Iyini inqubo ezindawo uhlobo

Geography - omunye isayensi ethokozisa isimanga kanye olufanele esintwini. Ungabi Age of Discovery, sisazoqhubeka ukuthi, lapho izwe elikhulu futhi ezihlukahlukene siphila. Ngamafuphi, ulwazi ebalulekile nokuzimisela okudingekayo cishe kuwo wonke umuntu.

Futhi ingabe uyazi ukuthi inqubo kwendawo? Lona omunye imiqondo esemqoka we kuvisisa okuyinto incike izinga ulwazi hhayi kuphela geography kodwa isethi wesayensi ezihlobene kanye nobungako.

imiqondo eyisisekelo

Igama elithi "inqubo" libhekisela ukulandelana ezinye izenzakalo noma ngisho lonke zokwakheka. inqubo Geographical (izibonelo sikunikeza ngezansi) - Ukwakheka kwezitho zokwakheka entsha phezu iplanethi, futhi ekujuleni yayo. Lubhekele lezi zinguquko ezihlukahlukene ejenti morphogenesis. Ososayensi abaningi ukuchaza lezi zenzakalo ngezwi "ashukumisayo" ngoba bakholelwa (futhi kufanele) ukuthi kuphela amabutho ezinjalo morphological kungaholela izinguquko ezinkulu.

iphuzu okunjalo umbono ke kuqinisekiswa yokuthi izinqubo eziningi kwezwe (ngezindlela ezingafani) relefopreobrazuyuschimi bebelokhu ngqo bahlinza nga pre-existing sezwe ngenkuthalo waliguqula.

Abantu abaningi abakwazi ukuqonda incazelo yesayensi kuyini inqubo womhlaba. Izibonelo ngokwanele ahlukahlukene, kodwa ungakwazi uwakhumbula ngokushesha ungcwecwe ukunyakaza zomhlaba. Lokhu kufana poro ashukumisayo (bheka ngenhla), into eholela izinguquko ezinzima morphological hhayi kuphela landscape endaweni ethize, kodwa kwakuyiyo yonke iplanethi yethu iyonke. ukugudluka kancane kancane kwamazwekazi, ngaleyo ndlela futhi Lifanele for the okuxoxwe ngazo ngenhla definition.

Ukubaluleka nomqondo

Akumangazi ukuthi ucwaningo kulezi zinkanyezi ubhekwa isisekelo Geography kanye Geology. Njengoba imodeli theory VM Davis, igama elithi "inqubo" unendawo obalulekile phakathi isakhiwo kanye izigaba ushintsho, futhi eqinisweni ekutadisheni usosayensi namanje njengelinye lamazwe ebaluleke kakhulu ezibalulekile. Kulesi sihloko sizozama nje kuphela ukunikeza incazelo eningiliziwe mkhuba umbuzo kuyini inqubo womhlaba, kodwa futhi unikeze isibonelo sokuthi ukuthayipha yakhe.

imphawu letibalulekile

Basic isici izinqubo ezindawo ukuthi bangakwazi ngenkuthalo iqhaza kule morphogenesis ka komhlaba, kuphindze kufake sandla ukuhamba izinto ezakhelene nayo elikhonza kube inkomba yokuthi ukubaluleka kwabo lithogenesis. Ngakho, ekuhlaziyeni indima yabo jikelele ongeza isiphetho ngabantu isidingo ukuthayipha izinkomba.

Kuyinto kungalungile ukusho ukuthi kukhona ngeengaba eziningi ezahlukene, okuyizinto cishe zibonisa ngokuyisisekelo izinqubo womhlaba, kodwa isekelwe kuphela izimiso ezimbili noma ezintathu, lapho akwanele ucwaningo sina. Asazi abathi ukwethula indlela oluphelele lwazo ukuthayipha. Kunalokho, sihloko sidingida indima izinqubo ezindawo uhlobo amathuba ngezigaba zabo ngokomthetho.

Zokubaluleka Nature

Geographic speciation kuhilela umthelela izici ezindawo ku ukuvela izinhlobo ezintsha ebezingekho eziphilayo: izinguquko impumuzo ngokuyinhloko ezithinta yokufuduka izilwane, ekudleni kwabo. Akumangalisi ukuthi ngaphansi kwethonya lezi zici ngokuvamile kukhona zenyathi entsha.

inqubo Geological ka ukugudluka kancane kancane kwamazwekazi kuye kwaholela (futhi kuholela kuze kube manje) yoshintsho izimo zezulu, ukubukeka kanye ukunyamalala amakhulu ezinkulungwane zilwane ezisanda kutholakala, eziningi zazo siyazi ngeke. Lezi zici nesandla ekwakhiweni imali engokwemvelo uwoyela, amalahle kanye negesi wezinsalela zamandulo.

Zonke izinqubo ngokwemvelo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi mncane kangakanani ngokuya global babheke, ungaba nomthelela obalulekile landscape womhlaba.

Kancane mayelana nohlobo isikhala izici

Kukholakala ukuthi izinguquko ezinkulu landforms kungaholela kuphela imihlola ejenti okuyinto wazithatha emhlabeni ngokwayo (ngoba imifula, imimoya, njll). Abantu ukhohlwe ngokuphelele mayelana izigaba sokuqala ukuthuthukiswa Zomhlaba, lapho eziyinhloko yinqubo imvelo cosmic. Yiqiniso, nge kwesikhathi uye savela esimweni esivamile, ukubaluleka kwalo zehlele, kodwa awukwazi abakhohlwe.

Kuyinto, isibonelo, sokuwa meteorite. Ososayensi basikisela ukuthi uma isimangaliso esifanayo kuye kwaholela ukushabalala izibankwakazi, kuyilapho wabusa ngokuphelele emhlabeni, kanye abalulekile kwesimo sezulu. Uma uyikha phezulu le Zomhlaba kube yilolu suku iminonjana ukuwa mayelana nezinto zasemkhathini, futhi kwezinye izindawo kukhona imigodi yezintaba-mlilo omkhulu kusukela emkhathini elehla eminyakeni eyizigidi edlule. Akukhona kangaka inqubo ye speciation kwemvelo futhi ngokwebalazwe, njengoba lo mkhuba kuchazwa ukubhujiswa ngokuphelele kwezinhlobo eziningi eziphilayo.

Akubalulekile ukuba bakholelwe ukuthi ngalezo zinsuku siphezu, uma into efana nalena futhi esikhathini sethu, eMhlabeni ebusweni sendawo futhi sina washintsha, futhi kugucuka zezulu akufanele ilibaleke.

Ngakho, noma iyiphi inqubo ezindawo (. Ukubona isithombe esihlokweni) Ingabe kunalokho engazinzile: ekushintsheni ejenti eziyisisekelo ngaphansi isenzo okuyinto ukuguqulwa yayo ashukumisayo kungenzeka nganoma isiphi isikhathi.

Yiziphi?

Ngokuvamile, ososayensi ukungatholi izinkinga udaba ngaphansi cwaningo, ngakho basakaze ngezigaba elula imihlola efana: ukwehlisa ebusweni, ukusilondoloza isimo esifanayo noma okufanayo kokuphakama ukubukeka.

Uma usebenzise le ndlela typology umugqa wesikhathi, kuba sobala ukuthi zonke izinqubo okuholela ebusweni noma ukukhishwa kwengalo (amaphutha), noma yokululama yayo kancane kancane. Ngakho, noma iyiphi inqubo ezindawo (definition of the eside sikunikeze ekuqaleni isihloko) akunakubangelwa kuphela elinye lamaqembu ezimbili eziyinhloko. Yiqiniso, le ndlela nje hhayi kuzo zonke izimo, kodwa ezimweni ezithile, lo mbono buyafaneleka.

Ngakho, ukuguguleka kancane kancane ezintabeni (umoya, amanzi) kunoma yiliphi icala kuholela ekubeni kwabo plain. isibonelo esiphelele - Ural, okuyizinto ngenxa izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezindawo okwenzeka ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka, eqinisweni saphela.

okungekuhle

Njengoba kuvamisile, ekubukeni akusiyo eyisisekelo kunazo zonke kanye nokucekela phansi kunazo nemibi maqondana indoda mkhuba. Ake sibheke izibonelo ejwayelekile kakhulu yalo. Cishe kakade ukuyichaza ukuthi sizoxoxa ezinye ezindawo zemvelo, ezithinta ukuphila kwethu kuba nomthelela ikakhulukazi eziphathekayo.

• Ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi. Le nqubo nokwehliswa kwesithunzi nenhlabathi namadwala lapho ingxenye izingxenye awo sihlanzwe ngamanzi futhi kancane kancane libhujiswa emoyeni. Izinqubo olunzulu kakhulu lolu hlobo kungabonakala ezintabeni ebesingesihle inamagquma ngenxa nokuwubuwula ukulima ezweni.

• Ezazidilikile - ukwehluleka ukugudluka enkulu amatshe bedle amabutho adonsela phansi, futhi ngenxa imvula. physicogeographical Okufanayo icubungula ejwayelekile ezindaweni sezintaba.

• Sahlala. Buyinto esiyingozi ngokwedlulele. Lokhu Kuhlangana okusheshayo ingxube inhlabathi, idwala doti, iqhwa, iqhwa namanzi. Imfucumfucu notshwala okuthwala lisemhlabathini wonke umuzi emva kwamaminithi ambalwa. Njengoba ungase ukuqagela, basuke waphawula ikakhulukazi ezintabeni.

• Karst. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa kusho ukuvela izimbotshana ezinkulu kule yembathani ungqimba lomhlaba. Lokhu kungenxa izici Geological edwaleni, lapho zithambekele leaching okusheshayo. Ngokwesibonelo, izimbotshana Karst isikhathi esifushane yesikhathi akhiwa njengoba namathempeli ngokhonkolo namatshe.

• Kancane Kancane swamping indawo ngenxa itafula amanzi ephakeme, inhlabathi ukwakheka kanye nezici. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa esivamile ezindaweni eziningi ezweni lethu.

Ngakho, izenzakalo zemvelo womhlaba kanengi ukudlula kukholelwa kanjalo ngokuvamile.

Ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi mayelana izinqubo Karst

Kukholakala (futhi kwezinye emaphephabhukwini esayensi kungenzeka sihlaselwe aba nombono ofanayo) ukuthi izinqubo Karst babe akuyona into enjalo ephawulekayo e izici yendawo Geological kwendawo. Awa, akusinjalo.

Ngokwesibonelo, cabangela izinkondlo, Yucatán. Iqiniso ukuthi ososayensi bokuma komhlaba futhi zokuma kwendawo ngokuvamile ukuqhathanise elikhulu ikhanda ushizi ukuthi othile waphonsa olwandle. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi bonke ubuso kwalo ngokoqobo sigcwele ukwehluleka namaphutha. Futhi, njengoba ungase ukuqagela, nje umsuka efanayo Karst. Kulokhu, asikwazi waphika ukuthi lezi zici ezindawo ngezindawo asho into ibe nomthelela sina kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwe-landscape ndawo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, Karst ngezinga elingaka anganikela ezinye eshintshashintshayo sezulu. Inani elikhulu sinkholes Karst, ezinzulwini zawo ngokuvamile echibini kubhekwa kube isici ungalokothi uphuze kuze kube kukhishwa sezulu kanye hydration. Kule ndawo kaningi lina, okuyinto ungomunye ejenti oyinhloko amanzi ashaya leli dwala.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi akuyona elicwengwé ngokugcwele isikhundla izinqubo Karst kunombolo ngezigaba. Abakwazi kwenziwe isibaluli kokubili komhlaba futhi izinqubo eliwumhlaba. Kunalokho, bayingxenye eliyingxenye kuwo womabili amaqembu ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ngakho, le nqubo eklanywe njengomumo womhlaba, isithombe zazo kuboniswe esihlokweni, kubalulekile kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa ukuguqulwa unomphela landscape kule planethi yethu.

izinqubo ezimbi zezulu

Isomiso, imimoya ashisayo, iziphepho, isichotho esikhulu, kanye nezinye eziningi isimo sezulu - lokhu akulona uhlu oluphelele imihlola ezimbi. Ake sibheke ezinye zazo ngokuningiliziwe:

• Sukhov. I ashisayo umoya hot okwenzeka lapho izinga lokushisa komoya ingaphezu 25 degrees nomswakama Celsius futhi eyisihlobo esingaphansi yayo 25%. ERussia, it acishe ingekho, kodwa njalo ebonwe republic Asia Ephakathi ezwe elaliyi-USSR.

• Isiphepho uthuli isihlabathi. Ilokhu kuphakama kulezo zindawo, lapho ngenxa ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, isitshalo izimpande ingasakwazi ukuqinisa elingenhla inhlabathi izingqimba. Kulezi zimo, yimuphi umoya kungaba avuse isiphepho.

• Ngezinye emoyeni ngesivinini ngenhla 29 amamitha ngomzuzwana, kukhona isiphepho. Le nqubo ezindawo kuyingozi kakhulu, njengoba umoya onamandla kungaba avuse ukuvela magagasi asabekayo kolwandle, ashaye omningi inhlabathi evundile, heats ngisho nemikhumbi esikhulu olwandle.

• Imvula kubhekwa ezingezinhle inqubo kwendawo uma amahora 12 izomashela ezingaphezu kuka-50 kwangu kwezulu. Lokhu kuyingozi kakhulu, ngoba semali amanzi okubonakala kalula kuphakamisa udaka notshwala obunamandla, ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, kubangela izikhukhula ezinkulu.

• Castle, okwakusho amamilimitha angu engaphezu kwengu-20 ububanzi, futhi kungokwalabo kulesi sigaba, ngoba kungaba nomthelela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu phezu izindawo ezinkulu ngenxa futhi ukubhujiswa okuphelele kwalelizwe kwezimila.

ukuthayipha

Njengoba izindawo nezinqubo kungenziwa labizwa? Ukuthayipha lezi zenzakalo kufanele kwenziwe ngokuvumelana ifomula ukuthi kuhlanganisa timphawu letintsatfu nje: izici sezwe, izinqubo kanye izici ukuthi ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile ezithinta izinguquko kuleli zwe. Qaphela ukuthi ifomula efanayo isetshenziswa inhlabathi isayensi. Kodwa kulokhu, zonke izici okufanele lithonye ngalo nomunye bi directionally futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo.

Ngokuvamile zitholakala kwi-division of endogenous futhi izinqubo exogenous. Kodwa manje cishe zonke zesayensi ezidumile eziningana ziyavuma ukuthi leli ngezigaba akulungile: migomo kuphela kubonise inqubo kwasendaweni, kodwa abasho lutho mayelana nezizathu nesenzakalo yabo.

Uma sithatha ngesisekelo ka komhlaba ukujula, cishe zonke izenzakalo ezinjalo akunakubangelwa yangaphakathi. Iqiniso liwukuthi e mkhuba bavame akunakwenzeka ukuhlukanisa inqubo ethile kwendawo. Kusho ukuthini lokhu ngoba geography sisonke? ukuthi ochwepheshe emkhakheni abaqondiswa isimiso ngezigaba ngenhla kuphela, bephoqeleka ukuba bathembela kakhulu isipiliyoni sabo kanye nemibono kuka ku kwezesayensi.

Yingakho sithanda ukusho ukuthi esebenza kahle kakhulu kangakanani futhi bathethelele elandelayo omunye lomgomo:

• izinqubo ezemvelo imvelaphi zomhlaba. Okuvame kakhulu ziyimbangela eyinhloko izinguquko global impumuzo.

• Volcanic. Wayefana zinhlobo odlule.

• Isostatic.

• izinqubo Ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi-accumulative e nezincwadi zesayensi ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi fluvial.

• imihlola adonsela phansi. Ungayithathi kalula amandla adonsela phansi, okuyinto enomthelela kumiswa amafomu amaningi amasha wokukhululeka ebusweni.

• Eolian.

• Ukwakheka izimbotshana Karst, okuyinto thina kakade okukhulunywe ngaye ngenhla.

• Suffusion.

• izinqubo Abrasive, okuyinto ikakhulukazi liphinyiselwe ezindaweni eziyizintaba. rocks nzima njalo ugaye zokwakheka okuncane, esebenza njengephepha lokukhuhla.

• I izenzakalo of rock cryogenic (futhi postkriogennye). okokuqandisa njalo kanye incibilikiswa nangayiphi ngesilinganiso esincane kunomthelela ekushintsheni landscape. Lokhu ikakhulukazi liphinyiselwe ezindaweni eziyizintaba.

• izinqubo glacial.

• mkhuba Fluvioglacial.

• izinqubo Biogenic bemvelo. Nabo, konke iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalokho, ngoba abantu abaningi ukubukela phansi indlela yasendle surface yomhlaba. Khonamanjalo eyanele kokukhumbula kumiswa amalahle ezifakwa ukuze uqinisekise AMANGA iphuzu okunjalo umbono.

• I izenzakalo of weathering nomhlabathi kumiswa.

• imihlola emkhathini. Lezi zihlanganisa amacala falling wazo omkhulu, okuyindawo Ezikhathini zasendulo, kwakudabukisa kwakhiwa asemigodini giant.

• izinqubo yabantu.

Ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi mayelana nezinqubo zika yabantu

On ikhono labantu ukudala izinkinga zemvelo kusho okuningi. yokuqothulwa Species, amanzi nokungcola komoya ... Lapho akuvamile khumbula ukuthi yizenzo zomuntu - inqubo enamandla kwendawo ezingaba sina ukushintsha ezungezile. Ngezinye izikhathi ngisho ngesilinganiso kwamaplanethi.

Abantu abaningi bayazi mayelana iGreat Wall yaseChina, kodwa hhayi wonke nicabanga ukuthi kushintshile sina isimo sezwe womhlaba. Lesi sakhiwo akugcini nje ewubona esemkhathini (zona ngokwazo kuqinisekisa ngokugcwele mqondo kushiwo ngenhla). Udonga ngesikhathi esisodwa sina i- nemizila yokufuduka zinhlobo amanengi wokwakha yayo babemane ubeke eceleni noma embozwe emifuleni ezincane eziningana, ingasaphathwa ukusakaza. Ngakho, ezindaweni eziningi, okuyiwona aphethwe, uye kakhulu ziyancipha ukushuba komoya kanye amanzi ashaya leli dwala, okuyinto ayikwazanga kodwa kuthinte ezindawo kwendawo.

Cishe kungashiwo okufanayo wathi mayelana ukwakhiwa nokusebenza emadolobheni amakhulu. Bona sina ukushintsha, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukwenza kungenzeki nhlobo, kwenye indawo kwe isilwane, kuyilapho kusakhiwa ihholo yabo kanye nokuthuthukiswa ezinamatshe eziphansi emifuleni ekushintsheni ngokuphelele, okwesikhashana noma lagodlwa izenzo ejenti eziningi izinqubo womhlaba.

ezinye izinhlobo zawo

Njengoba singabona kusukela ngezigaba ngenhla, abaningi izinqubo zihlukaniswe zenyathi, ngenxa umehluko ku-ejenti main ukuthi isinyathelo ngqo landscape. Ngokwesibonelo, samanje emfuleni ukuvundulula amanzi - umenzeli izinqubo fluvial.

Kuye ngokuthi izimo zemvelo lapho usebenza ejenti unikezwa, izinqubo kungenziwa libhekene ngokunembile, kwamanzi, phansi kuthi laba abangaphansi komhlaba. Kodwa uyini inqubo womhlaba, ngokuya kwesikhathi okudingekayo ekuthuthukiseni yayo? Okuningi ngokunembile, kanjani ukuze uhlukanise kubo kuleli cala?

Typology ngokuya kwezikhathi

Zonke izinqubo kwendawo zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu kusekelwe emigomweni lokulandelana kwazo. Lapho zenzo ziwukubonakaliswa yesimanje, lasendulo futhi esifuze. Futhi, ukuhlukanisa constants (mkhuba Rhythmic kule igobolondo kwendawo) kanye oqabukelayo (yesikhashana) mkhuba. Ngokuphathelene ukugeleza rate, ukuhlukanisa okusheshayo, okusheshayo futhi kancane izinqubo.

Kufanele uqaphele kakhulu inguqulo yakamuva ye ngezigaba: namanje mpikiswano esishubile mayelana nokuthi kungenzeka ukuba "khama" izinqubo ezindawo isiphi isikhathi ifremu. Yikhona okubaluleke kunakho kuka Dynamics yabo kanye nekhono ukubandakanya namaqembu amakhulu izici ezahlukene abathintekayo ekushintsheni isimo sezwe.

Izinto eziyinhloko ezatholwa futhi

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo, ngasinye sazo unalo ilungelo lokuthatha khona. Ngokwesibonelo, muva nje liye ezihlongozwayo adonsela phansi ngokwahlukana antigravity izinqubo kwendawo ngokwemvelo. Yiqiniso, le ndlela akuvumelekile kuzo zonke izimo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi izimo ngokomzimba kuyiplanethi yethu ungavumeli ukukhuluma sina mayelana nohlobo ezinye izenzakalo anti-amandla adonsela phansi.

Yilokho inqubo womhlaba. Njengoba ubona, lo mqondo kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze ukuqonda imihlola eziningi ezenzeka eplanethini yethu njalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ezinye izimo.