Ascomycete: incazelo, izimpawu

Ingabe ama-marsupial isikhunta khona? Leliphepha izithakazelo zonke ezinye wesikole wafunda la mazwi ngomdlandla: biology Yiqiniso. Lezi isikhunta basonta umbuso, okubandakanya abameleli umzimba yokuhlukanisa vegetative. Banezinhliziyo yezici ezithile zobulili - izikhwama. Bahlanganisa ascospores eziyisishiyagalombili. Ezinye izinhlobo zama-lezi isikhunta asiphelele, ngoba inqubo ukuphila ulahlekelwe ikhono lawo lokuzalana. Ziyakwazi ukukhiqizwa kabusha asexual.

Lezi izicubu kulezi amakhowe Cishe ungalokothi kwakhiwa. Okuhlukile kuphela eziphilayo ezimbalwa yisinanakazana. Isakhiwo ilungu lalesi sigaba ngasinye zihlanganisa chitin (kusuka 20 kuya kumaphesenti angu-25) futhi glucan.

Ukuhlala marsupial amakhowe (abamele izofakwa ohlwini ngezansi) ku izinsalela zezitshalo nezilwane.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izinhlobo eziningi isikhunta (obomvu, ensundu, ompunga-luhlaza) basonta Ascomycetes. Ngenxa orange-pink ukhunta sphere izakhi zofuzo kuye impumelelo eningi. Ascomycetes basakaza emhlabeni wonke.

ekilasini Ascomycetes kuhlanganisa izizukulwane ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 2 futhi 30,000 zinhlobo. Laba bameleli be-eyaziwa kakhulu yiwona imvubelo, truffle, Morel, Parmelee, umugqa.

morphology

umzimba vegetative siqukethe ngodonga eziningana, okuyinto ulwahlukanise. Siyabonga kuye, amakhowe ungalahlekelwa kancane impahla yeselula kusuka imfundo filamentous. Uma siqhathanisa Ascomycetes futhi zygomycota, kuyafaneleka ukuthi bukhoma eside kuqala ngokwanele.

Ascomycete ahlelwe ngendlela yokuthi umzimba wayo uyakwazi umklomelo phakathi ezinhlamvu cytoplasm, nuclei, organelles. Engqamuzaneni ngalinye ngokuvamile kukhona isici esisodwa haploid kwesakhiwo ukuthi izitolo nokudluliswa ulwazi zofuzo (DNA).

ulwazi olujwayelekile mayelana ukukhiqizwa kabusha nokuthuthukiswa

Marsupial amakhowe babe izindlela ezimbili ukuveza:

• anamorph (indlela asexual);
• teleomorph (isakhiwo ubulili).

Ngo biology, lezi zinqubo okubili kubizwa ngokuthi holomorphs. Abanaso uthanda nomunye. Futhi of anamorphs umzimba Ungahambisa e teleomorph. Yingakho ozalwa ascomycetes zenye kodwa ngezindlela ezingafani ososayensi ziphathwa njengoba abameleli ngabanye. Ngenxa yamangqamuzana ucwaningo isayensi kunikeza Kulula ukuqonda ukuthi ukhunta ezithile marsupial lenzeka inqubo.

Anamorph (indlela asexual)

anamorphs inqubo Kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa conidia. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi morphology yamuva wehlukile ngempela. Ngamunye wabo kungaba unicellular noma amaningi. ngodonga transverse banayo esingenamkhawulo. Conidia ngokuvamile ube bobunjwa oyindilinga.

Ngokuvamile, aqueous marsupial ukhunta liye landa yinkimbinkimbi izakhi isakhiwo. abameleli batholakala ku amacembe ezihlahla, okuyinto Sekuyisikhathi eside emanzini.

Teleomorph (ukuzala) amafomu ephansi

lesi sigaba isikhunta ungakwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha esebenzisa izakhiwo ngokobulili, kodwa ngaphandle kumiswa gametes. Ukuze afeze le nqubo ku hyphae kwakhiwa besilisa izitho zesifazane. Lesi sici marsupial isikhunta efana incazelo zasolwandle - nazo ingasebenza modified oogonia.

Uma sicabangela amafomu ephansi, i-teleomorph efana zigogamiey. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-gametangia kwakheka ube ifomu ezifanayo, futhi ngemva inqubo hlanganisa them Fusion yenuzi kwenzeka. Kodwa lezi amakhowe isenzo sokugcina asithinti nje yonke timphawu tesakhiwo, karyogamy amaningi ngakho kwenzeka. Ngemva kwalokho, le meiosis, kamuva engena esikhwameni zygote.

Teleomorph (ukuzala) amafomu ephakeme

Uma ucabangela inqubo yokuzala amafomu ephakeme, kumelwe kushiwo ukuthi wenza nzima kancane kuka kule aphansi. Arhikarp ikhava askogon. Ngaphezu kwalokho, it is umahluko. Phezu kwalo "iza" ngesimo amashubhu. unicellular Antheridium liyisici okuyinto has simise cylindrical. Ngemva Ukuhlanganiswa kwawo kwenze cytoplasm nucleus musa izingxenye, kodwa bebuthanela. Dikaryons kwakhiwa. nuclei yabo, esikhundleni salokho, zihlukaniswe izingxenye. Phakathi amafomu ukukhiqizwa kabusha ascomycete asci, ngemva kwalokho kukhona Kuhlanganiswe nuclei haploid. Ngaphandle isikhathi eyize wenziwa meiosis. I cores kwakhiwa zihlukaniswe metoticheski. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka timphawu tesakhiwo eziyisishiyagalombili.

Lokuzaliswa: Iziphetho

Kuye ubulungu kohlobo oluthile kabusha lesi sigaba ngezindlela eziningi kungenziwa lula. Ngokwesibonelo, antheridia ayikwazi kwakhiwa - bona kufakwe umzimba vegetative noma conidia. emoyeni kwemali, amanzi noma ngokusebenzisa spermatsii isinambuzane idluliselwe trichogins ke uhlangane le cytoplasm amaseli. Hyphae nezikhwama akhiwa hhayi kuphela ngezikhathi kodwa futhi emizimbeni yabo, okuyizinto uvalwe amagatsha ezihlangene kwesakhiwo.

imizimba fruiting zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezine:

• Apothecia. Amakhowe marsupial bomdabu ngezindaba zalolu hlobo babe isikhwama omkhulu. Abakwazi zimiswe parafizy.
• Perithecia. Izikhwama lezi isikhunta zivaliwe ngokuphelele noma ngokwengxenye. Isimo sabo imbiza.
• Cleistothecia. Izithelo umzimba isikhunta has simise avaliwe.
• Pseudothecia. Lokhu umzimba okungokukaNkulunkulu kuphela uhlobo oluthile isikhunta. Inqubo ngokobulili wayifeza emva kumiswa gametangium. Perithecia esisogwini hyphae elibizwa i stroma.

Ubalulekile abantu kanye iplanethi

Ukuguquguquka kwempilo ascomycetes wusizo eliwumhlaba sphere wonke. Ngenxa yokuthi besephula phansi amagatsha efile, izihlahla, amaqabunga, agcwaliswa ukunikezela carbon nitrogen Emhlabeni. Ukuze izilwane (isb, namagundane, ezingenamgogodla, njll). Ascomycetes kukhona ukudla. In imvelo yasemanzini isikhunta ikakhulukazi ezinkulu.

Kumiswa ezinkulu okuyingxenye is kusukela ulele ascomycetes. Bahlanganisa la magciwane - ezingaphezu kuka-95%. Mycorrhizae bakha nesikimu yabo. Ezinye izintuthwane nomuhlwa kuthiwa 'ziye zaba "e umzimba uhlobo oluthile isikhunta.

Ngokuvamile atholakala phakathi ascomycetes abameleli yisinanakazana, okuyinto akhiwa izitshalo futhi izilwane. Bangabaholi causative ejenti izifo eziningi sasivumela sina. Ngo indoda, futhi, ama-marsupial amakhowe parasitize. Okunye ukudla ezisetshenziswa abantu, athonywe Ascomycetes.

Truffle futhi morels, okuyizinto abamele lezi isikhunta, avame ukusetshenziswa njengoba ukudla womuntu. Isibiliso asetshenziselwa bhaka imikhiqizo ebhikawozi, ezinye iziphuzo yokukhiqiza, ekuthuthukiseni izidakamizwa. Ascomycetes uthole isicelo sabo kwezesayensi.

Imvubelo - ummeleli ethandwa kakhulu

Lesi sihloko iletha abameleli ezahlukene 1,500. Bayakwazi hlala e substrates liquid semi okuqinile.

Igama elithi "imvubelo" lisuselwa Proto-Slavic esenzweni esisho "ukuba ucindezele", "uxove". Leli gama ukuze wonke umuntu okhuluma isiRashiya ezaziwayo. Kuyakuba khona impande "ukuphahlaza" incazelo ngokoqobo olunembile zonke izinqubo ezenzeka phakathi ukuvutshelwa we ukhunta. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi igama lesiNgisi elithi kuzwakala nemvubelo. Njengoba yahunyushelwa olimini isiRashiya, kusho "ukwaba igesi."

Kubonakala sengathi ama-marsupial isikhunta (imvubelo), kwaziwa yibo bonke, ngoba baye bazisebenzisa lezi zindlela ukuze eminyaka emizi wokubhaka. Beer iye ukwenziwa cishe izinkulungwane eziyisithupha edlule BC, wayeseyitholile wasebenzisa lezi amakhowe. Ukubhaka ubuchwepheshe abantu aba yingcweti emisebenzini kancane kamuva - 1200 BC. e.

Imvubelo lokuqala zitholiwe ngaphansi ngesibonakhulu in 1680, kodwa ke ngenxa yokungabi bikho okungenani ezinye nokuhamba kwazo ayibonwa njengoba eziphilayo. Ngemva nje kancane kwalokho, wafakwa phambili imfundiso yokuthi imvubelo empeleni - kwezinto eziphilayo futhi ukusabela kwawo - zamakhemikhali. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lo mbono uye achithwa. Wafakazela ukuthi ukuvutshelwa oludakayo - inqubo yemvelo.

zinhlobo imvubelo

Isibiliso zihlukaniswe emihlanu izinhlobo: wombhaki, ezomile, ubhiya, iwayini kanye agxishiwe.

amakhowe Baking ayatholakala esitolo ngamunye. Abakwazi zizogcinwa isikhathi eside, nokwakheka kwawo kuyinto elula kangaka ukuthi ungomunye lula ukupheka inhlama, ngisho ingane.

amakhowe Sicindezelwe asiphili eside: ngaphandle ifriji bangakwazi ukubamba izinsuku akukho kuka-14. A izinga lokushisa eliphezulu bangakwazi ziwohloka esingaphansi kwesonto. Uma uwafake ngezansi efrijini, amakhowe zizongena omunye izinyanga 2. Ngaphambi ukusetshenziswa, kufanele ziyoncibilika ngamanzi afudumele.

Dry imvubelo - amakhowe babe nokuphila eshalofini eside. Endaweni epholile, lapho kungekho umswakama, ayakwazi ukuba alale iminyaka engu-2. Uma kunjalo esebenzayo, kumele ziyoncibilika emanzini (qiniseka ukuxoxa). mushroom esheshayo futhi ohlukanisile, kodwa bayoba isilungele ukusetshenziswa kumaminithi 10-15.

Beer amakhowe zihlukaniswe lenqwaba zenyathi. Uma sicabanga ukuthi ngamunye wabo bathanda izinto ezingefani futhi inuka, niphuza ke wenza wabo Ubuye nezakhi ezihlukene. Lezi isikhunta basakazwa ewuketshezi, ngakho-ke asikho isidingo ukuncibilikisa kubo. Babuye ivame kvas, kodwa ngokungafani kuya ubhiya lesi siphuzo, avalele, kukhona ama-bacterium.

Kukhona futhi ifolishi imvubelo, kodwa ukudliwa ngabantu kungukuthi Kunconywa ukuba ukungezwa.