Uyini umkhathizwe? Umugqa umkhathizwe. Ukunqunywa emkhathizwe likhuphuka amaqembu. I azimuth amaqembu ayinhloko

Kudingeka ulwazi orientation kunoma iyiphi sezwe, yakhiwa tincenye letintsatfu: amabanga, izinkomba kanye nemihlahlandlela (tintfo letehlukahlukene phansi). Ngo-encyclopedia ukunikeza incazelo emkhathizwe: kubonakale emgqeni iso, esemngceleni esibhakabhakeni emhlabathini.

I Navy Sea umkhathizwe ukuchaza ngendlela ethé ukuhluka kancane. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, imikhumbi kwadingeka navigation ayo futhi abanye izincazelo zabo. Ngo-encyclopedia zasolwandle oLwandle umkhathizwe - esibhakabhakeni uxhumano umugqa futhi amanzi. Gaze (sextant ugongolo) kukhohliswa lo mugqa iyabonakala maphakathi emjikelezweni wamanzi.

Indlela uzulazule endaweni ongayazi

Oyingqopha-mlando kungaba yiziphi izinto kahle ebonakalayo ukuthi ngandlela-thile sigqame. Lokhu kungaba itshe omkhulu noma idwala phezu flat. Ehlathini benchmark enjalo kungaba yisiphi isihlahla, ngokufanele, ke kumelwe ngandlela-thile ukugqama esixukwini futhi sigqamile, ukwenza kube lula ukuwakhumbula.

Uyini umkhathizwe? Kungakhathaliseki kulokho ingxenye yezwe kukhona umuntu ababemzungezile isikhala njalo kuyatholakala: ngempela ukubona umbuthano - kuba ulayini emkhathizwe.

Abantu yathola lo mbuthano amaphuzu ambalwa ikakhulukazi ezimangalisayo. Baqaphela ukuthi zezulu ukuhambisa othize embuthanweni, futhi omunye wabo, kunjengokungathi endaweni efanayo kuyinto lalingabonakali emkhathizwe. Kuyinto yaseNyakatho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu alalelwa impahla ezinye izinto uzibuthe ezisebusweni limbo - basuke njalo ijikelezwe kolunye e isiqondiso sayo. Futhi kancane kancane emkhathizwe umbuthano amaphuzu amane eziyinhloko (emkhathizwe) Bachazwa - enyakatho, eningizimu, entshonalanga, empumalanga. La magama kukhona amaphuzu cardinal esasebenza nanamuhla.

Incazelo umkhathizwe izinhlangothi

Ngosizo iNkanyezi yaseNyakatho noma izinto uzibuthe ngokukhethekile (ikhampasi, ibanga eliphakathi kwezinto ezisemkhathini) abantu bangakwazi, noma kuphi emhlabeni, ukunquma isiqondiso enyakatho, futhi basukume bahlale kude nayo, wathola ezinhlangothini asele ekujuleni izindawo umzimba: ngemuva - eningizimu, ngakwesokudla - empumalanga, ngakwesokunxele - entshonalanga.

Angle kuya evundla degrees

Ngamunye eyodwa kwezine umbuthano umkhathizwe yokuhlala 90 degrees. indiza ovundlile sehlukaniswe ngezikhawu encane belingana inani 360 izingcezu - ongaqhathaniswa okucishe lezinsuku ngonyaka. Ngayinye yalezi izingxenye iye okuthiwa igama elithi "degree" futhi wathola inombolo siqu serial - kusuka 1 kuya 360.

Cabanga ngama-degree kusuka iphuzu elithile - iphuzu emkhathizwe, sise yaseNyakatho. Kulona, ngokubala kuya ngakwesokudla (ngokwewashi).

kwakheka it is ngemisebe ezimbili okuvela iphuzu elilodwa (inkambo wezibalo emakilasini maphakathi): Ukunqunywa engela okulandelayo. degree ngamunye selilonke - engela ezithile.

I azimuth izinhlangothi eyinhloko emkhathizwe

Simple engela weJiyomethri has ugongolo ezimbili ngaphandle kokubonisana nomkayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kungenziwa iqondiswe zombili isikhala. Futhi kukhona azimuth ugongolo ekhethekile - lithunyelwa ohlangothini olulodwa, enyakatho. Njengoba yaziwa, izibalo zama-engela of emakhoneni yangaphakathi kokuba usayizi esiphezulu of afinyelela ku 180 degrees (engela ngqo), kodwa azimuth kungaba ngaphezulu, isb 0-360 degrees.

Kule kusobala ukuthi azimuth we - engela, ezakhiwe imishayo ezimbili okuyinto, omunye wabo siqondiswe enyakatho, kwesibili - ku isikhonkwane. I azimuth izinhlangothi eyinhloko emkhathizwe kukalwa ngama-degree, futhi ngokwewashi ubalwa kusukela zero.

Ukulinganisa azimuth yasemaphandleni

Manje okuncane mayelana izindlela zezwe. Umugqa umkhathizwe ephawulwe amaphuzu hhayi kuphela izindlela ezine eziyinhloko (lokhu isiqondiso imisebe isikhungo - enyakatho, eningizimu, entshonalanga, empumalanga), kodwa futhi Lesisemkhatsini - ephakathi nendawo futhi uhlala phakathi ezimbili eziyinhloko. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi enyakatho kanye engela entshonalanga 45 degrees wenziwa isiqondiso Lesisemkhatsini. Lubizwa njengoba enyakatho-mpumalanga. Zibheke endaweni efanayo wakhiwa quadrant ngamunye. etholwe Ngakho "azimuth indandatho", it namanje ebonwe isiqondiso 22.5 degrees, sihlobene asekelayo ingxenye. Basuke eyabizwa ngokuthi enyakatho empumalanga kuya entshonalanga, enyakatho-mpumalanga nokunye. D.

Traveller abanolwazi kalula ukunquma isiqondiso enyakatho kunoma iyiphi sezulu kanye nganoma isiphi isikhathi sosuku. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyoba lula ukuthola efanele futhi uma engenayo ikhampasi. Lokhu kuzodinga ulwazi oluhle azimuth indandatho.

Azimuth - engela okungase kulinganiswa noma owakhiwe. Kulula ukudweba uthathe ipeni nephepha, kanye emhlabathini ukukala ugongolo reticle (iso). Ebalazweni noma notebook esilula ukulinganisa nokwakha azimuths elula protractor elula - protractor. Ukuze wenze lokhu, phawula iphuzu isikhungo, ezinhlangothini umkhathizwe. Okulandelayo ku-isidingo ukudweba engeli ngqo phakathi kwawo. Phawula sifinyelela iphuzu oyifunayo futhi isesihlalweni ikhampasi yakhe ukuba zikhiphe traffic engela emkhathizwe, kuze kube seqophelweni enyakatho. Jikela engela, okuthiwa i azimuth.

Ngo ibalazwe ezivamile has a lot of imigqa mpo - kungcono onqenqemeni empumalanga nasentshonalanga uzimele futhi umugqa izixhumanisi unxande ne ngasenyakatho. Kodwa mpo ilebula lokumaka ngethikhi ngezinye izikhathi ngeke ngempela zifana kuya Uhlaka ikhadi - yakha engela. Akayena enkulu kakhulu futhi ngakho-ke ngokuvamile hhayi kunakwe.

Ngokwesibonelo, isidingo ulinganise umugqa azimuth umzila ukusuka endaweni A ukhombe B. Transportir isikhungo (zero iphuzu) is esikhulu iphuzu A, omunye izimbazo yayo ijikeleziswa ukuze kuhambisana mpo imigqa ikhadi okwengeziwe degree protractor isikali isuswe countdown degrees kusuka iphuzu A ukhombe B.

ikhampasi

Ikhampasi abe design ehlukene. Inqubo esetshenziswa kabanzi iyona ikhampasi ukuthi kwakhiwa topographer Russian XIX leminyaka Petrom Adrianovym. Qamba ke sabe - Compass uHadrian. Ngalezo zinsuku, ikhampasi zazenziwe ngethusi, namuhla zenziwa plastic.

Adrianov Compass has izingxenye ezinhlanu: umzimba reticule indandatho esitho, inaliti kazibuthe kanye clip.

Umjikelezo icala uxhuma futhi kuthuthukise yonke design. Ngesikhathi nendawo yayo engaguquki ibe steel inaliti imfushane, it is kwaphoqa umcibisholo. izimbotshana amabili ohlangothini, lapho sihamba wayibhinca ukuthi some engalweni, efana iwashi. Ngezinye izikhathi enamathiselwe wayibhinca ngokugqoka entanyeni yekhampasi. Ngenhla kuyinto slot nge iziphethu ezenziwe ngethusi, nge usizo lwawo izindlu is abethela futhi ujikeleza iringi diopter.

I ring sextant ifakwe ingilazi, kukhona ziboya ezimbili emaphethelweni engenhla yalo - futhi iso impukane. Ngaphansi kwazo zitholakala kwi kwangaphakathi projection side ezimbili esingunxantathu ezivikelwe Ukwakheka ekhethekile, bakhazimula ebumnyameni. Lezi ziboya kukhona izikhombo nekubala rotations esiyingini kuboniswe degrees esikalini yekhampasi.

The main ingxenye ikhampasi - inaliti uzibuthe. cut Kusuka ipuleti steel. Ukuphela umcibisholo ekhomba enyakatho, okufanayo enamathela Ukwakheka, bakhazimula ebumnyameni. Umcibisholo kwakugxile ku inaliti kalula, i-lens elincane elise maphakathi nalo, okuyinto kunciphisa umphumela inhibitory zezitho ligijima. Ohlangothini engezansi kukhona ikhefu tapered, ke uncika inaliti umcibisholo enikeza Ukujikeleza circumferentially.

Sezitho Zokwenziwa - isiyingi esimhlophe ukwehlukana. Kuyinto efanayo ukuze iringi azimuthal. It has Ibha eyodwa isikhathi eside, okuyinto camera nge Ukwakheka elikhanyayo - lena ekuqaleni yezigaba inkomba. Nokho kukhona amaphuzu amathathu ukuthi nazo ziyavutha ebumnyameni, futhi ngaphezu kwabo ahlelwe izinhlamvu ekuboneni amaphuzu yekhampasi. Ngamunye Ukuhlukaniswa Ikhampasi iyithuluzi degrees ezintathu.

Isiqeshana - springy ipuleti metal ozimisele ngesigamu. Lapho wazibandezela phandle ngokusebenzisa slot e izindlu, kube semikhawulweni ipuleti ziya onomfutho, idedela inaliti yekhampasi, futhi kuba lens yami, "ahlale" on inaliti. Lapho ngocingo bephushelwa ngaphakathi ikhampasi - iphimbo iziphethu waqonda, kokukhipha umcibisholo inaliti ngokucindezela ku-ingilazi. Kulesi sikhundla, lo Ikhampasi iyithuluzi avaliwe futhi inaliti akusho isebenze.

izinhlobo Modern ikhampasi

Manje, cishe zonke izivakashi zinemibala ikhampasi ketshezi nge kuwusizo kakhudlwana futhi kulula ukusebenza. Isandla sakhe itholakala capsule ekhethekile eligcwele uketshezi. Kuvumela ngokwewashi efakwe ohlangothini Northerly amasekhondi ambalwa. Kukhona onobuhle eziningi ezemidlalo ikhampasi ezahlukene, esitho yabo ine esinembile isikali division - 2 degrees. I capsule itholakala khona ekhadini ikhampasi, okuyinto has a umbusi wokulinganisa. On ibhodi uqobo, kanye capsule camera ahlelwe imigqa kuqondane, okuyizinto kulula kakhulu ukusebenza amakhadi.

ikhampasi Modern kungenziwa igqoke esihlakaleni, kanye emqaleni wayibhinca. Isibani kanye nemali zenziwa izinto umthelela ukumelana, asebenza kahle ezindaweni ezahlukene.

Ukuphatha ikhampasi

Ezidingekayo zokusivikela idivayisi kusukela umthelela, ikakhulukazi imikhiqizo ketshezi. kwakhiwa umzimba wabo simise ipuleti, ngakho-ke, ulula kakhulu. Futhi Yangasekhaya ikhampasi kufanele kugwenywe nge sufaka - lokhu kunomphumela omubi inaliti kazibuthe. Lapho ikhampasi akusetshenziswa, kudingeka bagqoke khona ingalo yakho noma entanyeni noma nje ahlanzekile ephaketheni lakhe.

Imithetho ukusebenza ikhampasi

Kunezinhlobo ezine yezenzo ne ikhampasi:

1. Ukwazi ukuthi umkhathizwe ezinjalo, ngosizo nekhampasi zingatholakala kungxenye yakhe. catch Vele uvule futhi umcibisholo uqobo sizobonisa isiqondiso enyakatho. Msebenzi wafeza: belinganisa enyakatho, akusiyo nzima ukuthola omunye uhlangothi lomhlaba. Kwanele kokukhumbula indandatho azimuthal.
2. Ukusebenza ibalazwe yi ikhampasi. Kuyadingeka ukuba eMpumalanga ibalazwe emkhathizwe amaqembu. Ukuze wenze lokhu, washingila wabheka ukuze imigqa ukuqondanisa kumephu parallel eksisi umcibisholo ikhampasi, phezulu lezi imigqa lalizonqotshwa ayo ngokuthatha indlela okungeyona, olubheka ekupheleni enyakatho isiqondiso uzibuthe. Ngakho, lokhu sazi ukuthi umkhathizwe ezinjalo, umuntu angabona ngokuphumelelayo uzulazule kumephu. Compass ibekwe kumephu ukuze kudlule ngaphansi ecaleni empumalanga nasentshonalanga ikhadi. Ngokulandelayo, umcibisholo evulekile, ngemva eba ezolile, kufanele ukuzungezisa ibalazwe nekhampasi kuze line komngcele kanye umcibisholo ngeke emgqeni efanayo. Udinga ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zingabantu ncamashi emgceni locondzile, futhi ichopho "ukubukeka" emabalave ncamashi enyakatho. Manje ikhadi kahle ngamakhasimende endaweni efanele, futhi kungenzeka ukunquma izinkomba ephelele kunoma iphuzu observation izinto zendawo, okungukuthi, emkhathizwe ebonakalayo.
3. Resection umugqa - umphumela umqhubi, okuyinto, njengokuba nazi azimuth ucacisa kwalo kanye nezindawo yokuxhumana, bese kuqhutshekwa elitsheni oyifunayo.
4. Resection siyachithwa - isenzo umqhubi, lapho ebona umgomo futhi azi ukuthi maduze zifihleke, ne ikhampasi inquma eziveza kazibuthe ku-mlando-target. Lokhu kusiza ngu-serif ngqo ukufinyelela indawo oyifunayo ngokusebenzisa omunye ahlelwe ngemuva nezinye nokuxhumana mihlahlandlela.

Kule kusobala ukuthi kukhona phakathi kwezinto ezimbili:

1. Kukhona ukubuyekeza egcwele endaweni, kodwa kukhona azimuth kazibuthe kwelitshe oyifunayo (othathwe ikhadi).
2. Sibutsetelo endaweni luyatholakala, futhi elilwela ebonakalayo. Ake sithi indoda imi entabeni sizungezwe ihlathi, futhi uyazi ukuthi uma uqala ukunyakaza, sikwenze isikhathi eside kufihlakele emehlweni akhe. Khona-ke ngizohamba indlela yakhe eduze azimuth (serifs ngqo).

Ngo samuntu sokuqala, azimuth is etholakala ibalazwe, okwesibili - by ebona ilitshe.

Compass uHadrian: notch ngqo

1. A pointer ogibele izimpukane division esitho okuhambelana azimuth oyifunayo.
2. Inaliti yekhampasi ivulekile, futhi luqondiswa esitho, okusho nulshtrih esitho eyayithelelwa emaphethelweni asenyakatho yenaliti ligijima umzimba.
3. Ekukhunjulwa (squinting amehlo akhe) - udinga ukubheka epheshaneni ngokusebenzisa iso umqhewu ke amehlo akubonayo buqamamana nto ethile, eyawela epheshaneni (ukuphasa elilwela).
4. Manje ukulawula Kwenziwa yokuqinisekisa kahle lwenteke 2 no-3 izinyathelo. isikhundla Compass akashintshi ke isandla uvala.

notch Direct kuchazwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ibalwa cishe ibanga emkhathizwe. Ungabese amabombo isikhonkwane emnyango, kubalulekile ukuba ulahlekelwe. Ngokwesibonelo, emahlathini ebona ugongolo (umbono) isekelwe somuthi othile, esithathelwe ezidlulisela eyingqopha. Kufanele kube kuhle ukukhumbula futhi akumelwe aphanjaniswe nabanye. Njengoba lezi zokubekisa ingakhetfwa izinto ezikude ngoba, nxa ufika kubo, kuyodingeka futhi ukuphinda notch ngqo. Lo msebenzi kudinga isikhathi.

Ukunqunywa azimuth oluyingqophamlando ebonakalayo - Resection

1. Inaliti yekhampasi kuvula ngaphezulu cishe (cishe) is ilungiswe isiqondiso Ukudayela. Fly, futhi cishe, siqondiswe elilwela ngokuvula iringi sextant.
2. Ngokulandelayo, esitho omiswe umcibisholo futhi kushintshwe ngokunembile isikhonkwane impukane.
3. Okulandelayo nulshtriha hlola uma wanhlanhlatha emaphethelweni asenyakatho, isenzo sesibili iyaphindwa.
4. Ngokubala esitho isuswe, inaliti uvala.

serifs okuqondile futhi ephambene ku ketshezi ikhampasi

Direct:

1. Ikhampasi itholakala kumephu ukuze emaphethelweni uhlangothi ekupheleni ezithintekayo kanye ukunyakaza reference iphuzu.
2. Ingxenye ujikelezisa yekhampasi ijikeleziswa ukuze izingozi parallel Imebhe Meridian kazibuthe. Double ingozi kufanele abheke ngasenyakatho.
3. ikhadi Landelayo iyasuswa. Leli bhokisi Kunenkolelo nendawo futhi uphendukela ekupheleni enyakatho umcibisholo esisogwini umzimba phakathi ingozi double. Kulesi isikhundla ukwelula ipuleti umugqa izobonisa ohlangothini ukunyakaza. Landela on track ngegaydi akudingekile, kufanele sibheke umcibisholo awushintshanga isikhundla sakhe. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuchayeka azimuth ukunyakaza. Liquid-Compass, ngokungafani kuya evamile, ukugcina isiqondiso akuyona kuphela ithrekhi, kodwa futhi ebaleka. Kuyinto kudingekile kuphela ukuze ufunde ukuthi uyigcine evundlile.

Imininingwane:

1. Ikhampasi esiqhutshwa evundlile, ireferensi siqondiswe onqenqemeni lateral noma Axial izindlu.
2. Khona-ke uphendukela capsule kuze umcibisholo livela phakathi ingozi double, ekhombe enyakatho. Ngokulandelayo, kudingeka ubuke bangaki degrees uboniswa esitho ngakujantshi isikhungo.

Manje UKUNIKEZA etholwe, kubalulekile ukubhala encwadini. Ukwazi lokho okufundiswa umkhathizwe futhi azimuth ngesikhathi lokuma efanele, kuphephile ukuya endleleni, okwenza serifs, bathuthela umgomo oyifunayo ngokusebenzisa bushing amabombo.

Kodwa akufanele sikhohlwe ukuthi wonke umuntu ubuntu babantu ukwenza amaphutha kukho konke, kufaka phakathi umsebenzi khampasi. Noma ubani angalenza iphutha ngezindlela ezahlukene ngokuphelele: ukudida emikhawulweni imicibisholo ukuqondisa esitho olungalungile, okungalungile igcizelela into oyifunayo. Noma yimuphi iphutha kuyabiza kakhulu. Ngoba, ngokuba endaweni ongayazi, ikakhulukazi kude ezindaweni ezinabantu, kulula ukuba ulahleke. Ngakho-ke, abahambi kumelwe niqaphelisise futhi uhlole izikhathi eziningana.

Minus ikhampasi uHadrian ukuthi isandla sakhe uketshezi kakhulu, futhi kunzima ngempela ukusungula ngokunembile phezu zero ibha zomzimba. Kunengqondo ngaphezulu ukubeka kunoma iyiphi ikhampasi usekelo lokhu akwenze ngokunemba okukhulu. Fit isiphunzi ehlathini noma nje unamathele bevaleleke esiminyaminyeni phansi. Namanje ukuba reinsured - do serifs eyodwa, kodwa abantu abaningi ikhampasi ezimbili noma ngaphezulu. Umqhubi ngamunye has a Stunt komsebenzi double: bobabili ngesikhathi esifanayo senze serifs. Uma imiphumela bavumelana ke konke kulungile. Uma ziyahluka kancane, isilinganiso esithathwayo. Kodwa lapho izibalo awafani ke ukusebenza kuyadingeka ukuze ushintshe ngokuphelele.

Emkhankasweni ukunyakaza ihlukaniswe ezimbili okufanele akhethe kuzo: azimuth kanzima (ngaphandle ikhadi ngokuqinile azimuth) kanye ezinyakazayo isimo (ku glades, izindlela, imigwaqo), qembu lakamuva kuphinde kuqondiswe isiqondiso eseduze (azimuth isiqondiso).

Kaningi, indlela akunakwenzeka ukuhambisa ugongolo sextant, ngoba ukuvimbela izithiyo ezifana nemifula, amaxhaphozi, amawa amangelengele emaweni, sehlozi yene ezindaweni ihlathi. Kulokhu, lokhu okulandelayo kuyasebenza qhinga: yanjalo ukuphambuka enye we azimuth. Ngokwesibonelo, omunye umphathi omkhulu akanankinga kwesokunxele kuya izindleko, ezinye - ngakwesokudla. Ngemva dlula ngamunye iziqondiso isilungisiwe.

Lapho ukunyakaza uya azimuth ezintathu degrees ukuphambuka ikunika eseduze amaphesenti amahlanu isivuno offset iphuzu. Ngakho-ke, lo azimuth liyangquzulwa ngokusebenzisa kwesikhathi (orientation) izingxenye ngabanye.

Ikhono ukubhekana ibalazwe nekhampasi - amakhono ayisisekelo isihambi. Nge amakhono ka Orienteering, wazi ukuthi ubude okunjalo emkhathizwe futhi ukukwazi ukuba ngamakhasimende azimuth, isihambi akasoze ulahleke ku sezwe ezingajwayelekile, kungakhathaliseki ayekuyo. Ngakho-ke kufanele inikezwe ukunakwa zonke lezi zinto okukhulu, ukuze baqhubekele phambili uhambo noma ukushaywa umoya.

Ngokuqondene kukhethwa ikhampasi, abese enquma kwaba yilowo nalowo ngenxa ngaye ngokwakhe, ukuthi isimo sikuvumela. Kodwa kukhona ukuthambekela yokuthi wazibonela abantu abaneminyaka engu ukhethe i ubudala futhi kuyiqiniso ikhampasi Hadrian, kanye intsha uthanda analogs yesimanje. Kokubili neyamuva sokwenza okulungile, ngoba nakhu kuphela ukuze kube lula futhi umkhuba. Futhi eqinisweni, ukusebenza kanye imodeli ubudala, uye wakhonza iminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi, futhi entsha, ngcono.

Jabulela uhambo lwakho futhi kuyindlela enhle kuwo wonke umuntu ihlela ukuya ukukhempa! Yiba okubonakalayo emgqeni Iso umkhathizwe!