Iyini i-symbiosis ku-biology? Incazelo kanye nezibonelo ze-symbiosis

Iyini i-symbiosis ku-biology? Lolu uhlobo lwesivumelwane esingavumelani phakathi kwabantu ababili noma ngaphezulu abavela ezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene. Ukubambisana okunjalo kungathatha uhlobo lokubambisana, commensalism kanye ne-parasitism. Izinhlaka kuleli cala zibizwa ngokuthi ama-symbionts.

Kuyini ukuphikisana kwemvelo ku-biology: incazelo

I-Symbiosis yinoma iyiphi inhlangano phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene zabantu. Ukutadisha kwakhe yi-quintessence ye-biological systemic, okuhlanganiswa hhayi nje kuphela amazinga okuhlaziywa kwezinto eziphilayo, kusukela emangqamuzaneni kuya kwezemvelo, kodwa futhi ihlolisisa ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezidalwa ezizindeni ezintathu zokuphila. Ukuthuthukiswa kwalesi sendawo kusesekuqaleni, kodwa esikhathini esizayo maduze imiphumela ngeke ifike isikhathi eside.

Izinhlobo zohlobo lwe-symbiosis

Kuyini ukuphikisana kwesayensi yezinto eziphilayo (iBanga lesi-5)? I-Symbiosis ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ezihlala eduze komunye nomunye. Ukusebenzisana kwenzeka lapho izinhlobo ezimbili zihlala endaweni eyodwa futhi eyodwa noma zombili zizuze kwenye. Ngaphansi kwale ncazelo, ukugujwa kwangaphambilini kungawa ngokuqondile, ngoba kungabuye kubhekwe njengenhlobo ye-symbiosis.

Ngempela, enye yezinhlobo ze-symbiosis, i-parasitism, imane nje iyindlela ekhethekile yokudalwa. Naphezu kwalokhu, izazi ze-ecologists zihlukanisa isikhathi sokuqala kanye nesifo se-symbiosis njengezinhlobo ezimbili ezahlukene zokuxhumana. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zokusebenzisana kwe-symbiotic. Lokhu kubudlelwane, i- parasitism, i-commensalism.

Mutualism

I-Mutualism ingenye yezinhlobo ezidume kakhulu nezindawo eziphawulekayo kakhulu ze-symbiosis. Ebudlelwaneni obunjalo, isibonelo, izinambuzane nezitshalo (impova) zihlanganisa . Ukubambisana okunjalo kuyasiza futhi kuzuzisana nhlangothi zombili. Izinambuzane, izinyoni kanye nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo ezinomthelela we-nectar zithola ukudla kwazo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isitshalo sithola inzuzo enkulu yokuzala, okungukuthi - banethuba lokudlulisa impova yabo kwezinye izitshalo.

Njengoba izitshalo zivame ukuzitholela ndawonye, kunzima ngabo ukwenza umsebenzi wokuzala ngaphandle kwezihambeli. Kulesi simo, i-symbiosis ibaluleke kakhulu kubo, futhi ngokugcwele kwezwi. Ngaphandle kwempova, izitshalo eziningi zingahle ziphele kancane kancane. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngaphandle kwezitshalo zokuvuna, izinambuzane eziningi ziyoba enkingeni enkulu. Lokhu kuwubuhlobo obunqobile.

Izibonelo ze-symbiosis ku-biology azigcini kulokhu. Enye indlela ethakazelisayo yokubambisana okuzuzisayo ingabonakala ebuhlotsheni bezinhlobo zezintuthwane nama-aphid. Ama-aphid yizinambuzane ezincane, ezithambile ezondla uketshezi lwesitshalo, futhi njengenkunkuma, zihlanganisa ingxenye ethile yeshukela namanzi. Lokhu kuba ukudla okufanele kwezinye izinhlobo zezintuthwane. Kanti, izintuthwane zivame ukudlulisela endaweni entsha, ngaleyo ndlela zinikeze amandla ezengeziwe.

I-Parasitism

Iyini i-symbiosis ku-biology? Lokhu kubambisana, noma kunjalo, akukwazi njalo ukusetshenziswa kuphela. Ubuhlobo be-parasitic, ngokungafani nalabo abathandanayo, ngaso sonke isikhathi kubonisa ukungalingani kwezithakazelo. Eqinisweni, lobu buhlobo buhlale bunesimo sokulahlekelwa. Ngesinye isikhathi uma ulahlekile, akukho lutho olwenzekayo, ngokuvamile lokhu kubambisana kubonakala ngendlela engafanele, kwezinye izimo ama-parasitism angaholela ekufeni.

Kunezinhlobo eziningi ezihlukahlukene zezinambuzane, kodwa ziwela ezinhlotsheni ezimbili eziyinhloko. Abanye bahlela ikhaya labo ngaphakathi komzimba wezinkampani zabo, lapho behlala khona, kuyilapho abanye besondla phezulu.

Uhlobo lokuqala lubizwa ngokuthi i-endoparasites, lawa ma-protozoa angabangela isifo sohudo kanye nobuhlungu obukhulu, udoti ama-lymph nodes futhi abangela izicubu zomzimba (elephantiasis). Uhlobo lwesibili, okuthiwa i-ectoparasites, lulimaza nomuntu ogqokayo. Lokhu kufaka hlangana izinyosi, umiyane nabanye, lezi zilokazane zithola indawo yokuhlala, ukudla, futhi ngalesi sikhathi, umlindi wazo uthola umonakalo wezinga elihlukahlukene.

Ukuzibandakanya

Iyini i-symbiosis ku-biology? Okokuqala, lokhu kubambisana. Enye yezinhlobo ezingavamile kakhulu ze-symbiosis yi-commensalism. Kulolu cala, uhlangothi olulodwa kuphela luzuza. Owesibili kusuka kulolu lungiselelo awushisi noma kubanda. Ukuthola izibonelo zakhe kuwumsebenzi onzima kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, izibonelo eziningana zinganikwa.

Ukuzibandakanya kubumbano kubambisene nabangane ababili noma ngaphezulu abahlala ndawonye, lapho inzuzo eyodwa kuphela ngokubambisana, kanti enye ihlala ingalimala. Isibonelo, izakhamuzi ezincane ezijulile zasolwandle, ezibizwa ngokuthi amaqoqo kanye nama-anemones, zinamathele ngendlela ekhethekile kwabakhamuzi abakhulu (ama-whale kanye noshaki) futhi badle noma yikuphi ukudla ngezindleko zabo. Ukulahlekelwa izinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu zokudla kutholakala ngokushesha ngama-parasites "amahle". Ebudlelwaneni obunjalo kukhona i-actinia ne-clownfish.

Isibonelo se-commensalism singaboniswa ezinye izilonda zasendle ezithola indawo yazo yokuhlala emanzini asetshenzisiwe noma e-snake burrows. Amademoni athola indawo yokuhlala, kanti esinye isilwane asitholi lutho ngokubuyisela.

Iyini i-symbiosis ku-biology? Ngamazwi alula, kungashiwo ukuthi lokhu kubambisana okuhle, okungalungile noma okungathathi hlangothi phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinto eziphilayo.