Russian Folk art: izinhlobo, izinhlobo, izibonelo

Sabaqashi umsebenzi bokubeka yokudala, sibonakalisa ukuphila leqembu yobuhlanga, izinhloso zakhe, izinkolelo zakhe, ithathe Folk art yeRussia. Abantu badalwa futhi yayikhona ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane epics, yezinganekwane, imizekeliso - uhlobo izinkondlo, kwakuzwakala i umculo yasekuqaleni - play, izingoma, iculo, ozithandayo umbukwane samaholide babe imikhiqizo waseshashalazini - ikakhulukazi kwaba khona inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini unodoli. Kodwa babelokhu ibekwe khona kanye idrama kanye nemidlalo satirical. Njengoba lwangena ngokujulile Russian Folk lekudala umdanso, ezibukwayo ubuciko, yobuciko neyezandla. Endulo azalelwa nangemidanso Russian. Folk art Russian yamisa isisekelo womlando art yesimanje namasiko, kuye kwaba umthombo yamasiko obuciko kanye ukubonakaliswa ungubani abantu.

Ngekukhuluma noma ngekubhala

Ukubhala izincwadi ziye zavela eminyakeni yamuva kunaleyo amagugu temlomo, temdzabu eziyigugu egcwele ibhokisi kusukela ebuqabeni. Labo kakhulu izaga, amazwi, izinto eziyindida, iculo nemidanso, iziphonso futhi kuwo ngemithandazo, epics futhi ezithandwayo ngokuthi izivimbelo a kukhanye brilliant Russian Folk art. Nendumezulu Russian lasendulo kubonakala ingokomoya zabantu bakithi, amasiko, izenzakalo zangempela, izici yasendlini, unalo futhi zaqhubeka wezenzo izinhlamvu zomlando. Ngokwesibonelo, uVladimir Red Sun, zonke isikhulu bathandekayo, wakhonza njengephayona sibonelo kwenkosana real - Vladimir Elikhulu, iqhawe Dobrynya - uMalume uVladimir Okokuqala nkosi Dobrynia. Izinhlobo temdzabu ezihlukahlukene kakhulu.

Nge kokufika kobuKristu ngekhulu leshumi iqala izincwadi ezinkulu Russian, nomlando wayo. Kancane kancane kwakhiwa ngosizo yayo ulimi Old Russian, okuyinto sekuyinto evamile. Eyokuqala amabhuku - imibhalo, elalihlotshiswe ngegolide nezinye izinsimbi eziyigugu, namatshe anenani, koqweqwe lwawo. Zibiza eqolo, ngoba abantu akabazi eside. Nokho, nge ekuqiniseni uhlelo incwadi yenkolo ukungena emagumbini ezikude kakhulu zaleli zwe isiRashiya, selokhu kwasekelwa Efrema Sirina, Ioanna Zlatousta, kanye nezinye izincwadi zenkolo ukuhumusha kwakudingekile ukwazi abantu. manje izincwadi Original ncamashi Russian lasendulo umelwe lwemilando, izimpilo abangcwele (ukuphila), imithetho bokukhuluma ( "Amagama", omunye wabo - "Beka"), ukuhamba kwakhe (noma Uhambo, travel amanothi) kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinye izinhlobo, hhayi esidumile kangaka. Ikhulu lweshumi nane wanikeza inani ukubaluleka elihlukile temdzabu izikhumbuzo. Ezinye izinhlobo zamasiko, ezifana nendumezulu, ingena esigabeni ebhaliwe. Kwakukhona "Sadko" futhi "Vasily Buslaev," kulotshwe ukuze ukuxoxa.

izibonelo Folk

Storytelling kwaba fount memory abantu. ngxabano wamaqhawe ejokeni Tatar-Mongol, nezinye abahlaseli babubatshazwa ngomlomo. Kuyinto ngokusebenzisa lezi zingoma zadalwa izindaba ezisekhona kuze kube namuhla: Battle of the Kalka River, lapho "ayisikhombisa omkhulu futhi benesibindi" misela inkululeko yethu Evpati Kolovrat, Ukuvikelwa Ryazan kusukela Batu, mayelana Mercury, walivikela Smolensk. Temdzabu Russia lalilokhu amaqiniso kuvukela Tver ngokumelene baskak Shevkal mayelana phezulu Dudenteviche, futhi lezi zingoma ayehlatshelelwa kude ubukhulu of Tver. epics Slagateli unolwazi ezikude inzalo Kulikova ensimini izenzakalo, kanye nezithombe ezindala heroes Russian zisasetshenziswa ngabantu anikezelwe ekulweni Golden zidlamlilo abantu imisebenzi.

Kuze kube sekupheleni abakhe Ngekhulu leshumi Kiev-Novgorod Russia lokubhala wayengakamazi. Nokho, lesi sikhathi doliteraturny donos ukuba kudluliswe ngomlomo kumuntu futhi izizukulwane ngezizukulwane igolide imisebenzi ngamazwi izinsuku zethu. Futhi manje imikhosi Folk art eRussia, lapho konke umsindo izingoma esifanayo, yezinganekwane epics ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule. Kuze kube namuhla izinhlobo Ukushaywa lasendulo zihlanganisa epics, iculo, izindaba, izinganekwane, nezimfumbe, amazwi, izaga. Iningi imisebenzi esekhona Folk - izinkondlo. ifomu Ivesi kwenza kube lula ngekhanda imibhalo, ngoba amaningi eminyaka temdzabu isuka kwesinye isizukulwane iya izizukulwane ngokushintsha kuya otshlifovyvayas ezifanele, ngumuntu Umxoxi abanamakhono kwenye.

izinhlobo ezincane

umthamo elincane umkhiqizo ezincane izinhlobo zamasiko. Lo mzekeliso: puns, olunamagama amaningi okunzima ukuwabiza, amazwi, amahlaya, nezimfumbe, izimpawu, amazwi, izaga, ukuthi wasinika temdzabu. Puzzle - omunye lokhu kubonakaliswa bokubeka Folk izinkondlo eladabuka ifomu ngomlomo. Allusion noma allegory, ngembaba, inkulumo okhohlisayo - incazelo engokomfanekiso ngefomu isifinyezo iyiphi into, - yilokho imfihlakalo V I. Dalyu. Ngamanye amazwi, umfanekiso engokomfanekiso imihlola yangempela noma ezinye izinto okungezona siqagele. Ngisho lapha ke kuhlinzekelwe temdzabu multivariate. Puzzle kungaba izincazelo, allegories, izinkinga, imisebenzi. Ngokuvamile basuke akhiwa izingxenye ezimbili - umbuzo bese uphendula nezimfumbe futhi otgadki sixhumene. Ngu isigaba, zingabantu ahlukahlukene futhi kuhlobene nomsebenzi nasendleleni yabo yokuphila: yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene, nemvelo, amathuluzi kanye nemisebenzi.

IzAga namazwi ezisekhona kuze kube kulesi sikhathi samanje kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo impela, kungcono Inkulumo iyafaneleka imicabango ehlakaniphile. Ngokuvamile, futhi, kukhona a-okuyingxenye ezimbili, lapho izingxenye kukhona ngokulingana futhi ngokuvamile imvumelwano. Okwakushiwo amazwi netaga ngokuvamile ngokomfanekiso oqukethe zokuziphatha. sibona ngokuvamile e izaga kanye amazwi mnogovariativnost, kukhona ezahlukeneyo eziningi izaga nokuziphatha efanayo. IzAga amazwi zihlukaniswa kusukela Ngomqondo obanzi, okuyinto ephakeme. I owayemdala kunabo bonke esukela emuva le ekhulwini weshumi nambili. Umlando temdzabu Russian uthi kube yilolu suku izaga eziningi bafika emifushane, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho elahlekile umqondo wokuqala. Ngokwesibonelo, wathi: "Kuyinto kulesi simo inja badla" lisikisela efaneleyo, kodwa abantu Russian ku ukuqhubeka ubudala: "Yebo umsila ayiminyanisa." Leyo akuyona, akusiyo okusezingeni eliphezulu kangaka.

umculo

izinhlobo oMdala Russian folk ngokuyinhloko usekelwe emisebenzini yasemahhovisi ingoma uhlobo. Iculo - iyinhlangano uhlobo lomsebenzi zomculo ngamazwi kanyekanye noma lyrical noma indaba elandiswayo, okuhloswe ngalo ngenxa nje ukucula. iculo kungaba lyrical, umdanso tune, abantu, engokomlando bonke wezwakalisa njengoba iimfuneko ngabanye, futhi imizwa yabantu abaningi, zihlale bavumelane isimo sangaphakathi lomphakathi.

Ingabe kukhona abathanda nakho, zibona on isiphetho ukuthi, uma incazelo nokuphila emphakathini noma umndeni - kufanele kube mnandi njalo izilaleli, futhi ngaphandle kokwenza isimo ingoma kwengqondo inombolo enkulu kunazo zonke zabantu ukulalela umculi ngeke. Kakhulu sifane nabantu impindamqondo reception, lapho isimo lyrical lihlehliselwe nemvelo. "Yini ivelele liyaphambuka, mncane mountain ash", "Cha ukukhanya ebusuku kodwa izinyanga", isibonelo. Futhi cishe alivamile ukuzwakala yonkana ingoma abantu lapho lokhu impindamqondo engekho. Ngisho e iculo zomlando - "Ermak", "UStepan Razin" nabanye - ke njalo ezitholakele. Kule nokucindezeleka okungokomzwelo okubangelwa yilokho ingoma kuba namandla kakhulu, futhi ingoma ngokwayo ibonwa licace okuningi.

Futhi indaba oludumile

Uhlobo Folk art wathatha ijamo kahle ngaphambi ngekhulu lesishiyagalolunye, futhi igama elithi "amaqhawe" ubonakele kuphela yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye kanye kwakusho ingoma nobuqhawe uhlamvu yeqhawe. Siyazi nendumezulu, sung ekhulwini lesishiyagalolunye, nakuba ngokuqinisekile ayengenalo ngowokuqala, nje akazange afinyelele kithi, walahlekelwa emakhulwini eminyaka. Njalo ingane owazi namaqhawe oludumile - namaqhawe ngubani Ihlanganisa ekahle lokushisekela ubuzwe kazwelonke, isibindi namandla: yomthengisi Sadko Ilya Muromets, Svyatogor giant futhi Mikula Selyaninovich. I epics ngesakhiwo kuvame ukugcwala esibalulekile ezisunguliwe isimo kodwa kakhulu abasizakali futhi kumnandi: banalo Teleport (kweso onganqoba ibanga kusuka Murom ukuba Kyïv), ingasaphathwa ibutho ukunqoba ( "indlela zokulungisa Wag - kuyoba umgwaqo njengoba Wag kwesokunxele - alley" ), futhi-ke, lesi silo: dragon ezintathu esinamakhanda - Inyoka dragon. Izinhlobo Russian Folk art in izinhlobo ngomlomo ayigcini. Kukhona izindaba ezimnandi nama-legends.

Epics zihluke inganekwane ngalolo izenzakalo ezidlule kukhona eqanjiwe ngokuphelele. Inganekwane kukhona ezimbili zama: yaseNdlunkulu kanye magic. Umndeni wayemelele abantu ehlukene kakhulu, kodwa ojwayelekile - Izikhulu namakhosazana, lamakhosi nezindlovukazi, amasosha kanye nezisebenzi, abalimi kanye nebaphristi kwezimo abavamile kakhulu. A inganekwane uqinisekile ukuheha amandla kumnandi, akhiphe zobuciko kanye izakhiwo ezimangalisayo, nokunye. Tale ngokuvamile lokuhle futhi zihluke kangaka indaba eminye imisebenzi uhlobo. Ngo inganekwane ngokuvamile iwina ezinhle kuphela, amandla obubi wahlulwa chwaneka ngazo zonke izindlela ongazicabanga njalo. Legend ngokungafani inganekwane - indaba ngamazwi mayelana isimangaliso izithombe kumnandi, umcimbi Amazing kufanele yemlandzi futhi isilaleli ubona njengoba iqiniso. Saze safika ezinganekwaneni yobuqaba mayelana kwasekelwa izwe, ezweni lendabuko, yizilwandle izizwe nezigigaba eziningi kokubili izinhlamvu futhi eziqanjiwe ukuze yangempela.

Namuhla

Modern Russian Folk art akakwazi ukumela ngokunembile isiko yobuhlanga, njengoba lokhu isiko - preindustrial. Noma yimuphi isiphetho yesimanje - edolobhaneni komncane kuya komkhulu kunabo muzi - kuyinto Fusion kwamaqembu ezinhlanga ezihlukahlukene, futhi ukukhula okungokwemvelo ngamunye ngaphandle kuhlangana futhi ukuboleka akunakwenzeka. Yini manje ubizwa ngokuthi abantu art kuwuhlelo stylization ngamabomu, folklorisation, okuyiwona kukhona ubuciko professional leyo liphefumulelwe izisusa yobuhlanga.

Ngezinye izikhathi kuba umsebenzi amateur, efana isiko mass, futhi umsebenzi netingcweti temsebenti. Uzokwenza kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi okumsulwa kakhulu futhi namanje okhulayo angabhekwa yezandla kuphela - yobuciko neyezandla. Kukhona namanje ikhona, ngaphezu professional, zobuzwe lokusungula, nakuba uye eside ukukhiqizwa wagqoka elihambayo kanye namathuba Improvisation muncu.

Abantu kanye nekhono lokusungula

Yini abantu ukuthini abantu? Inani labantu base-zwe, isizwe. Kodwa, isibonelo, eRussia kukhona amashumi yasekuqaleni zobuzwe Folk art inezici ezijwayelekile ezitholakala ku isamba tonkhe tinhlanga tebantfu. Isi-Chuvash, isiTatar, iMari, ngisho amaChukchi - kuwumsebenzi yesimanje bezinsimbi, abaculi, abaklami musa ukuboleka ukuphelela komunye nomunye? Kodwa ngezici zazo ezivame kugaywe isiko abayizicukuthwane. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi sinefu, ngaphezu onodoli, sinalo umkhiqizo ezinye ukuthekelisa, ngubani Ukushayela kwezindlela ikhadi sibe ngabantu sonke. ukuphikiswa Ubuncane, esiphezulu ubunye Imininingwane ngaphakathi isizwe, ngakho lena isiqondiso yobuciko yesimanje lezizwe yeRussia. Namhlanje:

• yobuzwe (folklorizirovannoe) lokusungula,
• lokusungula amateur,
• lokusungula zabantu abavamile,
• lokusungula amateur.

Ukuqalekela umsebenzi yobuhle uyaphila, inqobo nje uma lowo muntu uyaphila. Yingakho namuhla ubuciko elichumayo.

Art, umdlalo yokudala

Art kuyinto elite, isiko professional kudinga ithalente kokuvamile usebenza - inkomba yokuthi ezingeni yentuthuko yobuhle isintu. Ukuze ubuhlobo temdzabu it has kancane kakhulu, ngaphandle ugqozi: bonke abaqambi, isibonelo, wabhala umculo, usebenzisa Ihubo Folk songs. Kodwa akudingeki kube, angisho ingoma yesintu. Heritage of isiko wendabuko - lokusungula kube inkomba yokuthi ithimba ukuthuthukiswa noma ngabanye. isiko okunjalo ingaqala ngempumelelo futhi ngokucophelela. Waba yini umphumela wesibindi isiko mass njengoba umthakathi isifanekiso, kuyisipho esivela kwalaba bantu ukuze ukuphindaphinda nokwenzeka - kuba wokuzilibazisa, aesthetics lolu hlobo, esiklanyelwe ukususa ingcindezi kusukela mechanicalness zokuphila kwanamuhla.

Lapha uzophawula ezinye izimpawu ekuqaleni primordial, e lobuciko Folk art udonsa izingqikithi zayo kanye esebenzisa inkulumo. Lena izinqubo lalivamile: ukwelukwa, efekethisiwe, ukubaza, ekwakheni futhi usakaze, imidwebo zokuhlobisa, nginyathela, nokunye. Iqiniso Folk art ubengazi izinguquko ukungafani izitayela nobuciko iminyaka eyinkulungwane. Manje-ke kakhulu ahlanganiswe ku wesimanje Folk art. I degree of stylization kuyahlukahluka kanye ubunjalo ukuqonda zonke izisusa ubudala aqashiwe.

yobuciko neyezandla

Selokhu kwaqala kudala eyaziwa Folk isicelo art yeRussia. Lona mhlawumbe zilwane kuphela eliye akukho zinguquko eziyisisekelo kuze kube namuhla. Lezi zinto kusukela kudala kuze kube yilolu suku ehlotshisiwe futhi sithuthukise ekhaya futhi ukuphila emphakathini. izikebhe yasemaphandleni yingcweti ngisho isakhiwo sasivumela eziyinkimbinkimbi, kuyasiza empilweni yesimanje.

Nakuba manje zonke lezi zinto zingekho kangaka newusizo njengoba umthwalo yobuhle. Lokhu ubucwebe kanye kuzwakala, amathoyizi, futhi umhlobiso ingaphakathi. izindawo futhi izifunda ezehlukene zinezidingo izinhlobo yabo ubuciko, yezandla kanye nemisebenzi yezandla. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke futhi letinemibala lehlukene tibalulekile okulandelayo.

Scarves kanye samovars

Orenburg itshali - lokhu itshali, scarves efudumele futhi esindayo futhi isisindo kanye shawls-webs. amaphethini Ukwaluka elafika esekude, ahlukile, bona abone eyiqiniso ngomqondo ngokuvumelana, ubuhle, ukuze. Izimbuzi Orenburzhye ekhethekile futhi, izimpaphe ukunikeza engavamile, kungashiwo baphotha mncane futhi iqine. Ngaphansi esiphakade Orenburg knitters futhi Tula sezingcweti. Azizange amaphayona: zethusi samovar lokuqala itholwe ekumbeni we iVolga idolobha Dubovka, sihlehlela emuva ekuqaleni kokutholakala Ephakathi.

ERussia itiye ubanjwe on ekhulwini lesikhombisa. Kodwa samovar workshop lokuqala besaphila e Tula. Lolu Phiko luqondene namanje nodumo, itiye ukuphuza kusuka samovar phezu Izigaxa zikaphayini - ngempela evamile Cottages. Ziyakwazi ezihlukahlukene kakhulu ngesimo, umhlobiso - imiphongolo, isitsha sezimbali, ibhecwe lettering, embossing, imigexo nezibaya Cranes, imisebenzi yokuqala yobuciko, futhi elula kakhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Kakade ekuqaleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye ku Tula samovars ekhiqizwa kuze kube 1200 ngonyaka! Bakhandwa ithengiswe ngesilinganiso. Brass kuwufanele ayisithupha nane ruble Pud ngalinye, futhi obomvu zethusi - ayisishiyagalolunye. Kuyinto imali eningi.