Indlela ukuphila okwazalwa ngayo eMhlabeni: umlando, izici zomsuka kanye namaqiniso athakazelisayo

Ukuphila kwaqala kanjani emhlabeni? Imininingwane yesintu ayingaziwa, kepha izimiso zamatshe ezinqunyiwe ziyasungulwa. Kunemibono emibili eyisisekelo kanye neminye eminingi yesibili. Ngakho-ke, ngokusho kwe-main version, izingxenye eziphilayo zifika eMhlabeni kusuka emkhathini, ngakolunye uhlangothi - konke kwenzeka kuMhlaba. Nazi izindlela ezimbalwa ezithandwa kakhulu.

Panspermia

Umhlaba wethu wavela kanjani? I-biography yeplanethi ihlukile, futhi abantu bazama ukuyixazulula ngezindlela eziningi. Kukhona umbono wokuthi ukuphila okukhona endaweni yonke kusakazwa nge-meteoroids (imizimba yasezulwini ephakathi nosayizi phakathi komhlabathi we-interplanetary kanye ne-asteroid), asteroids namaplanethi. Kucatshangwa ukuthi kunezinhlobo zokuphila ezikwazi ukubhekana nomthelela wendawo engenawo umoya (imisebe, i-vacuum, amazinga okushisa aphansi, njll). Zibizwa ngokuthi i-extremophiles (kubandakanya amabhaktheriya nezinsizakalo ezincane).

Bawela emgodini nasothuli abaphonswa esibhakabhakeni emva kokushayisana kwamaplanethi , ngaleyo ndlela basindise impilo emva kokufa kwezidumbu ezincane zesistimu elanga. Ama-bacterium angahamba ngokuphumula isikhathi eside kuze kube yilapho enye ingxabano namanye amaeplanethi ngengozi.

Zingaxubaniswa nama-disks we-protoplanetary (ifu elincane legesi elizungeza iplanethi encane). Uma endaweni entsha "amasosha aphikisayo kodwa alele" awela ezimweni ezinhle, asebenza. Inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo iqala. Umlando wemvelaphi yokuphila eMhlabeni uxazululwa ngosizo lwe-probes. Idatha evela emadivayisini aphakathi kwe-comets, iyafakazela: eziningi zamacala, amathuba okuqinisekisa ukuthi sonke singabantu "abafokazi abancane," ngoba ukuzalwa kokuphila kuyimvelo.

Biopoiesis

Futhi nenye enye imibono yokuthi ukuphila kwazalwa kanjani. Emhlabeni kukhona okuphilayo nokungahlali. Ezinye izazi zamukela i-abiogenesis (i-biopoesis), ichaza indlela phakathi nokuguqulwa kwemvelo, impilo yezinto eziphilayo ezivela kwindaba engavamile. Ama-amino acids amaningi (abizwa nangokuthi izakhi zokwakha zonke izidalwa eziphilayo) angakhiwa ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali emvelo okungahlobene nokuphila.

Lokhu kuqinisekiswa ukuhlolwa kwe-Mueller-Urey. Ngo-1953, usosayensi walahleka ugesi ngokusebenzisa ingxube yegesi futhi wathola ama-amino acids amaningana ngaphansi kwezimo zebholariyamu efanisa izimo zomhlaba wokuqala. Kuzo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo, ama-amino acids aguqulwa abe amaprotheni ngaphansi kwethonya labagcini be-genetic memory ye-nucleic acid.

Lezi zinsuku zenziwe ngokuzimela ngokwezindlela eziphilayo, futhi amaprotheni ayasheshisa (avuselele) inqubo. Yimaphi ama-molecule ephilayo okuwukuqala? Futhi bangene kanjani ekusebenzisaneni? U-Abiogenesis useyindlela yokuthola impendulo.

Izitayela zeCosmogonic

Lona imfundiso yemvelaphi yokuphila endaweni. Esikhathini esithile sendawo yesayensi nesayensi yezinkanyezi, leli gama lisho inkolelo yokudala (nokutadisha) uhlelo lwesimiso sobusuku. Imizamo yokubambisana ne-cosmogony yemvelo ayimelani nokugxeka. Okokuqala, izinkolelo zesayensi ezingokoqobo azikwazi ukuchaza into esemqoka: umhlaba wonke ubonakala kanjani?

Okwesibili, ayikho imodeli ebonakalayo echaza izikhathi zokuqala zendawo yonke. Kule mbono akukho mqondo we-quantum gravity. Nakuba i-theorists yochungechunge (i-string theory ithi ama-particle elementary avela ngenxa yezidakamizwa nokusebenzisana kwezingqimba ze-quantum), uphenyo ngemvelaphi nemiphumela ye-Big Bang (i-loop cosmology cosmology), akavumelani. Bakholelwa ukuthi banezimpawu ezivumela ukuchaza imodeli kuhlaka lokulinganisa kwensimu.

Ngosizo lwezindinganiso ze-cosmogonic, abantu bachaza ukuthi i-homogeneity yokunyakaza nokubunjwa kwezidalwa zasezulwini. Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba kuvele ukuphila eMhlabeni, indaba yagcwalisa isikhala sonke futhi yaqala ukuguquka.

Endosymbiont

I-endosymbiotic version yaqala ukuhlelwa yi-botanist waseRussia uKonstantin Merezhkovsky ngo-1905. Wayekholelwa ukuthi amanye ama-organelles avela njengama-bacteria aphilayo futhi athathwe kwelinye iseli njenge-endosymbionts. I-mitochondria ivela ku-proteobacteria (ikakhulukazi, uRickettsiales noma izihlobo eziseduze) kanye nama-chloroplasts avela ku-cyanobacteria.

Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi izinhlobo eziningi zamabhaktheriya ziye zangena nge-symbiosis ngokubunjwa kweseli le-eukaryotic (i-eukaryotes kukhona amangqamuzana ezinhlobo eziphilayo eziqukethe i-nucleus). Ukudluliswa okuphelele kwezakhi zofuzo phakathi kwama-bacteria nakho kuqondiswa ubudlelwane be-symbiotic.

Ukuvela kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto zokuphila kungase kulandelwe okhokho bokugcina (LUA) wezinto eziphilayo zanamuhla.

Isizukulwane esingavamile

Kuze kube sekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, abantu bavame ukuphikiswa "ngokuzumayo" njengenkcazelo yokuthi impilo yazalwa kanjani eMhlabeni. Isizukulwane esingalindelekile sokwehluka kwamanye amafomu okuphila kusuka kwindaba engapheli kubonakala sengathi ayinakwenzeka. Kodwa bakholelwa ekukholeni kwe-heterogeneity (ushintsho kwimodi yokukhiqiza), lapho uhlobo oluthile lokuphila luvela kwezinye izinhlobo (isibonelo, izinyosi ezivela ezimbali). Imibono yama-classical mayelana nesizukulwane esizenzekelayo ibilise kulokhu okulandelayo: ezinye izinto eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi zavela ngenxa yokudilizwa kwezidalwa eziphilayo.

Ngokusho kuka-Aristotle, lokhu kwakuyiqiniso eliqaphele kalula: ama-aphid avela ngamazolo awela ezitshalweni; Izimpukane - kusuka emikhiqizweni engcolile, amagundane - kusuka ehlathini elingcolile, ezingwenya - kusukela emagodini ahlazayo phansi kwamanzi okunye nokunye okunjalo. Inkolelo yesizukulwane esizenzekelayo (echazwe ubuKristu) ngasese yaba khona ngasese kwekhulu leminyaka.

Ngokuvamile kuvunywa ukuthi le mbono yagcina ingavunyelwe ekhulwini le-19 yizivivinyo zikaLouis Pasteur. Usosayensi akazange afunde imvelaphi yokuphila, wafunda ukubonakala kwamagciwane ukuze athole ithuba lokulwa nezifo ezithathelwanayo. Kodwa-ke, ubufakazi bukaPasteur abuzange bube yingxabano, kodwa buyisayensi.

Umbono wobumba nokudalwa okulandelanayo

Ukuvela kokuphila okusekelwe ngobumba? Ingabe lokhu kungenzeka? Isazi samakhemikhali saseScotland okuthiwa u-AJ Cairns-Smith weYunivesithi yaseGlasgow ngo-1985 ngumlobi wenkolelo enjalo. Exhomeke ekucabangeni okufanayo kwamanye ososayensi, yena wathi izinhlayiya eziphilayo, phakathi kwezigaba zobumba nokuxhumana nazo, zamukela indlela yokugcina ulwazi nokukhula. Ngakho, usosayensi wayebheka "isakhi sofuzo" ngokuyinhloko. Okokuqala, impilo yamaminerali kanye neyokuphila yayikhona ndawonye, futhi esiteji esithize "yabalekela".

Umqondo wokubhujiswa (ukushaywa indiva) ezweni elisezungezile kwavusa indlela yenkolelo yokuhlukumezeka njengomunye wabasunguli bemfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Abasekeli bayo bakholelwa ukuthi uMhlaba esikhathini esidlule wawuthintekile ngezenzakalo eziphazamisayo, ezimbi, futhi okwamanje kuyisihluthulelo esidlule. Zonke izinhlekelele ezilandelayo zabhubhisa impilo ekhona. Ukudalwa okulandelayo kwavuselela kakade okuhlukile kokudlule.

Ukufundisa izinto ezibonakalayo

Futhi nenye enye inguqulo yokuthi impilo yazalwa kanjani eMhlabeni. Yabekwa phambili yizinto ezibonakalayo. Bakholelwa ukuthi ukuphila kuye kwavela ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwesikhathi samakhemikhali okuhamba kancane, okusobala ukuthi kwenzeka cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizigidi eziyizigidi eziyizigidi eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu ezedlule. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kubizwa ngokuthi i-molecule, kuthinta indawo yama-deoxyribonucleic ne-ribonucleic acid nama-protein (amaprotheni).

Njengomkhuba wesayense, kwavela imfundiso ngawo-1960, lapho kucwaningwa okusebenzayo, okubandakanya i-biology ne-evolutionary biology, i-genetics yabantu. Ososayensi base bezama ukuqonda futhi baqinisekise ukutholakala kwamuva okwakumayelana ne-nucleic acid kanye namaprotheni.

Esinye sezihloko eziyinhloko ezakhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwalesi sigaba solwazi kwakuwukusebenza kwemvelo enamandla, ukusetshenziswa kwe-nucleic acid njenge "clock molecular". Ukudalulwa kwalo kubangele ekutadisheni okujulile kokuhlukana (ukuhlanganiswa) kwezilwane.

Umthombo we-Organic

Mayelana nendlela ukuphila okwavela ngayo eMhlabeni, abaxhasi balo mfundiso bacabanga kanje. Ukwenziwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane kwaqala esikhathini esidlule - eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu ezedlule (lesi sibalo sisho isikhathi lapho ukuphila kukhona khona). Mhlawumbe ekuqaleni inqubo yokwenza ushintsho ehamba kancane futhi kancane kancane, bese kuthi ukushesha (ngaphakathi kohlaka lomhlaba wonke) isigaba sokuphelela, ukuguquka kusuka kwesinye isimo esisodwa kuya kwesinye ngaphansi kwethonya lemibandela ekhona, kwaqala.

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, okuyaziwa ngokuthi yizinto eziphilayo noma eziphilayo, kuyindlela yokuguqula, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, eyodwa noma ngaphezulu izici ezizuze njengefa ezitholakala ezihlakalweni zezinto eziphilayo. Izici zobungcweti ziyizinto ezikhethekile ezihlukile, kuhlanganise ne-anatomical, biochemical and behavioral, ezithunyelwa kusukela kwesinye isizukulwane kuya kwesinye.

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuye kwabangela ukuthuthukiswa okuhlukahlukene nokuhlukahluka kwazo zonke izinto eziphilayo (ukuhlukahluka). Izwe lethu elimibalabala, uCharles Darwin lachaza ngokuthi "amafomu angapheli, enhle kunayo yonke futhi ephawuleka kakhulu." Kubonakala sengathi ukuzalwa kokuphila kuyindaba ngaphandle kokuqala nokuphela.

Indalo ekhethekile

Ngokwalolu mbono, zonke izinhlobo zokuphila ezikhona namuhla emhlabeni jikelele zenziwa nguNkulunkulu. U-Adamu no-Eva yindoda nomfazi bokuqala abadalwa nguSomandla. Ukuphila Emhlabeni kwaqala nabo, - AmaKristu, amaSulumane namaJuda bacabangela. Izinkolo ezintathu zavuma ukuthi uNkulunkulu wadala indawo yonke phakathi kwezinsuku eziyisikhombisa, okwenza usuku lwesithupha umphumela wokusebenza: wadala kusukela othulini lomhlaba u-Adamu nasembambeni wakhe u-Eva.

Ngosuku lwesikhombisa uNkulunkulu waphumula. Khona-ke waphefumulela ukuphila kubantu futhi wamthuma ukuba anakekele insimu ebizwa ngokuthi i-Edene. Phakathi nendawo wakhula uMuthi Wokuphila kanye noMuthi Wokwaziswa Okuhle. UNkulunkulu wavumela ukuba adle izithelo zazo zonke izihlahla engadini, ngaphandle kwesihlahla soLwazi ("ngoba ngalolo suku oyodla kubo, uzofa").

Kodwa abantu abalalelanga. I-Koran ithi u-Adamu wazama ukuzama i-apula. UNkulunkulu wabathethelela izoni futhi wathumela kokubili emhlabeni njengabameleli babo. Futhi nokho ... Kuphi emhlabeni okwavela khona ukuphila? Njengoba ubona, ayikho impendulo engafanele. Nakuba ososayensi banamuhla banamathele ekufundisweni kwe-abiogenic (okungavamile) kokuvela kwazo zonke izinto eziphilayo.