Ukukhethwa - kuyini? Ukukhethwa kwezitshalo nezilwane

Umsunguli womqondo "wokukhethwa" nguCharles Darwin, owakwazi ukuchaza indima yokuhlukahluka kwefa kanye nokhetho lokufakelwa ekudaleni nasekuzaleni izinhlobo ezintsha nezinhlobo ezintsha.

Iyini ukukhethwa?

Le ncazelo ihlelwe ngale ndlela elandelayo: "Ukubeletha kuyisayensi ehlola izindlela zokudala nokuthuthukisa izimila zokulima , izinhlobo zezilwane ezifuywayo kanye nezinhlobo zezincane ezincane."

Ezihlukahlukene noma ukuzalwa yilabo abantu abadalwa yindoda ehlala endaweni yokufakelwa, enezinzuzo ezibalulekile zomuntu: unayo izici ezizuzisayo zokukhiqiza, ukukhiqiza okuphezulu, imingcele edingekayo yokuphila nokuziphatha.

Ukuzala (okusho ukuthini - ukutadisha ngokucophelela i-biology) kubonakala ngokuvela kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezifuywayo, kanye nezinhlobo ezintsha zezitshalo ezilimisiwe eziye zavela ngenxa yokukhethwa okufakelwayo, okungenziwa kuphela umuntu.

Amafomu enkambiso abonakala ukuthi ayenokuthuthukiswa okunamandla kwezibonakaliso ezithile lapho umzimba unzima khona khona endaweni engokwemvelo, kodwa kumuntu owusizo. Isibonelo esicacile yikhono lezinkukhu lokunikeza amaqanda angamakhulu amathathu ngonyaka. Ngokwemvelo, into enjalo yenyoni ayinalutho, ngoba inkukhu ayikwazi ukuhlala amaqanda angamakhulu amathathu.

Amaqiniso omlando

Ekuqaleni kokuba khona kwakuyindlela yokukhetha okukhethwa kukho kokukhethwa. Iyini umsebenzi okhandlayo wesikhathi eside ohlose ukuthola umqondo othile owusizo - kuphela abalimi ngokwabo abazi. Kuze kube sekhulwini leshumi nesikhombisa, ukukhethwa kwakungekho lutho. Isibonelo, umuntu ukhethe imbewu enkulu kakhulu ukuthola isivuno esihle, ngaphandle kokucabanga ukuthi isitshalo sesivele sishintsha esiqondisweni esidingekayo kumuntu.

Kwaphela eminyakeni engaba ngu-100 edlule ukuthi indoda yaqala, ingakayifunde imigomo nemithetho yezofuzo, ukuze izitshalo ezinjalo zigcwalise izifiso nezidingo zabantu ngokuziqhenya nangokuziqhenya.

Kodwa kuphela indlela yokukhethwa komuntu okwakungenakukwazi ukudala izinhlobo ezintsha zezinto eziphilayo. Ukusebenzisa le ndlela, singakwazi ukuhlukanisa kuphela lawo ma-genotype asevele ekhona kubantu. Yingakho manje kusetshenziselwa ukuxuba, okukuvumela ukuba uthole izinhlobo ezintsha ngokuphelele zezitshalo kanye nezinhlobo zezilwane.

Kuyini ukuzalanisa izitshalo?

Izindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuzalanisa izitshalo ziyi-hybrid kanye nokukhethwa. Ukuze izitshalo eziphambene nezivunguvungu, ukukhethwa kwezimpahla zezakhiwo ezifunayo kuyasetshenziswa. Uma kungenjalo, awukwazi ukuthola izinto ezidingekayo ukuze uqhubeke nomsebenzi. Ngenxa yalendlela, izinhlobo ezintsha zezitshalo eziphambene nomuthi (isibonelo, rye) zingatholakala. Izinhlobonhlobo ezinjalo ngeke zibe nezakhi zofuzo. Kodwa ukuthola ososayensi bezinhlanzi ezihlanzekile basebenzisa ukukhethwa komuntu ngamunye, okwathi ngenxa yemiphumela yokuzivocavoca, ungathola izilinganiso zekhwalithi ngezici ezidingekayo nezimfanelo.

Ukuze kuzalwe izitshalo, i-polploidy yokuhlola ivame ukusetshenziswa njalo, ngoba i-polyploid ngayinye ibonakala ngesivuno esikhulu, usayizi omkhulu nokukhula okusheshayo okusheshayo.

Kukhona futhi indlela ye-mutagenesis yokufakelwa, eyayibhekwa yiVavilov. Imvelo eguqule futhi izuze izakhiwo ezintsha ibizwa ngokuthi i-mutant, futhi inqubo yokuguqulwa kwesiguquko ishintsho.

Izici zokuzalanisa izilwane

Iyini ukukhethwa kwezilwane - akulula ukuphendula. Kufana kakhulu nokutshala izitshalo, kodwa kusekhona okunye okuphawulekayo. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi izilwane kuphela ukukhiqizwa ngokocansi kuyinto isici. Ngenxa yokuguquka kwesizukulwane esingavamile (ezilwaneni eziningi eminyakeni embalwa kamuva), inani labantu ngabantwana kule nzalo lincane kakhulu. Yingakho, lapho kwenziwa umsebenzi wokukhetha, ososayensi kufanele bahlaziye zonke izici zangaphandle izici zohlobo oluthile.

Indlu

Iyini ukukhethwa ku-biology? Incazelo inikezwa kuhlelo lwezikole. Ukuphumelela okubaluleke kakhulu kwesintu kwakungukuthi kwakhiwa izilwane zasendle eminyakeni engaphezu kweziyizinkulungwane eziyishumi edlule. Ngakho-ke, abantu banomthombo wokudla njalo.

Izilwane ezifuywayo zibhekwa ngokuba khona kwezibonakaliso ezikhethekile, okuvame ukulimaza ukuba khona kwemvelo, kepha kumuntu unenani elihle kakhulu. Isici sokuqashwa kwekhaya siwukukhetha okwenziwa ngabantu ngabanye abahlangabezana nezimfuneko zabantu. Abantu bakhetha izilwane ezibukeka kahle, uhlamvu lomuntu othulile nezinye izimfanelo ezibalulekile kumuntu.

Ngemuva kokukhethwa kwe-methodical engazi lutho kuvele. Inhloso yalo ukwakha izilwane ezidingekayo futhi eziwusizo izimfanelo.

Indlela yokuhlalisa izilwane ezintsha iqhutshwa ngumuntu ngisho nanamuhla. Kubalulekile kuye, isibonelo, ukuthola ama-high furs. Ngakho-ke, igatsha elisha lomnotho - ukulima uboya.

Ukuwela nokukhethwa

Ukukhethwa (kusho ukuthini ngesintu - ungafunda ngokufunda lesi sihloko) futhi uhlola indlela enjengokuwela izilwane. Lokhu kwenziwa ukuthuthukisa ukubonakala, ikhwalithi yenyama noma ukwandisa okuqukethwe kwamafutha ebisi. Abantu ababoshwayo bahlolwe hhayi kuphela ukubukeka kwabo, kodwa futhi nekhwalithi yenzalo yabo. Yingakho kubaluleke kakhulu ukutadisha izingane zabo.

Okwamanje, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokuwela: ukuphuma nokugqashuka. Uhlobo lokuqala lubonakala ngokuwela kwabantu ngabanye kuphela kodwa futhi nangezinhlobo ezahlukene. Ukukhethwa okuqinile ngokwengeziwe kukwazi ukugcina izimfanelo eziwusizo futhi ukwandise inombolo yabo ngenzalo.

Ngesikhathi sokubeletha, abazali nabazali, noma abazalwane nodade, basetshenziswa. Ngenxa yalokhu kuwela, ukuqina kwesimo sofuba kuyanda futhi izici ezibalulekile ezinzalweni zihleliwe.

Ukubambisana okude kude kunomphumela ophansi kakhulu, ngoba ama-interspecific yezinhlanzi zezilwane avame ukungasebenzi.

Iyini ukukhethwa kwezintambo zokuqinisekisa? Lo mqondo uveza lo msebenzi, ohlanganisa ukukhethwa kwezinto ezithile ezibhekwa njengezifanelekile ekukhiqizeni kwabo okuqhubekayo, nokusebenza kuzo zonke izigaba zokuphila komuntu.

Ukukhethwa kwama-microorganisms

Ama-microorganisms adlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ku-biosphere, futhi ngqo ekuphileni komuntu. Ubuntu busebenzisa ama-microorganisms angamakhulu amaningana, futhi inani labo likhula njalo ngonyaka.

Ukukhethwa kwama-microorganisms kubonakala ngezici eziningi. Abakhiqizi abasesitokisini banamanani angenamkhawulo. Njengoba isakhi sohlobo lwezincane ezincane luyi-haploid, ososayensi bangakwazi ukubona ukuguquguquka kwesizukulwane sokuqala. Ama-bacteria anenani elincane lezakhi zofuzo, ngakho-ke umsebenzi ulula futhi ngokushesha.

Ama-bacteria angaveza ngokuzimela izinto eziwusizo kubantu, futhi yiyona impahla yabo esebenzisa ama-microorganisms ukuzalanisa. Iyini indlela yokwenza izakhi zofuzo kule mboni? Lokhu kuyisethi yamathonya enza ukuthi amabhaktheriya akhiqize izinhlobo ezinjalo ezingakhiwe ngokwemvelo.

Ngezinye izikhathi abalimi basebenzisa ukudluliswa - ukudlulisa i-DNA edingekayo kusuka kubhaktheriya owodwa kuya kwesinye futhi ngaleyo ndlela bakhulise ukubaluleka kwama-microorganisms for the environment.

Indlela ebalulekile yokuzalanisa nama-microorganisms yi-hybridation of strains ehlukene. Le ndlela ikuvumela ukuthi uhlanganise izinto ezingenakuhlangana emvelweni.

Indlela ukukhethwa ngayo kusebenza ngayo

Iyini ukukhethwa ku-biology? Incazelo ikuvumela ukuba ufunde ngezinhlobo ezintsha ezithuthukisiwe, izinkinga kanye nezilwane eziphilayo. Kuze kube manje, wonke umsebenzi wokukhetha ukwenziwa ngokucabangela izidingo zemakethe yezolimo nokukhiqizwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ososayensi baye bahlakulela ubuchwepheshe obuyingqayizivele ekusetshenzisweni kwemikhiqizo ye-petroleum, enekhono lokuyibeka ibe ngumkhiqizo owusizo wamaprotheni-vithamini. Ukuphumelela okunjalo kwakungenxa yokukhethwa kwezinkinga zamabhaktheriya.

Iyini ukukhethwa ku-biology? Isiqondiso esibaluleke kakhulu sesayensi esetshenzisiwe, evumela abantu ukuthi bathole ukudla okuphezulu kanye nezinhlobo ezintsha zokukhiqizwa kwanamuhla.