Migration kwezilwane: izibonelo, izimbangela, izinhlobo. Kungani izilwane ukwenza ukuthuthelwa?

Uyazi ukuthi kungani kukhona yokufuduka izilwane? 7 ekilasini uyezwa ke eklasini biology. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, ngenkathi uhlola izimfihlakalo isayensi yezinto eziphilayo, ukwazi isiqala bafundisa izingane ukuba baqonde iqiniso kwansuku: abantu uthuthe, ezifudukayo izilwane. Futhi uma kukuhle uqonde izizathu zonke okufanayo.

Ithuthela izilwane (lat migratio.) - ukunyakaza njalo leqembu izilwane nge ushintsho olwenzeka endaweni esiyinhloko umzila othize. Okuvame kakhulu simanga e izinyoni (zonke sesibonile ukuthuthelwa ekwindla ka storks, goose, amadada, starlings nezinye izinyoni) nenhlanzi. izilwane ezihambayo wafunda kancane. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lingama indlela nezimfihlo wokuphila, ukuba bakhethe ukuthi bayazilandela kuwumzabalazo.

Ukuthutha abe uhlobo evelele oluhambelana, lesi sici zomhlaba isilwane bubonakala ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo kanye kwavela Yiqiniso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Ukuthuthwa kwesizini kukhona isici esengeziwe izinyoni, abakhileyo ezindaweni ezinezinga lokushisa elithokomele. kunjalo futhi ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo: ekushintsheni olwenzeka endaweni benkonkoni, ama-caribou, izinhlobo ezithile amalulwane, inhlanzi (Sturgeon, umbokwane European), ezihuquzelayo (ulwandle ufudu), ezinamagobolondo (lobster), izinambuzane (ama-monarch).

Kungani izilwane ukwenza ukuthuthelwa?

Isizathu esiyinhloko ukuhamba izilwane - olwenzeka endaweni ushintsho, ngokuvamile ube mubi kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-caribou asuka lapho kuqala ubusika, kusukela emathafeni kuya emathafeni ngenxa yokuntuleka kokudla, nobunzima ukukhiqizwa yayo endaweni embozwe yiqhwa. A kufuduka ezithile zonyaka izilwane ezincane emanzini sivela ezingxenyeni ezijulile namachibi zixhumene ne kushintsha izinga lokushisa lamanzi.

Ayikho ugqozi ezingabalulekile kangako - ukukhiqizwa kabusha, lapho isilwane sidinga indawo ehlukile ukuba abantu bazalane. Esinye isizathu ukuthuthela lihlotshaniswa izinhlekelele zemvelo. sizoxoxa ngani kulesi sihloko njengesibonelo ngamunye izizathu.

kufuduka Lesitshalo

Evamile, izinhlobo ezimbili kufuduka bungabonakala - yekwentiwa. Ukumikiswa asebenzayo kwezilwane ukuhlukanisa subtypes eziningana: ukunyakaza ezithile zonyaka kukhona (diem ngayinye), njalo (evundla mpo), ubudala. Zama siqonde ukuthi ziyini ngalunye oluphilayo.

Ngakho, ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka (nsuku zonke) yokufuduka izilwane. Izibonelo ukunyakaza enjalo kungcono kubonakala izinhlanzi nezinyoni. Kuze kube manje, isayensi uyazi mayelana 8.500 zezinyoni, eziningi zazo abawuvivinyi umzimba, nakuba othambekele kufuduka ngaphakathi kwendawo yemvelo esikhathini zizalela. Kwesizini ukunyakaza enezimpiko basebusika abebehlala enkulu esingokwemvelo Arctic ezindaweni ezinezinga lokushisa elithokomele: nangokucacile njengoba kusondela isikhathi ubusika izinyoni bhibha ethambile, isimo sezulu esifudumele.

Kuvele iqiniso elithakazelisayo: elikhulu le nyoni, ibanga amade ihamba, owesincane izinyoni ezifudukayo kungenzeka emoyeni kufika emahoreni angu-90 njalo, zokunqoba umzila abangafika kwabangu-4000 km.

Izinhlanzi futhi uthuthe thwi: uma lina cishe phezu, ehlobo noma ebusika - bathambekele ekujuleni kwamanzi. Kodwa nezinhlanzi ezimbili kuphela ukushintsha eziyizungezile ajwayelekile - a salmon umbokwane European. Strange kodwa kuyiqiniso: ushintsho amadamu ngosawoti kanye amanzi ahlanzekile uya kulezi inhlanzi kabili empilweni yami - Nokho, lapho ngizalwa futhi phakathi nenkathi yokuzalela, lokhu kwenzeka kuphela kubantu nabesifazane, abathi ngemva amaqanda laying ayafa.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngesikhathi zidala salmon brown amabhere, futhi, uthuthe, ushiya ehlathini, ukuyohlala emifuleni agcwele salmon. Ngakho, kuvela ukuthi alandela umthombo wabo ukudla.

Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, ukuthuthelwa gqwa kwezilwane zingahlukaniswa zibe zenyathi ezimbili: evundla mpo. Cabangela lezi zenzakalo ngokuningiliziwe.

kufuduka ovundlile izilwane ezihlobene ukuhamba izilwane ziyofuna ukudla. Ngokwesibonelo, umkhoma grey ehlobo asuswe ukusuka e-Arctic Ocean uye e-Atlantic (nakwezifudumele, tropical ingxenye), lapho ngalesi sikhathi ugcwele plankton - main whale ukudla.

kufuduka Kuqondile esivela izilwane eziphakeme, okuyinto ebusika phansi ehlathini, futhi ehlobo, njengoba Kuhlangana iqhwa utshani evutha esigodini, ukugibela liphindele emuva entabeni.

Kukhona into ezifana nobudala yokufuduka izilwane. ukunyakaza okunjalo ezembulwa engcono isibonelo carnivores ezinkulu. Ngakho, Tiger, empeleni yayo, isilwane wodwa kanjani nge indawo yayo inkulu, okusho ebashiya ngesikhathi kukhwelana kuphela. amawundlu Wazalelwa bahlala nonina iminyaka engu-lokuzala (ngokuvamile 3-4 iminyaka), ngemva kwalokho abesilisa abahlukene futhi ushiye umndeni beyofuna endaweni yawo.

Izimbangela ukufuduka kanye izibonelo

Thina kakade wakhuluma yini edale into ezifana yokufuduka izilwane. Izibonelo abameleli ethize kuxoxwa eminye.

Asiqale lapho umuntu eba inhlanzi, njengoba nje ezimbili zazo angaphansi ukunyakaza. Lezi zihlanganisa ama-salmon nama umbokwane European. Kunezindlela Ezinye izinhlobo ezimbalwa, ukufuduka enze, kodwa ngazo kamuva. Ngakho kungani ezifudukayo inhlanzi? Siyini isizathu?

Ukushintsha izinhlanzi olwenzeka endaweni

inhlanzi Anadromous - kohlobo ophila engokwemvelo esithile, kodwa isikhathi zizalela ngokuphelele eshintsha wakhe. Siyini isizathu?

Salmon (lat. Salmo Salar) ozelwe amanzi ahlanzekile, bese nge ukugeleza komfula ihamba ngokushesha olwandle, ulwandle, lapho isela lihlala khona iminyaka 5-7 ilindele nezingokomzwelo zokuthomba. Bese kufika sikhathi okwase kukudala sisilindile - abantu baye bakhula futhi ukulungele ukuhamba inzalo. Vele into - bathanda amanzi anosawoti, kodwa izingane senqabe avele ukukhanya kuye. Fish "kukhumbula" ukuthi wazalwa ngo-amanzi ahlanzekile, okusho ukuthi kubalulekile ukuba esikhundleni okunosawoti kolwandle-izilwandle ukuba imifula, ngisho kangcono - entabeni. Lapho, izimo ezikahle kakhulu zokukhiqiza. Kodwa akubona bonke abazali bafinyelele lowo mgomo oyifunayo - lapha ihlala nomzingeli ngubani deftly Ubamba zezinhlanzi komhosha, ukudabuka khaba nokudla kude eziyizimbangela kuphela. Okwazi ibhere enjalo ensundu, okuyinto kuboshelwe yokufuduka izilwane - umthombo ifolishi.

umbokwane European (Latin Anguilla Anguilla.) - a ngokuphelele salmon. Induna ozelwe engxubeni yamanzi anosawoti Sargasso Sea, lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi 400 m ukujula. Insikazi ukhiqiza ukukhanya cishe kwesigamu amaqanda abadlula, kuphuma iqhimiza elinemilenze efana willow leaf. Izibungu of umehluko ngisho nezinhlobo eziyisisekelo kubazali babo wathola igama ehlukile - Leptocephalus. On isibonelo izinhlanzi esingazicabangela ngokuningiliziwe uhlobo kufuduka yokwenziwa: izibungu ziyaphuma kwamanzi, ngamapiki kwabo Gulf Stream, njalo emuva kweminyaka emithathu base bethuthela emanzini afudumele ezinye nogu ingxenye European ezintaba zase-Eurasia. Ngalesi sikhathi, kolweni Leptocephalus umbokwane encishisiwe kuphela -. Mayelana 6 cm Ngalesi sikhathi, umbokwane wathutha e zemifula, ephakamisa ukusakaza, inhlanzi siguqulelwa omdala. iya Ngakho 9 noma mhlawumbe engu-12 edlule (engasekho), eels ube ovuthiwe ngokobulili, abukhali umehluko ubulili avele umbala. Sekuyisikhathi eziyizimbangela - emuva olwandle.

yokufuduka ezincelisayo

Umkhomo Gray (lat. Eschrichtius robustus) uhlala e-Arctic Ocean, kodwa, kuyindida ukuthi izinsikazi futhi abesilisa kusukela Okthoba aqale ukuhambisa eningizimu ngasogwini. Ngawo-December-January umusi ifinyelela Gulf of California, lapho amanzi afudumele siqale ngesikhathi sokukhwelana nokuzalwa, ngemva kwalokho abesilisa wabuyela enyakatho, izinsikazi ezimithi kanye nabantu nge amawundlu wabuyela ekhaya ngo March-April.

Ukukhulelwa imikhomo ihlala isikhathi esingangonyaka, ngakho emanzini afudumele noma esizicabangelayo, noma kuletha nokukhanya inzalo entsha. Kwabasebasha kubaluleke kakhulu - emavikini ekucala 2-3 bezelwe, abantwana emanzini afudumele ukuzuza fat umzimba, ebavumela ukuba ubuyele nokhahlo-Arctic Ocean.

On isibonelo amaphiva kungaba sichaza into ezifana ngendlela kufuduka isilwane. Elk enibaziyo nobabili "amaphiva" (kusukela Latin. Alces alces), kwasakazwa the zone ihlathi yeNyakatho Nenkabazwe. Lapho nje iqhwa lokuqala, imifula embozwe iqhwa, amaphiva iqala ukuthuthela ezifundazweni eziseningizimu, lapho ukukhula inakekelwa utshani, amachibi, hhayi kwi freezer. Ngokuthakazelisayo, nokuthutha kusuka Okthoba kuya ku-January, amaphiva kukhona endleleni sanyathelwa: iminonjana lokuqala nabesifazane nabesilisa abasha uzihambise. Endleleni izilwane wabuya ngendlela efanayo, kodwa manje amaduna phambili, ukusula indlela kusuka imifino elikhulayo. Nge indlela yeqembu kwendawo zizule - nabesifazane olulodwa kolunye uhlangothi, abesifazane kanye namathole - komunye, abesilisa - wesithathu.

Tigers (. Lat Panthera iTigrisi), amalungu elikhulu ikati, kukhona yokuphila olulodwa elowesifazane kuthatha 50 km² ngensimu siqu besilisa --100 amakhilomitha square. Umhlangano senzeka ngesikhathi zikhwelwe, iningi insikazi edonsela besilisa ngokwayo, bayeka i ezihlukahlukene amalebula. Zalisa ihlosi, uyabuya besilisa endaweni yakhe noma ukucinga insikazi esilandelayo.

Lapha sibona isibonelo yokufuduka izilwane ngaphakathi kwendawo kodwa ayephuli imingcele. inzalo okusha uhlala nomama wakhe njengoba nje "izingane" musa ukufunda ukuzingela, okuyinto ethatha Adalberto isikhathi eside. Ngakho, usemncane ne tigress phambi ukuthomba, ngemva kwalokho Simila zezinhlobo kukhona banqobe yonke indawo entsha. Izibonelo ubudala yokufuduka kwezinyoni kungenziwa wanezela futhi echazwe ngaphambilini umbokwane European.

Ungqimba yokufuduka izilwane ezivame ukuba kwezinhlobo eziningi, kodwa ukunyakaza amalulwane - umbukwane esingakhulumekiyo. Empeleni amalulwane zithambekele ukuphila umzimba, kodwa uma izilwane abahlala ezindaweni athokomele, kufanele uhambe ebusika eningizimu. Uma izinga lokushisa komoya ebusika kugcinwa phakathi kuka-0 ° C, amalulwane kungaba overwinter ku attics zezakhiwo. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-mouse awela ubuthongo ebusika. Lapho ophoqelelwe kufuduka amalulwane ziqondiswa imizwelo engokwemvelo iqhubekele labo imizila ezisetshenziswa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.

Cabanga ukuthuthelwa mpo badonsele ukunakekela abakhileyo ezintabeni. Ezintabeni, endaweni engamamitha izinkulungwane amamitha, zooraznoobrazie engavamile: Chinchilla, iqhwa izingwe Cougars, izimbuzi, izimvu, yaks, umjunipha grosbeak, inyoni ye-pheasant elimhlophe-eared, Kea. Ukuze bonke abakhileyo ezinkangala libhekene noboya obukhulu nezimpaphe ukuvimbela izilwane hypothermia. Ezinye izilwane ebusika Burrows yokucashisa, lenyoni e emifantwini yamadwala zakhele futhi yokuthamela amaqembu. Kodwa abameleli nezinselo ezivulekile, esigqoke phansi ngezinyawo amawa ziyofuna ukudla, ngemva kwabo kukhona izilwane ezidla ezinye, nokujaha yimpango yabo.

Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo: I zasezintabeni nezimvu bayakwazi uthuthe aphuma emadwaleni, ngaphandle ukunyathela emizileni entabeni. Futhi zonke sibonga isakhiwo ekhethekile izinselo: i-pads ezithambile zibuyiselwe ngokushesha, izinselo unekhono kabanzi ukuhambisa ngaphandle, okuyinto ebaluleke lapho ushayela ku elamadwala.

Izizathu ushintsho endaweni inyoni izindawo

izinyoni ezifudukayo kuyagcinwa kuzo zombili Nenkabazwe eseningizimu. I libukhali isimo sezulu sishintsha, i-izindiza evelele. Ngakho ajwayelekile kithi likhale namahobhe ziyafuduka, uma bukhoma ezindaweni ezisenyakatho, lapho elibuhlungu, Ubusika seqhwa ukuphuca izinyoni ukudla amathuba. Izakhamuzi eziseningizimu yeYurophu abawuvivinyi umzimba ngenxa yokuntula ngokuphazima kweso lapho izinga lokushisa. Ukuziphatha izinyoni e-Afrika lapha ngesikhathi esifanayo kungabhekwa njengokuvikela Ukuthutha ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu futhi kusukela eningizimu kuya enyakatho. Isizathu sokuba lezi Ukuthuthwa ifihlekile e preference sezulu ezimanzi noma ezomile.

Izinyoni ungenza izindiza eside ngempela. Ngokwesibonelo, indawo yemvelo nonogolantethe emhlophe (lat Ciconia ciconia.) - eYurophu nase izinyoni ubusika Afrika, izikhathi 2 ngonyaka, zokunqoba Ibanga ayizinkulungwane 10-15 km .. Kodwa esiyingqayizivele kunazo phakathi izinyoni ezifudukayo - Arctic Tern (Latin Sterna paradisaea.). izidleke Tern emathafeni ase-, lapha kuletha amaphuphu. Ngo ekwindla ayahamba e Nenkabazwe eningizimu, futhi entwasahlobo ibuyisela emuva. Ngakho, kabili ngonyaka inyoni Onqobayo 17 eziyinkulungwane. Km. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi entwasahlobo and ekwindla esibonelweni flying imizila ezahlukene.

ezihambayo ezihuquzelayo

Ake sicabangele isibonelo olwandle ufudu (lat. Cheloniidae), yini imbangela mass Ukuthuthwa kwezilwane. Izimfudu zasolwandle ukukhiqiza kabusha kuphela ezindaweni ezithile. Ngakho, i-Atlantic Ridley (lat. Lepidochelys kempii) replicates esiqhingini olulodwa eMexico, lapho ososayensi 1947 angaba yizinkulungwane 42. Abesifazane babhaliswa, lapho bahamba ngomkhumbi baya khona amaqanda.

Sibonga i-olive ulwandle ufudu (lat. Lepidochelys olivacea), igama elithi "arribida" yavela kuyi-Science. Lo mkhuba uyabonakala ukuthi izinkulungwane omnqumo Ridley ngosuku olulodwa bayahamba ukukhwelana, kwase kuba nge-isiqhingi, kanti izinsikazi cishe kanyekanye ukwenza laying izigidi amaqanda.

ezinamagobolondo Kungani uthuthe

Lobster (lat. Achelata) futhi ihamba ngesikhathi esithile. Izimbangela kufuduka zilwane namanje alichazi isayensi. Ekwindla ka-lobster eqoqwe kulandelana izinkulungwane zabantu futhi zenza imashi kusuka Bimini Islands-Grand Bahamas Bank. Nakuba kukhona eyodwa kuphela incazelo yezinto zokuziphatha okunjalo: ukuwa iqala ukunqabela emini eyenza ushintsho lobster ndawo.

lobster Spiny (lat. Panulirus Argus) Uphinde abhekwe ukuba kuvakashe ummeleli wendlunkulu ezinamagobolondo ayimizulane. Ekuqaleni kuka-ebusika, engena emanzini ajulile. Sekuyisikhathi eside ososayensi babekholelwa ukuthi isizathu lokuhambisa lobster - ukukhiqizwa kabusha, kodwa kamuva kwatholakala ukuthi iqanda-kubekwa kwenzeka kufuduka kakhulu kamuva, kuphela izinyanga ezimbalwa. Ososayensi abakubiza ngokuthi ngezizathu ezihlukahlukene ushintsho endaweni lobster ndawo. Abanye, isibonelo, bakholelwa ukuthi yokufuduka lezi ezinamagobolondo - esifuze we Ice Age, lapho babe ebusika obubanda ku ukufudumala kwamanzi ukujula.

Yokufuduka lobster - umbono ongezansi ngempela! abangamakhulu ambalwa abantu amakholomu ukuhambisa enye ngemva kwenye. Kuyini ezithakazelisayo kakhulu, ama-lobster bahlale ukuthintana njalo nomunye. Ngakho, noma ubani obangela, ubambe esinothi ku igobolondo yilowo oqonda phambili.

Izibonelo isinambuzane Ukuthuthwa

Zezimvemvane ama-monarch Monarch (Latin Danaus plexippus.) - lo Isakhamuzi esidume kakhulu eNyakatho Melika. Ngezikhathi yokufuduka izilwane isaziso walo ensimini ka-Ukraine, eRussia, e-Azores, eNyakatho ye-Afrika. EMexico, Michoacan State, ngisho inqolobane zezimvemvane ama-monarch.

Mayelana nodaba ukuthuthela futhi umehluko isinambuzane: nkosi - omunye abameleli ambalwa ekilasini yayo, uyakwazi ewela i-Atlantic Ocean. Kakade ngo-August, ababusi baleli zwe bakhipha uqale uthuthe ensimini eningizimu. Isilinganiso sobude bokuphila lokhu butterfly - cishe izinyanga ezimbili, ngakho ukuthuthelwa isilwane kuthatha izizukulwane.

Diabase - ukukhiqizwa kabusha isigaba, okuyinto eza okuthiwa i-monarch, owazalelwa e-ngasekupheleni kwehlobo, okuvumela butterfly ukuphila izinyanga mayelana 7 no ukufinyelela ngezizathu ubusika. uvemvane okuthiwa has a emangalisayo "ilanga inzwa", okuvumela yesithathu, imbuyiselo oyisizukulwane sesine ekamu ebusika amadlozi. Ngokuthakazelisayo, isimo sivune kakhulu lezi izimvemvane uvele Bermuda, lapho ezinye izinambuzane unyaka wonke.

Thuthela nezinhlobo European. Painted Lady, isibonelo, ebusika kanye zohlobo eNyakatho Afrika nozalo lwabo baye bathuthela enyakatho futhi kuletha isizukulwane ehlobo ke izimpukane emuva Afrika. Umlando uyaziphinda entwasahlobo.

Kuyini ezithakazelisayo, painted lady ezindiza amaqembu kanye uzisibekele ibanga km 500 ngosuku olulodwa. Zonke bakwazi ukundiza kakhulu ngendlela 5000 km ngesikhathi sokufuduka! Nesivinini banayo kunalokho enkulu - kuba 25-30 km / ihora.

Ezinye izimvemvane uthuthe akuyona njalo, kodwa kuye kuphela izimo. Lezi zihlanganisa isifuba uvemvane, NYMPHALIS ANTIOPA, iklabishi, Admiral. Konke kwalezi zilwane atholakala eNyakatho eYurophu Ephakathi, kodwa kungenziwa wathuthela eningizimu ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle neze.

Kodwa Oeander hawk bhu, isibonelo, minyaka yonke kwenza babesuka Turkey naseNyakatho Afrika, e-Eastern futhi eYurophu Ephakathi. Kukhona lezi izimvemvane zohlobo, kodwa ngeshwa, iningi nenzalo yabo afe ebusika. Spring kusukela eningizimu bafudukela isizukulwane esilandelayo.

Small futhi Iziphetho

Lapha siba kuncane okwaziwayo ngaso yingakho izilwane ukwenza ukufuduka. Ngempela, izizathu zihlukene, kodwa ngifuna ukusho ezimbili ezivamile. Sonke khumbula indaba Mowgli, ikakhulukazi okwamanje lapho ehlathini kwafika nesikhathi sesomiso. Zonke izilwane bakhangwa rivulet kuphela, lapho kwakumelwe silinganiso waphawula: bonke bayalingana, ukuzingela - umgoqo. Lokhu kumikiswa senzeka, njengoba umthetho, esezingeni izindawo lapho izilwane (ikakhulukazi izakhamuzi emaqeleni, lulwimi ezingwadule, izingwadule) esikhathini nesomiso uthuthe ziyofuna ukudla namanzi kusuka endaweni endaweni, kaningi kangakanani ngabameli ungulates. Nokho, ukuhamba nezinkomo, nezimvu akuhileli Ukuthuthela abanye ezilwaneni eziyingozi (izimpisi, amanqe), abadinga ukuba eduze kokudla. Ngakho, ukudla namanzi bephoqeleka ukuba uthuthele namaqembu amakhulu izilwane izinhlobo eziningana zazo.

Sizatfu lesibalulekile - ukukhiqizwa kabusha. kufuduka Active kwezilwane ngesikhathi zikhwelwe, ngokukhethekile, ulwandle izimfudu, umxhwele futhi othakazelisayo.

Kuhanjiswe izinhlobo eziningi izilwane: eyodwa ngaphakathi kwendawo abanye ukuhamba izinkulungwane amakhilomitha ukufinyelela sezulu evumayo; abanye ukuguqula imvelo (ukukhumbula Sturgeon kanye umbokwane European).

Yebo, ukuthuthelwa zezilwane ezahlukene babe uhlamvu ezahlukene, izizathu ezahlukene, kodwa zonke bahlanganiswe into eyodwa - ukomela ukuphila.