Isibiliso ayisikhunta we umnyango? Imvubelo: isakhiwo, izinhlobo

Yini imvubelo - a amakhowe, niyazi, cishe abaningi. Futhi yini esingayifunda ukusho mayelana idatha ngezigaba ikusasa abamele umbuso? Kuyaziwa ukuthi imvubelo ayisikhunta Division Ascomycetes futhi Basidiomycetes. Kusho ukuthini lokhu? Ake sizame ukuqonda ndawonye.

Imvubelo - amakhowe

Futhi isikhunta owumphumela. Balahlekelwe le mycelium ngenxa izinqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo Kukholakala ukuthi ngokuqondene ushintsho ekuphileni substrates okusamanzi okungaphathwa abacebile udaba eziphilayo futhi mahle kakhulu ngenxa yokuphila la magciwane. imvubelo Ubude zikhona kuze zinhlobo ayizinkulungwane. Zonke nembiliso - isikhunta unicellular.

Ubukhulu

amaseli Single isehlane ukufinyelela lezi isikhunta ukuze 7 microns ububanzi, kodwa abanye bakhule 40 um. Nokho, abanye imvubelo namanje yakha phezu izigaba ngibone umjikelezo wokuphila kwe the mycelium, futhi kwezinye izimo - futhi umzimba fruiting. Okwamanje, isibonelo, imvubelo lombhaki, kuyinto ufuzo lokuqala eukaryotic okuyinto kutholakele futhi kwakhishwa ukukhishwa.

Nasi umlando

Imvubelo - amakhowe, "ezifuywayo" umuntu, futhi isikhathi eside impela. Sinenkosi eside, sekuyizinkulungwane zeminyaka, isetshenziselwe izinjongo Culinary: ukubhaka, ukuvutshelwa, ukudala izimo. Kakade eGibhithe lasendulo, kwakukhona amabhikawozi futhi ngokusobala wathola ukusetshenziswa nemvubelo. Futhi emazweni athile, ezikhathini zasendulo, kuhlanganise amakhekhe esingenamvubelo (isib matzo noma Pita isinkwa) kuyanda nokwenza imvubelo breads. imvubelo Brewer sika kwabaseGibhithe eyaziwa yaba yiminyaka engaphezu kweyisithupha yinkulungwane edlule, futhi ngosizo la magciwane, abantu okuphekiwe lesi siphuzo foamy.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi imvubelo omusha e amapulazi amaningi asendulo esetshenziswa izinsalela ubudala. Ngakho, ngokwale ndlela ososayensi, Kwakuthi zizalela zinhlobo imvubelo azitholakalanga endle. Abaningi bakholelwa ezithile imvubelo umkhiqizo kuphela umsebenzi womuntu (isib, izinhlobonhlobo okusanhlamvu kutshalwa: kakolweni, rye nezinye).

zymology

Ngakho isayensi echaza bese etadisha ukuphila nomsebenzi zalezi zinto. Isibiliso ayisikhunta, amasiko abo okumsulwa labonakala okokuqala ngo-1881 e-Denmark, futhi ngo-1883 kwathiwa selivele lisetshenziselwa ubhiya. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 wadala Ukwahlukaniswa imvubelo, futhi ngekhulu lama-20, kukhona amaqoqo kanye etintfweni amasiko owaziwa. Isibiliso ayisikhunta division Ascomycota kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka eledlule. Ososayensi bebona umjikelezo abo okuzala, generalizing njengeqembu taxonomic (amakhowe marsupial). Kodwa eJapane, omunye ososayensi ukukhiqizwa kabusha eyenga futhi Basidiomycetes nemvubelo. Ngakho, izazi zaphetha ngokuthi lo isikhunta imvubelo (isithombe ngezansi) Kwakhiwa Yiqiniso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokuzimela phakathi izigaba ezimbili zombuso (ascomycetes futhi basidiomycetes). Idatha kwaqinisekisa futhi yamangqamuzana begazi ucwaningo eziphilayo. Awawona taxon, futhi, cishe, ifomu ekhethekile ukuphila.

Ascomycetes futhi basidiomycetes

Ngakho, imvubelo isikhunta basonta ascomycetes umnyango futhi basidiomycetes (noma iminyango kunalokho, ukuze ezimbili ezahlukene). Bonke - Subkingdom ephakeme isikhunta. Abakwazi ukuhlukanisa izici zokuphila ngemijikelezo ezinye izimpawu: ngababili we-DNA, khona urease. Ascomycetes, noma ama-marsupial amakhowe - ngempela somnyango ezinde kakhulu, ezingase kufaka kuze kufike zinhlobo ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amathathu (endleleni, truffle abadumile lalo mnyango, kanye morels futhi imigqa). Phakathi kwabo bonke labo - nemvubelo, okuyinto ezibhekwa ososayensi wesibili eziphilayo owumphumela.

izindawo

Ngokuvamile, la magciwane kohlala ezindaweni abacebile ushukela - substrates phezu izithelo izithelo, eshiya. Angadla ukudla okuyingxenye ukudla womsebenzi isitshalo: umpe, uketshezi, ayo ukulimaza. Musa eya phytomass efile. Ingabe ukuphila ngemhlabatsi udoti kusuka eziphilayo zemvelo kwabo amanzi. Ezinye nembiliso abakhona emathunjini izinambuzane ezidla ukhuni. Abaningi imvubelo kanye amaqabunga, okuyinto ehlaselwa aphid.

isicelo

Sekuyisikhathi eside Ezinye izinhlobo zama-imvubelo amasiko kwaba ezifunwayo ukupheka, ukubhaka nokukhiqizwa kwezincwadi utshwala ziphuzo zazihluzwa. Kvass, isinkwa, ubhiya newayini ngeke akwenze ngaphandle balaba basizi amancane. Wonke lawa abawaziyo isikhathi eside, isikhunta imvubelo kukhona umnyango ascomycetes. Ukuze kukhiqizwe oludakayo elinzima iqhaza ziphuzo zazihluzwa esikhathini yokubola. Manje ezinye isiko imvubelo elisetshenziswa anhlobonhlobo-biotechnology: ukukhiqizwa zokubasa kanye izithasiselo zokudla kanye enzyme. Isayensi bajwayele njengoba amasiko lokuhlola zofuzo ucwaningo.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

• I baking esetshenziswa isiko Saccharomyces cerevisiae, eyaziwa ngokuthi imvubelo lombhaki. Bona iveza isibilile oludakayo nemvelo, sithuthukisa ukunambitheka kanye nephunga elimnandi imikhiqizo isinkwa (utshwala, ngemva, phakathi kwenqubo bhaka iyasha). Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-carbon dioxide kwakheka isisindo kubangela inhlama ukwenyuka, enika test porosity kanye umsungulo.
• Emvelweni, e amajikijolo yamagilebhisi ngokwemvelo ukuthuthukisa imvubelo amasiko, okuyinto zibonakala njengoba qwembe olumhlophe. Kodwa kuyiqiniso iwayini imvubelo ubhekwa Saccharomyces cerevisiae, okuyinto zitholakala amaqoqo kuyinto ngempela ezingavamile. Kuyinto lokhu ezihlukahlukene futhi lisetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ekwenzeni iwayini isitokwe. Ngenxa ngokucubungula ushukela ngu imvubelo eziqukethwe juice kwamagilebhisi, Ethanol ekhiqizwa nemvubelo ku degrees okhulisa - afe. A ngomumo ngoba champagne iwayini ukuvutshelwa owabeka ngokuphindaphindiwe kwengezwa isiko imvubelo.
• Ngo yokuphisa usebenzisa okusanhlamvu imila zebhali (lwemithombo), nemvubelo futhi fermenting phansi. I lwemithombo ingumhlabathi, abilisiwe, exutshwe namanzi kanye isibilile usebenzisa Saccharomyces cerevisiae, noma ezinye izinhlobo nemvubelo. Kvass umkhiqizo mayelana efanayo, kodwa ngaphandle imvubelo wasebenzisa ngaphezulu futhi acidosis acid amagciwane.
• Imvubelo ngenhla, ezisetshenziswa kakhulu emnothweni wezwe, eyakho oda isikhunta Ascomycetes. Futhi ethandwa isiphuzo inhlangano imvubelo namagciwane, isibonelo, kombucha noma mushroom Tibetan. Sinenkosi izakhiwo eziningi inenzuzo umzimba womuntu, futhi ukusetshenziswa njalo lezi iziphuzo uxwayisa zonke izinhlobo izifo emathunjini bese ezinye izitho zangaphakathi.