Impova izitshalo: incazelo, izici, izigaba kanye izinhlobo

Njengoba umsebenzi wokugcina wenza ejwayelekile imbali kumiswa izithelo nembewu. Lokhu kudinga izinqubo ezimbili. . Esokuqala impova izimbali. Ngemva kwakhe kukhona kokukhulelwa efanele - zikhona izithelo nembewu. . Cabangela eminye, yiziphi izinhlobo impova.

Uhlolojikelele

, на котором осуществляется перенос мелких зерен с тычинок на рыльце. izitshalo impova - isinyathelo ekutholeni ukudluliswa okusanhlamvu obuhle rakers phezu inhlamba. Kuhlobene eduze kwenye komqondo nezinga lokukhula kwengane kwezitshalo - ukwakheka Izitho zokuzala. Ososayensi ezimbili izinhlobo impova Kuye kwatholakala: allogamy futhi autogamy. Kulokhu, owokuqala kungenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili: geytonogamiey futhi xenogamy.

izici

путем переноса зерен с тычинок на рыльце одного органа размножения. Autogamy - izitshalo impova ngokudlulisela okusanhlamvu ukuze ngehlazo stamens ukukhiqizwa kabusha igunya. Ngamanye amazwi, uhlelo eyodwa ngokuzimela wenza inqubo kudingekile. Allogamy - cross ukudluliswa okusanhlamvu komunye isitho rakers ku inhlamba lomunye. Geytonogamiya kuhilela impova phakathi izimbali okufanayo, futhi xenogamy - okwehlela abantu abahlukahlukene. Eyokuqala zofuzo ezifanayo ukuze autogamy. Kulokhu, kukhona kuphela recombination of gametes ku ngabanye efanayo. Njengomthetho, lokhu Zinjalo inflorescences eziningi impova ngezinyosi.

I evumayo kakhulu umphumela zaso zofuzo kubhekwa xenogamy. способствует увеличению возможностей перекомбинации генетических данных. impova okunjalo zezimbali kunomthelela recombination yokufana kwezakhi idatha amakhono. Lokhu, sithuthukisa ukwehluka intraspecific, kulandele kwemvelo oluhambelana. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, autogamy sinenai ebalulekile ekulinganiseni izinhlamvu ezithile.

izindlela

impova indlela incike okusanhlamvu ukudluliswa amanxusa kanye imbali amaphethini. Allogamy autogamy futhi kungase kwenziwe yizici ezifanayo. Bona, ikakhulukati, umoya, izilwane, abantu, amanzi. Izinhlobonhlobo esikhulu kunazo zonke izindlela ezahlukene allogamy. Ukwabela elandelayo iqembu zabo:

1. осуществляется с помощью живых организмов. Eziphilayo - impova wenziwa ngosizo eziphilayo. Leli qembu lakhomba inani subgroups. Ukwahlukaniswa senziwa kuye isithwali. (энтомофилия), птицами (орнитофилия), летучими мышами (хироптерофилия). Ngokwesibonelo, ukusebenza impova by izinambuzane (entomophily), izinyoni (ornithophily), amalulwane (hiropterofiliya). Kunezinye izindlela -. Ngosizo mollusk ezincelisayo, njll Nokho, ngoba zembuliwe ngokwemvelo awavamile.
2. связано с влиянием небиологических факторов. Abiotic - impova ngenxa ithonya yezici abiotic. Kuleli qembu, ovelele ukudluliswa okusanhlamvu emoyeni (anemofiliyu), amanzi (hydrophilic).

, считаются адаптациями к конкретным окружающим условиям. Fashion lapho impova izitshalo ezibhekwa ezincwadini ukuze izimo ezithile zemvelo. Ngamagama zofuzo, zingabantu ayibalulekile kunalokho uhlobo.

Plant lithathelwe impova

Cabangela iqembu lokuqala izindlela. Emvelweni, njengoba umthetho, lihlangabezana entomophily. Evolution of izitshalo nempova zithwala wagijima ngokulinganisa. abantu Entomophilous kalula ivelele phakathi kwabanye. Ngo izitshalo futhi zithwala babe lithathelwe mutual. Kwezinye izimo mincane ukuze isiko akakwazi khona ngaphandle agent (noma intombi kowesilisa). Izinambuzane bakhangwa:

1. Umbala.
2. Ukudla.
3. Smell.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izinambuzane zisebenzisa izimbali njengendawo yokukhosela. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye zifihlwe khona ebusuku. Amazinga e-imbali kunakunoma imvelo bangaphandle, i-degree ambalwa. Zikhona izinambuzane zikwazi ukwanda ngokwabo amasiko. Ngokwesibonelo, iminyovu Chalcid izimbali ukusetshenziselwa lokhu.

ornithophily

Impova yizinyoni kwenzeka ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo. Ezimweni ezingavamile ornithophily kwenzeka ezisondelene nazo. Izimpawu sezimbali ukuheha izinyoni zihlanganisa:

1. Ayikho nephunga. Inyoni kunalokho umqondo ababuthakathaka iphunga.
2. Corolla has a ngokuvamile owolintshi noma obomvu. Ezimweni ezingavamile, kukhona nombala oluhlaza noma violet. Kuthiwa le nyoni kalula zihlukaniswa ngemibala.
3. Inani elikhulu umpe ephansi bagxila.

Izinyoni ngokuvamile musa ukuhlala phansi imbali futhi ungcolise, phezulu eceleni kwakhe.

Hiropterofiliya

Amalulwane impova izihlahla advantageously ezishisayo sezihlahla. Ezimweni ezingavamile, ababandakanyeka ukuthuthwa okusanhlamvu otshanini. Amalulwane impova izimbali ebusuku. Izimpawu Ezizweni ukuheha lezi zilwane zihlanganisa lokhu okulandelayo:

1. Ukuba khona umbala omhlophe noma Fluorescent ophuzi. Kungaba sinombala, ezimweni ezingajwayelekile onsomi.
2. Ukuba khona iphunga othize. Ukhumbuza izimfihlo nokukhululwa igundane.
3. Izimbali ziqhakaza ebusuku noma kusihlwa.
4. Izingxenye ezinkulu hang emagatsheni ku umoba eside (baobab) ukuthuthukisa noma ngqo iziqu zezihlahla (ukhokho).

Anemofiliya

Impova mayelana 20% izitshalo strip ngokulinganisela eyalo umoya. Ezindaweni evulekile (emaqeleni, izingwadule, izindawo polar), lesi sibalo okuningi kunalokho. amasiko Anemophilous unayo izici ezilandelayo:

1. izimbali ezincane ukucasha ukuthi aphuzi noma ogqamile, ngokuvamile ngaphandle perianth. Uma kuwukuthi isipho, kuba ngesimo amafilimu kanye izikali.
2. Ukuba khona inflorescences multiflorous. a "isixha" ababhekene nesimo esinje kungabaduduza emelelwa povisloj-eksisi - icici.
3. Ukuba khona phezu stamen anther sesigcilikisha mncane.
4. stigmas Kunalokho ezinkulu futhi ngokuvamile feathery ophumile ngaphesheya imbali.
5. isiko olulodwa noma dioecious.
6. A semali impova. Kuyinto ezomile, emihle, bushelelezi. Okusanhlamvu kungase kudingeke kumadivayisi angeziwe (air bag, isibonelo).

isiko Anemophilous ngokuvamile akha Clumps ezinkulu. Lokhu kwandisa kakhulu amathuba okuthi impova. Njengoba izibonelo birchwoods, oki, bamboo zamahlathi.

hydrophilic

Lokhu impova lengatfolakali nemvelo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amanzi akuyona engokwemvelo evamile izitshalo. Ngo izitshalo eziningi lezi zimbali ngaphezu kwamanzi futhi zithola impova ikakhulukazi ezinambuzaneni noma ngumoya. Izimpawu izitshalo hydrophilic zihlanganisa:

1. Izimbali ezincane futhi ukucasha. Batfutfukisa singly noma bahlangana "ezithelo" amancane.
2. Njengomthetho, izimbali gay. Njengoba izibonelo vallisneria, Elodea.
3. I anthers odongeni mncane. Abanawo endothecium. anthers ngokuvamile ube nohlobo filamentary. Kwamanye amasiko, bona entwine inhlamba. Lokhu kunomthelela Ukungena okusheshayo futhi ukuhluma kwezinhlobo impova.
4. Ubhontshisi Awekho exine. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi impova emanzini futhi akadingi Ukuvikelwa kusuka iphele ukuphuma.

autogamy

Njengamanje u-75% izitshalo kukhona izimbali ngithanda abesilisa nabesifazane. Lokhu kunikeza ezimele ukudluliswa okusanhlamvu ngaphandle isekela zangaphandle. Autogamy ngokuvamile okungahleliwe. Lokhu kunjalo ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle for abathwali.

Autogamy kusekelwe isimiso 'kangcono self-impova, kuka nhlobo. " Lolu hlobo kudlulisa, eyaziwa eziningi okusanhlamvu izitshalo. Ayevame ukuthuthukisa ku kwezimo ezingezinhle ezindaweni lapho eqinile abandayo (emathafeni, izintaba) noma kushisa kakhulu (desert), futhi azikho zenethiwekhi.

Emvelweni, Okwamanje, ihlangana kanye autogamy njalo. Kuyinto njalo futhi kubalulekile izitshalo. Ngokwesibonelo, izitshalo self-impova ezifana uphizi, amantongomane, ukolo, yefilakisi, ukotini kanye nabanye.

subtypes

Autogamy kungaba:

1. Imininingwane. Lapho ezihambayo sesigcilikisha anthers ahlobane nqo stigmas. Lesi sici autogamy ka ungulates, starflower.
2. Gravity. Kulokhu, impova ifinyelela inhlamba kusukela anthers, okuyinto zitholakala ngenhla. Lapho autogamy okudonsa ngaleyo ndlela, amandla adonsela phansi enza ngayo izinto. Lena isici heather, amasiko pyroloideae.
3. Cleistogamous. Kulokhu kwenziwe ihlumela impova noma imbali avaliwe. Cleistogamy kubhekwa ngendlela eyeqisayo degree autogamy. Kungaba ngenxa izici ezingezinhle (umswakama high noma isomiso). Cleistogamy kungaba njalo, zofuzo isilungisiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, violets isimanga entwasahlobo isikhathi izimbali kuqala ukuvela evamile, kodwa impova ingekho kubo, ngokulandelana, akubonakali izithelo nembewu. Ngemva kwalokho kukhona cleistogamous Izitho zokuzala. Basuke hhayi wachazela wasethula ngesimo efihlekile. Ukuhluma kwezinhlobo impova e anthers kwenzeka ngqo. I tube sidlula odongeni bufike itjhubhu. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka capsule imbewu.

Cleistogamy ezitholakele amasiko amaqembu ahlukene taxonomic (kwezinye okusanhlamvu, isibonelo).