Umthetho wemvelo kanye nesithunzi sobuntu

umthetho wemvelo - lokhu ingenye imiqondo endala mayelana nokuthi iziphi izinhlelo "Kwagqashuka umkhonto" osopolitiki, abameli nezazi zefilosofi, futhi namanje lo mbuzo uvuliwe. Nakuba uma umsuka wezimfundiso mbono, singabona ukuthi, naphezu ukumelana lesitha, yacishe iwine kwenkululeko ubudlelwane zomthetho ngamazwe. Okokuqala, kuyathakazelisa ngoba kuhlehlela emuva ezikhathini zasendulo, futhi mhlawumbe ngisho nangaphambi, kodwa waqonda njengoba imfundiso ekhethekile baba ngemva kwesikhathi eside kakhulu. Ekugcineni, New Age, kwaba omunye eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma amabili aphikisanayo emkhakheni wokuqulwa kwamacala ezinkantolo.

Nakuba ukuqonda ukuthi ezinye izakhiwo inikezwa indoda ngokwemvelo, empeleni kwakhiwa ekuseni kakhulu eGreece yasendulo, yayisetshenziswa njengomuzi wokuphumula ukulungisiswa ubugqila, kusukela ngisho Aristotle omkhulu babekholelwa ukuthi uhlobo oluthile lwabantu ziyizigqila ngokwemvelo, futhi ngenxa yokuthi abanye abangebona lucky ngokwanele ukuba azalwe free, kufanele uphathe. jurists yaseRoma lasendulo kungokwalabo welithi "umthetho wemvelo" (noma jus naturale), kodwa nenchazelo kayiyanga ukucabanga okwengeziwe abstract kakhulu. Ngo Ephakathi ukuhlanganisa imfundiso yokuziphendukela amazinga yemvelo futhi saphezulu, futhi ngenxa yalokho leli gama kwaqala ukusebenzisa ngokuyinhloko ososayensi, canonists, eba kwezinkambiso komthetho sesonto, ngokuvamile ngesisekelo yezakhi zezombusazwe.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, emibhalweni ehlukahlukene engcwele noma basezinganekwaneni noma Izikhumbuzo zokuziphatha obonakaliswe izincwadi noma izinganekwane, kancane kancane savela kwezifiso oluthile mayelana liyini iqiniso, nobulungisa, ukulingana, nokunye. Nabo futhi, kuqondwe njengelakhiwe uhlobo umthetho wemvelo, njengoba kwakunjalo ngezinga elithile indlela indoda okufanele baziphathe futhi ukuthi kusho isithunzi. isikhathi okusha Bekuba ngasuthi kulethe lokhu theory, futhi wamemezela ukuthi kukhona izinto ezisobala, laba bantu ngokwemvelo - yilokho lempilo, lenkululeko, ukulingana - futhi kungeyakho kubo lokuthi lokuzalwa. ngemibono yefilosofi, ngivuka ukuze aphephise iqiniso, abeke phambili Gugo Grotsiem ongqondongqondo abaningi Enlightment, ngokukhethekile, Holbach futhi Rousseau.

umthetho wemvelo njengoba isimiso iye kuvikelwe kule nomthetho, ezifana wamavukelambuso Declaration isiFulentshi 1789 kwi "ngamalungelo angokwemvelo engcwele 'noma" American Declaration of Independence. Nakuba kufanele licaciswe ukuthi wabaholi isiFulentshi, ubhala umbhalo sublime nenkululeko inalienable nokulingana, abesifazane wawususa ukuthi kamuva emenza ukunyakaza zabesifazane suffrage ukunyakaza. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu sokuthuthukisa mbono, ngoba ngisho abaningi kulabo ababesemsebenzini isikhundla ukuthi amalungelo athile ziyingxenye ebalulekile zokuthambekela kobuntu, practice, lapho esebenzelana nesizwe umphakathi lapho amaqembu ahlukene abantu babe izithakazelo okuphambene, walungisiswa ngokunembile leyo mithetho ukuthi ukuvikela amandla amaqembu isinqumo futhi amakilasi. Ngakho-ke, ngekhulu le-XIX, lapho le kuvisisa sakhiwo somphakathi wesintu isigcwaliseke, emvelo futhi umqondo umthetho omuhle waqala obala bhekana nomunye.

Ukuvikela kwezinkambiso kuqala futhi izimiso nemithetho "bemvelo", zefilosofi zazivame kusekelwe embonweni lokuhle engeyinhle. umthetho wemvelo kokubili classical yayo futhi ngomqondo wesimanje kuyinto iqoqo izinhlobo ezinjalo kwezimpahla ezingeke sehliselwe nomunye noma ezinye izakhi. Life, isithunzi, sociality, inkululeko, kanye nezinye izinto ezinjalo, futhi imithetho yokuziphatha okufanele luhlinzekwe indoda eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukuze aphile, hhayi khona. Umuntu angeke alithole dengwane ngenxa omunye, ukuze "ukusebenza" kuphela ekuhlanganisweni. Abakwazi angayikwaphucwa njengesijeziso noma ukuba ayeke phi of them. ke okumele izuzwe kuphela ezinhle. ithiyori Positive isekelwe "inzuzo", okungukuthi, ngombono wokuthi i-kungenzeka ukuba anikele ngale okuthile okukhulu okuhle, noma okuthize ukuze injabulo ezivamile.

Ngakho umqondo phezu kwayo amalungelo engokwemvelo yomuntu, okungukuthi, imfundiso kaZiqu-amandla anikezwe evela lokuzalwa. Awekho amandla wamnika amalungelo yena kubo akekho ubophekile ukuba futhi akazange abe ukubonga kwami. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akekho isimo noma umholi weqembu noma iqembu labantu awukwazi ukuthatha ayikho kulezi zinhlangothi, ngisho endleleni yeningi kakhulu. Ukwahlukana amalungelo okunjalo kungaba ngokomthetho uhunyushwe kuphela ukuhlukumeza ekusimameni ezidinga. Eqinisweni, umthombo yale mibuso zemvelo itholakala umqondo besithunzi inakekelwa ngisho Jean-Zhak Russo, ngoba yona kanye le impahla akuyona njengoba enjalo, okuyinto esivela kubantu futhi akukho omunye nomunye, futhi isici esivelele wonke amalungu kanye ukuphila kohlanga lwesintu, izici zomphakathi.