Uyini-co-operatives? Izinhlobo kanye nezici kwama co-op

Abantu united emaqenjini kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. abazingeli lwasekuqaleni ezingelwa ndawonye, abalimi basebenza emasimini. Uyini-co-operatives, abazange bazi. Kodwa njengozibuthe, abangane babo bangase kahle kumelwe kuthiwe zibangelwa nombono wanamuhla wokubambisana.

Co-op - kuyini?

Igama elithi "wokubambisana" livela izimpande amabili Latin co - "ndawonye", "ndawonye" futhi opus - "umsebenzi", "umsebenzi". Ngakho-ke, umbuzo ka yini co-operatives, incazelo evamile ezingeni lomhlaba wonke jikelele ukuhumusha lula njengoba nobumbano nokubambisana.

Co-op - kuyinto inhlangano yabantu wemvelo noma womthetho ngokubambisana amazinga kahulumeni ahlukahlukene ekuphileni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa nokukhangiswa, ukwakhiwa nokusebenza izakhiwo, ukuthengwa kanye ukusetshenziswa izinsiza nezimpahla. A wabantu abahlangene ngokuzithandela, waqaphela inhlangano esemthethweni, ekuthuthukiseni ngezithukuthuku self-ngezimali kanye self-nokuphathwa.

wadala impahla wokubambisana ngesisekelo ngokulingana lwelungu le co-op ngamunye. Umphumela enhlanganweni iba inzuzo ngokwabelana impahla entsha. Isici engavamile wokubambisana kubhekwa ukuba yingxenye ilungu ngalinye umsebenzi. Ngaphambi ngokuhlanganisa amasethi Izinjongo ethize, wadala seminikelo. Ilungu ngalinye share wokubambisana okwenza kube (share). Masheya run by wokubambisana, obhekene izingozi ezihilelekile, imbuyiselo isakazwa.

Izinhlobo ezinkulu cooperatives

Yima izinhlobo cooperatives ku ezahlukahlukene. Ngu uhlobo umsebenzi balulaze ukukhiqizwa futhi umthengi co-op. Yiziphi umehluko phakathi kwabo? Ukukhiqizwa libhekene uhlobo ayimpoqo zabasebenzi ukubamba iqhaza ilungu lale nhlangano e umsebenzi zokukhiqiza ukuze uthole inzuzo ngayinye. It bavunyelwe esikhundleni zomsebenzi iqhaza share umnikelo. Kwandile SKHPK (kwezolimo ama cooperatives).

Umthengi wokubambisana iqhaza enjalo into ozikhethela wena. Ubuhlobo obunjalo kudalwa njengoba engenzi-nzuzo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo kwabanikazi bamasheya. Ukuze ama cooperatives umthengi kukhona umthengi imiphakathi (IN), ama cooperatives yezolimo (SCC) kanye nezinye inyunyana amalungu-bamasheya.

umthengi ama cooperatives

Uhlobo umthengi ama cooperatives emelelwa izinhlobo eziningi. Okokuqala - umphakathi umthengi. Ifomu izakhamuzi nezinhlangano ezingokomthetho ukuze kuthengwe kwemikhiqizo yezolimo kanye nezinye, ukuhlinzeka bamasheya kudingeka uvivinye umzimba umkhiqizo wakho kanye supply izimpahla ezidingekayo. esitolo Jikelele kanye umphakathi umthengi seziye zaphenduka isifingqo liyabonakala ukuthi ukhuluma mayelana nokusatshalaliswa yabo nokubonwa.

Omasibambisane bezolimo ukuhlanganisa abantu, ehola amapulazi yangasese nabakhiqizi wezolimo. Personal zabasebenzi iqhaza kulokhu kuyadingeka. SCC iletha balimi noma balimi, icubungula imikhiqizo yezolimo, noma athengise ngayo, wahlanganyela ukuthengisela, umshwalense noma obolekisayo.

Imisebenzi e co-op isihloko

Kusukela amagama-co-operatives kungabonwa ngokucacile injongo yokudalwa nomsebenzi amalungu ayo. GSK ijoyina abanikazi emagalaji, isakhiwo uhlela ukuphathwa ingcebo, villa wokwakha uletha ndawonye abanikazi izindlu ehlobo Cottages. Izindlu, kukhona ukwakhiwa kwezindlu, izindlu, kanye ukonga co-op. ezezindlu kanye ukonga ama cooperatives (CCP) akhiwa ngoba obolekisayo. Bona ukuheha ukonga bamasheya sokubolekwayo ngenzalo, ukunikela isizo leemali kilabo abalimi, amabhizinisi ezolimo kanye amapulazi ngabanye. imisebenzi ngokuhlanganisa kuyenziwa ngesisekelo isivumelwano yokuzithandela ilungu-bamasheya.

Ezinye izinhlobo cooperatives

Can ingahlukaniswa kanye nezinye ama cooperatives osebenzayo. Yini isabelo izinhlobo-co-operatives ekhona? Kunzima ukunikeza impendulo esiqondile njengoba kuncike izimpawu kuholela ukufana kanyekanye ne ezihlukahlukene nobuntu zinhlobo. Khishiwe amabhlogo ezinkulu eziningana.

isimo Yomthetho. Amabhizinisi esisemthethweni (ngokomthetho) nalolungakahleleki. Ekuqaleni, izinhlangano musa ukulondoloza ubuhlobo ngaphansi komthetho. Namuhla, ama cooperatives usebenze ngaphansi kwemithetho yezwe lapho, bheka, zilotshiwe izimiso zikahulumeni.

Isikhundla e sabaphathi cooperatives. Hlukanisa lokuqala, lesibili, ephakeme, nokunye. Ahluke kumiswa isakhiwo. Primary bakha ngabanye yesibili kusukela eyinhloko, bese kuyanda.

Ngendawo. Lesi sici ephawula edolobheni, yesifunda, yasemakhaya nezinye co-op.

Ngesikhathi kuvela. Ukuhlanganisa elidala kwaqala nsuku eyinhloko, ezendabuko, ngokusekelwe wokwaneliseka kwamakhasimende, zanamuhla, umbono ucwaningo.

Ubukhulu womsebenzi. Amancane, aphakathi nendawo, izinhlangano ezinkulu zihlukaniswa zindlela ezahlukene: inombolo bamasheya, Indawo ehlanganiswa, izinga umsebenti wetemnotfo.

Ngesikhathi khona. co-op Wadala phezu eside bavumelana noma nanini.

Umsebenzi ensimini. Ukukhiqizwa ama cooperatives sizuzise ezingokoqobo futhi angaphatheki. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka zihlanganisa imikhiqizo kwezolimo nasezimbonini, ezokuthutha kanye ukuthengiswa kwezimpahla, ekuhlanganiseni nokuningi. Ukuze besigaba sesibili njengabakade sihlinzeke izinhlelo ezifana ukunakekelwa kwezempilo.

Ukwakheka Social amalungu. Lena yesigaba sabasebenzi ukuma, ingcweti abancane kanye nabalimi abancane co-op. Eyokuqala okuhloswe ngayo ukwenza ngcono izimo zokuphila amalungu imizamo lesibili nelesithathu kuhlanganiswe abakhiqizi ukukhiqiza kanye nemikhiqizo emakethe, wenze nemalimboleko futhi ukuthatha imali. Kwakukhona izinhlangano of lombhalo futhi vsesoslovnye isisekelo.

Ngokusho yinkimbinkimbi imisebenzi. Inhlangano ngamagoli ezivamile ihlose labaphathi amabhizinisi, izinyunyana kanye nezinselelo ahlele umsebenzi ngokuhlanganyela.

Injongo nokubambisana

Njenganoma yimuphi ukunyakaza komphakathi setha ukufeza ethile injongo co-op. Okuqakathekileko ngesisekelo umgomo oyifunayo? umsebenzi yenhlangano, ezemfundo, kwezomnotho, zomthetho kanye zemfundo igcugcutela umcondvo wekugcilisa nokubambisana. Umphumela ozuzisayo ohlangothini kwezomnotho zokuphila kufezwa ngokusebenzisa mutual abantu babe munye, ukuzinikela ngokuhlanganyela eya ekuchumeni wokubambisana, ekuthuthukiseni isiko zomthetho kanye nokugqugquzela izinhlelo civil.

Ukuhlanganisa izici cooperatives

Kanye esisihlukanisayo izici ama cooperatives, izinhlobo kanye nezici izimpawu, babe izici ezivamile. yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye lwamashumi amabili izibonakaliso abalulekile ngokuhlanganisa. Lezi zihlanganisa:

• yangasese abahlanganyeli ubulungu;
• ukuqonda imigomo yezomnotho;
• ukugxila usizo mutual;
• ukungena mahhala futhi ophumayo;
• amalungu wokubambisana kwasekuqaleni beswele;
• e wokubambisana Ungangenela esingenamkhawulo bamasheya;
• Inhlangano kwenzeka ngesisekelo ukuphathwa;
• amalungu, abanikazi bamasheya iqhaza ukuphathwa kwamabhizinisi;
• izakhi ingxenye - abantu.

izimpawu ezivamile cooperatives yesimanje

Ukuthuthukiswa ku kwekhulu lamashumi amabili nanye wokubambisana kuye kwaholela ukuvela izici ezintsha nobabili. Ukushintsha izimpawu ezivamile awushintshanga essence.

Isici esiyinhloko: kuphela ama cooperatives libhekene uxhumano imisebenzi yezomnotho kanye neyenhlalo yomphakathi. Ingabe umsebenzi kwezomnotho yimpumelelo, ama cooperatives (izinhlobo zemfundo kungaba ezahlukene), nethonya ezuzisayo phezu isikhundla emphakathini amalungu ayo.

Isici engeziwe: ubunikazi ngokuhlanganyela impahla. Ukwakheka impahla ezivamile kungenxa zokungena kanye iminikelo eyengeziwe. Imali entry ayibuyiseleki, it is esichithwa ukudalwa base impahla kasoseshini. share engeziwe afakwe oyifunayo noma eqalwe ngokuhambisana nezinhlinzeko zoMthetho wokuPhathwa isimiso. Zombili lezi zinhlobo abhekwa yansukuzonke. I inzuzo ibalwa njengoba umehluko phakathi kwemali ngeniso nezindleko wokubambisana. It kungokwalabo bamasheya, okuyinto ayihambise umhlangano jikelele. Ukulahlekelwa ezibhekwa ezivamile.

Isici esibalulekile ezivamile elitlolwe icala ngokuhlanganyela wonke amalungu imiphumela yomsebenzi wezomnotho. Uma ucabanga yokuzihlanganisa nama ukungabi nemali jikelele ukuhlangabezana izimangalo abakweletwayo, izimali masheya ezihilelekile. Nge elinganiselwe isibopho sezomthetho shareholder okhokhela isabelo umnikelo, noma inani lemali okuyinto amaningi yobukhulu bayo. isibopho sezomthetho Unlimited kudinga amalungu wokubambisana uphendule impahla yabo imiphumela yemisebenzi yayo.

Esinye isici - izimiso yeningi. Democracy ebuholini wokubambisana ebonakaliswa yokuthi kuphela umhlangano jikelele bamasheya, has imisebenzi ophakeme ebusayo. izingxenyana Intermediate liyakushunyayelwa likhethwa emhlanganweni, zibike kuye. Ukulingana amalungu le co-op is owned by nevoti elilodwa, kungakhathaliseki paov inombolo.

Ngakho, ngamafuphi, yini ama cooperatives. Lokhu wabantu abahlangene ngokuzithandela, izakhamuzi munye izimiso ezizimele nangendlela yentando yeningi ukuze bahlangabezane nezidingo + zabo e kwezomnotho, kwezenhlalo nakwezamasiko. Ngesikhathi inhliziyo yomsebenzi wezomnotho kuyinto ubunikazi ahlangene inkampani.

Umlando nokubambisana eYurophu

Inhlangano yokuqala ngomqondo zakudala lokho ama cooperatives kwavela phakathi nekhulu le-nesishiyagalolunye eNgilandi. Experience Abeluki 1830 kuhlulekile. Ngo-1844, umzamo wesibili waba impumelelo. Ezingamashumi amabili nesishiyagalombili Abeluki banded ukudala esitolo ukuthi kuhlinzekwe kubanikazi bamasheya imikhiqizo umsoco ngamanani aphansi. Ngo-1949, inani lamalungu liye landa abantu abayisishiyagalolunye. Ukulandela nakho ngempumelelo kwakukhona inkampani yomshuwalense, abakhiqizi wokubambisana, umphakathi mutual. E-UK, umthengi ama cooperatives sihlanganise abantu kwezigidi eziyisikhombisa izinkulungwane izinyunyana. Laba balimi bafakela ama-product ezabathengi futhi izingubo, izimpahla zasendlini kanye sipho amasevisi ukwanelisa isidingo izinsizakalo ezithile ezingokomthetho futhi yezokwelapha. BaseYurophu ukuqonda ukuthi ezinjalo-co-operatives inhlalakahle yezwe futhi ngamunye izakhamuzi zayo. ESweden, umthengi ama cooperatives zikufakazela ngokwabo ekwakheni izindlu, ekuthuthukeni kwezolimo. EDenmark, kwesigamu sabantu abadala 2000 kuhlanganiswe umthengi co-op. Ukubambisana enwetshiwe abalimi. ukukhiqizwa Ubisi, inyama processing , nokuningi zingezikaJehova co-op.

Cooperation e-US

Ukulandela ukutholwa ngo 1926 yoMthetho ku Amabhizinisi e-United States baba okwandile izinhlangano ezifana abalimi, njengama co-op. Uyini nokubambisana, sizuze ihlinzeka, wachaza isevisi abalimi kwezolimo co-op. Ukuqala kwekhulu lamashumi amabili nanye iye yaqinisekisa ukubaluleka ukunyakaza wokubambisana. Kuze kube manje, isigamu abalimi kufakwe-co-operatives.

Amabhizinisi eRussia

Umlando ukuthuthukiswa ukunyakaza wokubambisana eRussia iqala yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye. Eyokuqala loan futhi credit ngokubambisana wadala Luginin abazalwane ababethunyiwe bevela Kostroma esifundeni ngo-1865. Ngu ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, Russia uthathé ukuma phambili emhlabeni kunombolo cooperatives namalunga abo. Izenzakalo 1917 siphazamise ukuqhubeka nokubambisana. Imvuselelo yaqala e nineties. Ngo-1992-ke wazitholela umthetho "Ngo umthengi nokubambisana eRussia" ngo-1996 - umthetho "On the umsebenzi cooperatives ukukhiqizwa in the Russian Federation." Ngaphezu kwale mithetho federal, ama cooperatives enganyelwe the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. umphakathi ngamunye eba futhi kuthatha semhlangano jikelele sisekelo, lobeka Izilawuli eziyisisekelo inhlangano (share umnikelo, iqhaza amalungu umthwalo wabo wemfanelo, njll). Namuhla, inani co-operatives ngo-Russia, inani labamba iqhaza uyaqhubeka ukhula.

Amathemba sokuthuthukisa ukuhamba wokubambisana

kwekhulu lamashumi amabili nanye uyaqhubeka amasiko ifakwe. Sishintshe umqondo nezinhlobo cooperatives, kodwa essence yabo ayiguquki. Kulaba ama cooperatives ezingaphezu kuka abayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisikhombisa yesimanje namashumi amabili zinhlobo kungathiwa. Lesitshalo ukwehluka kusikisela ukuthi ama cooperatives wakufeza amathemba abo ngcono izimpawu ezibalulekile amalungu wokubambisana izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho ezahlukene.