ubuyela emuva freethinker. Ngo-1773, waba ngumeluleki wezomthetho endlunkulu yesiFinnish, esiseSt. Petersburg, lapho ehlala khona ngo-1775. Kwakuyisikhathi sokuvukela kukaPugachev nokunciphisa kwayo. Kule minyaka, uRadishchev Alexander Nikolayevich wenza izinguqulo eziningana, kuhlanganise "Ukuzindla Emlandweni WesiGreki" uBonno de Mably. Kancane kancane uRadishchev uba omunye wabantu abaqiniseke kakhulu futhi abahlala njalo abacabanga ububi obukhulu baseRussia ukuba yi-autocracy kanye nesensif. Ngemva kokuthatha umhlalaphansi, uRadishchev washada nomngane wakhe udadewabo, owayefunda naye eLeipzig. Ngo-1777, wangena eSt. Petersburg Customs House, lapho esebenza kuze kube ngu-1790 futhi wakhonza kuze kube yilapho engumqondisi wayo. Lapha waba abangane no-Count A. Vorontsov, ozosekela isazi sefilosofi saseRussia nomcwaningi ngisho nasekuthunjweni eSiberia.

Umkhiqizo oyinhloko wokuphila

Kusukela ngo-1771 izingcaphuno zokuqala ezivela emsebenzini oyinhloko, ebhalwe ngu-Alexander Radishchev, zanyatheliswa. "Uhambo oluvela eSt. Petersburg ukuya eMoscow" ngezigaba ngabanye lanyatheliswa emagazini waseSt. Petersburg "Umdwebo". Ekhulwini lama-80-90 ekhulwini le-XVIII eYurophu kwakukhona ukuphakama okukhulu kwezenhlalakahle, ukuvuselelwa kokuqala e-United States, khona-ke eFrance kwalandelana ngemva kokunye. Esebenzisa isimo sezulu esihle ukugqugquzela imibono yenkululeko, uRadishchev uqala indlu yokunyathelisa ekhaya lakhe (emgwaqweni wamanje waseMarat), futhi ngoMeyi 1790 wabhala amakhophi angu-650 encwadi. Ngaphambilini ngendlela efanayo kwashicilelwa "Incwadi kumngane." Ubani ongazi ukuthi inkulumo ethi "Yebo ingumhlubuki, u-Pugacheva obi kakhulu!", Okukhulunywe nguCatherine II lapho efunda lo msebenzi. Ngenxa yalokho, u-A. N. Radishchev waboshwa ePeter noPaul Fortress futhi wagwetshwa ukufa. Khona-ke umbusi "onesihe" washintsha esikhundleni sakhe iminyaka engu-10 ekuthunjweni eSiberia ngokunqotshwa kwesihloko sobukhosi, yonke imiyalo, irekhodi kanye nenhlanhla.

I-book-exposer

Izincwadi zombhali ohlazekile kwakuzobhujiswa. Kodwa amakhophi akhiqizwa nguRadishchev athengiswa ngokushesha, ayenziwe ngamakhophi amaningi, okwakwenza i-AS Pushkin isho iqiniso: "Radishchev - ubugqila besitha - ayibaleki icala!". Noma mhlawumbe imbongi omkhulu waseRussia wayebhekisela ekutheni umcabisholo, oqothula ngale ncwadi, wanquma ukuthi lokhu kuyisiqondiso emadolobheni, ngoba libala izindawo zokuhlala emaphethelweni. Ngisho nanamuhla izinhlu ezinjalo ezingu-70 zifinyelele. Ngaleso sikhathi i- AS Suvorin ngo-1888 yathola imvume yokukhulula amakhophi angu-100 ale ncwadi, okuthiwa kuphela abachwepheshe kanye nabathandi bezincwadi zaseRussia. Yini ehlubuka kangaka mayelana nencwadi ekhanyisiwe emakhanda? Le noveli ichaza ukuphazamiseka kwe-serfdom, ukuphila okunzima kakhulu kwabasimilayo, ngaphezu kwalokho, le ncwadi iqukethe ukuchayeka okuqondile kwe-tsarism. Kubhalwe ngolimi oluhle, lugcwele amazwi abonisa ukukhathazeka, futhi akushiyi muntu ongenandaba. Kwakuhlanganisa "Ukukhululeka" nelithi "Izwi Lomonosov". Futhi kwakungenjalo ukusola kwe-autocracy ngaphambi kwalokho.

Umthandi ongenakunyakaziswa

U-Radishchev, onomsebenzi wakhe, izinkondlo, izivumelwano zefilosofi, ama-odes, okufaka phakathi "Ukukhululeka", okwamanje ushiswe futhi waxilongwa emaphethini wephepha, wayehlezi ejele lase-Ilim. Kodwa lapha, egameni likaVote Vorontsov, wayefunda ekutadisheni impilo yabantu baseSiberia basekhaya, imizila yokuhweba eya ezindaweni ezisenyakatho yezwe elikhulu futhi kungenzeka ukuhwebelana neChina. Wayelapha, ngisho nangendlela yakhe, ujabule. Ejele wayibhala imisebenzi eminingi emangalisayo, futhi kwafika kuye (futhi wayesevele engumfelokazi) udadewabo ukuba aqede isizungu sakhe ekuthunjweni. Njengoba ekhuphukile esihlalweni sobukhosi, uPaul I, owazonda unina, wabuyisela lo mfilosofi ohlazekile, kodwa engenalo ilungelo lokushiya isidleke somndeni eNemtsov. U-Alexander I akazange anikeze kuphela inkululeko ephelele ye-AN Radishchev, kodwa futhi yamheha ukuba asebenze kuKhomishana yokubhalisa imithetho.

Ukuzibulala noma ukungabi nalutho okubulalayo

Isixhumanisi asizange sishintshe imibono yomlobi futhi, sihlanganyele ekubhalisweni kwemithetho, u-Alexander Radishchev, owaziwa yilo mlando ugcwele izikhwama ngamandla, ebhala "Ukuhlelwa kwekhodi ye-liberal." Ukhulume ngemicabango ngokulingana kwabo bonke ngaphambi komthetho, ngesidingo senkululeko yokukhuluma kanye nomsakazo, kanye nezinye "imicabango engenacala" eyathukuthelisa uSihlalo wekhomishana, u-Count PV Zavadsky, ukuthi wasongela umbhali ngesinye isixhumanisi eSiberia. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukusola kwakuyi-pejorative, noma umcabangi ekugcineni washiya imizwa yakhe, futhi impilo yakhe yayinqotshwa kabi, noma kwenzeka okuthile okubi kakhulu ekuthunjweni, kodwa uRadishchev wafika ekhaya wazonda ngokwenza ubuthi. Indaba edabukisayo kakhulu. Yiqiniso, kukhona enye inguqulo, efakazela ubuqhawe bomoya wendoda enkulu kunazo zonke ngesikhathi sakhe - wayengeke azibulale, futhi ngokuphutha wayiphuza ukuzola, ebona ingilazi ye-vodka. Futhi kwakuyi "vodka yasebukhosini", ebulala umuntu, ephekwe futhi eshiywe yindodana endala yomlobi ukuze kubuyiselwe i-epaulettes endala. Impela indaba edabukisayo.

Umuntu omuhle futhi omkhulu

Emsebenzini wakhe, u-A. N. Radishchev naye wayekhathazekile ngezindaba zokukhuliswa. Ubhekwa njengomsunguli wezimiso zokuguquguquka kweRashiya kanye ne-aesthetics, kanye ne-pedagogy. Kanye nokucwaninga okujulile, izivumelwano zefilosofi, ukuchayeka okubi kwe-tsarism ne-serfdom uDadishchev, ophethe izinkondlo ezigcwele uthando ngabantu nangokwemvelo, wabhala izingoma zezingane, wabhala izinkondlo ezihlekisayo nezembatho, wakha imidlalo ehlukahlukene kanye nemincintiswano.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi umuntu wayemthanda impilo kakhulu, kepha wayefuna ukuba kube mnandi kubo bonke abantu, ngakho-ke eRussia kwakungekho muntu ohlazo lwe-serfdom. Isihloko esihle kakhulu ku-A. N. Radishchev sabhalwa ngu-A. S. Pushkin.