Dzhon Fon Neyman: Biography futhi lwezincwadi

Ngubani von Neumann? Igama lakhe ajwayelekile uquqaba ezehlukene zomphakathi, usosayensi abaphefumulelwe babengayazi intshisekelo enkulu izibalo ephakeme. Into ukuthi uye wazakhela logic olunzulu ukusebenza ikhompyutha. Kuze kube manje, it is ukusebenza ngo izigidi ekhaya kanye nehhovisi amakhompyutha.

Impumelelo enkulu ka Neumann

Wabizwa umshini indoda-zezibalo, indoda logic lengenamaphutsa. Yena thokozani ngobuqotho lapho ehlangana nzima umsebenzi lomqondo ukuthi akudingi nje kuphela imvume, kodwa futhi ngaphambi ukudalwa leli thuluzi esiyingqayizivele. Usosayensi yena, ngesizotha yakhe evamile, kancane, eminyakeni yamuva - amaphuzu amathathu - ukufunda iminikelo wakhe wezibalo:

- isisekelo quantum Mechanics;

- ukudalwa imfundiso yokuziphendukela opharetha asinamingcele;

- theory ergodic.

Akazange asho nokusho iminikelo yakhe kuyinkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela imidlalo, ukuvela amakhompyutha electronic, Automata theory. Lokhu kuyaqondakala, ngoba wabonisana mayelana mathematics zezemfundo, lapho impumelelo yakhe kubonakale Izingqungquthela njengoba umxhwele ingqondo yomuntu, kanye isebenza Anri Puankare, uDavide Hilbert, Germana Veylya.

Nobudlelwano sangvinistichesky uhlobo

Nakuba nabo bonke abangani bakhe bakhumbula + ukuthi kanye nekhono okungaphezu kokomuntu ukuze basebenze, von Neumann usuzwa kakhulu namahlaya, kwaba Umxoxi abakhaliphile nekhaya lakhe Princeton (ngemva kokuthuthela e-United States) yaziwa ngokuthi wokungenisa izihambi kakhulu futhi benobungane. Friends of umphefumulo awusebenzi chayali ngisho iso ngokuthi umane ngegama noJohnny.

Yena wayengumbulali sezibalo atypical kakhulu. isithakazelo Hungarian kubantu, inhlebo yakhe bayabukana sengathi bafuna ukuhleka ngokungavamile. Nokho, kwamenelisa kakhulu uyabubekezelela ubuthakathaka bobuntu. Into kuphela ukuthi wayefuna ulalelwe ngenkani - ukungathembeki zezemfundo.

Usosayensi efana ukuqoqa nobuthakathaka bobuntu futhi nezimfanelo ezingavamile zomunye i lwetinhlelo ukuphambuka izibalo. Wayethanda umlando, izincwadi, encyclopedic ngekhanda amaqiniso kanye nezinsuku. Von Neumann ngaphandle ulimi lwendabuko ngokushelelayo okhuluma isiNgisi, isiJalimane, isiFulentshi. Wakhuluma, nakuba ayengafiki ngaphandle amaphutha, ngeSpanishi. Ngafunda Latin nesiGreki.

Kwakubukeka njengolimi le genius? umuntu ogcwele ukuphakama medium isudu empunga nge Gait izinyawo, kodwa engalingani, kodwa ngandlela-thile angesabi kuyashesha futhi decelerating. Ifinyelela inhliziyo amehlo. onekhono elihle lokuxoxa. Ngezihloko ezithakazelisayo ongakhuluma naye amahora.

Ebuntwaneni futhi intsha

Biography von Neumann iqala 23.12.1903 ngonyaka. Ngalolo suku e Budapest ku umnikazi umndeni Max von Neumann János azalwe, kwase kunguye omdala emadodaneni amathathu. It kuye esikhathini esizayo kulo lonke elaseMelika babe noJohane. Kungakanani kusho imfundo efanele ekuphileni komuntu, ukuthuthukisa amakhono abo angokwemvelo! Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba isikole waqasha John okulungiselelwe othisha uyise. imfundo yesibili lithole mfana elite LamaLuthela sokuzivocavoca. By the way, naye naye wafundelwa E. Wigner, silindele ikusasa, owazuza indondo.

Khona-ke le nsizwa iziqu University of Budapest. Ukuze injabulo yakhe, ngisho esikoleni esiphakeme ngenkathi János wahlangana uthisha wezibalo Laslo Amagundane. Yilokhu uthisha ngohlamvu capital lanikezwa umfana ukuvula esikhathini esizayo genius zezibalo. Wethula ku kwesiyingi Hungarian János elite zezibalo, lapho i-violin okokuqala ukudlala Lipot Fejér. Ngenxa ukusekelwa M. Fekete noJ von Neumann Kyurshaka kakade ngesikhathi kamatikuletsheni wathola e Academia idumela ithalente abasha. isiqalo sakhe kwaba sekuqaleni ngempela. iphepha lakhe lokuqala kwezesayensi, "On the ukusatshalaliswa amaqanda ubuncane Polynomials" János wabhala eneminyaka engu-iminyaka engu-17.

Zothando futhi zakudala iphuma zibe munye

Neumann imele phakathi zezibalo zihlaba for yokusebenza kwalo ngezindlela eziningi. Ngaphandle, mhlawumbe, kuphela imfundiso yokuziphendukela izinombolo, zonke ezinye amagatsha wezibalo ngezindlela ezingafani babethonywe imibono zezibalo Hungarian. Ososayensi (ngezigaba B. Oswald) Kuphakathi Romantics (ugesi imibono), noma zabuna (akwazi ukukhipha imiphumela imibono kwakha umbono ephelele.) Kungaba kwenziwe isibaluli zombili izinhlobo. Mela ukuzwakala imisebenzi emikhulu Neumann ngemuva, ngaleyo ndlela wokugubha izindawo wezibalo lapho iphathelene.

1. Setha theory :

- "On the axioms yesethi theory" (1923).

- "Ukuze Hilbert theory ubufakazi" (1927).

2. Game theory:

- "Ngo-mbono yokuziphendukela imidlalo amasu" (1928).

- umsebenzi Esiyinhloko "ukuziphatha wezoMnotho kanye umhlinzeki womhlalo" (1944).

3. Quantum Mechanics:

- "Ngesisekelo quantum Mechanics" (1927).

- Incwadi ethi "Izikhwama Mathematical ka-Quantum Mechanics" (1932).

4. theory Ergodic:

- "On the algebra opharetha obusebenzayo .." (1929).

- Uchungechunge imisebenzi "Ngo amasongo opharetha" (1936 - 1938).

5. Izicelo ukudala kukhompyutha:

- "kombhala wenombolo yama-matrices oda okusezingeni eliphezulu" (1938).

- "enengqondo futhi Jikelele Theory ka Automata" (1948).

- "Synthesis izinhlelo okunokwethenjelwa oluxube alithembekile" (1952).

Ekuqaleni Dzhon Fon Neyman kulinganiselwa ikhono lomuntu ukuze matasa nesayensi esithandayo. Ngokusho kwakhe, isandla sikaNkulunkulu kunikezwa abantu ukuthuthukisa izibalo amakhono futhi engu-26 ubudala. Kwaba ukuqala ekuseni, ngokusho ososayensi, ngokuyisisekelo ezibalulekile. Khona-ke, ngesikhathi amalungu aleli "Indlovukazi wesayensi", isikhathi eliyinkimbinkimbi okhokhelwayo.

Growing sibonga emashumini bomsebenzi ziqu, ngokuvumelana Neumann, ke ivala isikhala Ukwehla amakhono angokwemvelo. Nokho, ngisho nangemva kweminyaka eminingi, usosayensi ovelele kanye nokusebenza wezingoma onekhono, emangalisayo, ekubeni elingapheli ngokulungiswa imisebenzi ebalulekile. Ngokwesibonelo, isisekelo zezibalo kwenani theory wamthatha nje kweminyaka emibili. Ucwaningo ukujula, kwaba okulingana amashumi eminyaka umsebenzi wonke wezesayensi.

Kumigomo von Neumann

Lapho ngokuvamile yayiqala izifundo zabo Neumann abasha mayelana imisebenzi osolwazi ovelele wathi "lo izimpiko bengonyama ufunde"? Yena kuqalile ukuxazulula inkinga, kuqala washayelwa simiso axioms.

Ake sithathe endabeni ethile. Yiziphi izimiso ka von Neumann, yisikhathi ekwakhiweni ifilosofi yabo zezibalo ekwakheni i-computer? axioms yabo okunengqondo eyinhloko. Ingabe akukhona lokho umuzwa yesayensi brilliant wafaka lezi zithembiso!

Ziyakwazi okuqinile neziqinile, nakuba umhlaziyi okubhaliwe, lapho ikhompyutha wayengakabi emehlweni:

1. Ezamakhompiyutha kudingeka sisebenze izinombolo amelwe ezihamba ngakubili. Kugcine kuhlobene nezinga izakhiwo Semiconductors.

2. Inqubo Computing kuveza umshini, kulawulwa esebenzisa uhlelo lokulawula, okuyinto ukulandelana ehlelekileko imiyalo elisebenzisekayo.

3. Imemori ye-computer yenza umsebenzi ezimbili: isitoreji nedatha kanye nezinhlelo. Futhi labo nabanye okubhalwe kanambambili. Ukufinyelela uhlelo iyafana ukufinyelela idatha. Ngokusho uhlobo idatha ziyafana, kodwa kuhluke indlela processing futhi ufinyelela iseli inkumbulo.

4. Memory amaseli ikhompyutha Addressable. Ngezinye ikheli ethile, ungahlala ukufinyelela idatha egcinwe esitokisini. Ngakho umsebenzi izinhlelo eziguquguqukayo.

5. Ilungiselelo umyalelo ukubulawa eziyingqayizivele imiyalo nangokusebenzisa izitatimende okunemibandela. Noma kunjalo, ngeke agijime ngokulandelana engokwemvelo amarekhodi abo, futhi lokhu okulandelayo uhlelo ecacisiwe sokukhomba inguquko.

zesayensi umxhwele

Outlook Neumann bavunyelwe ukuthola imibono zezibalo emhlabeni wonke imihlola ngokomzimba. izimiso John von Neumann kwakhiwa umsebenzi wokudala ndawonye ukudala EDVAK ikhompyutha ne ososayensi ngokomzimba.

Omunye wabo ogama lakhe lingu-Ulamu wakhumbula ukuthi uJohane waziqonda ngokushesha ukucabanga kwabo-ke engqondweni yakhe ukuhumusha bayifaka ilimi le-IiMbalo. Ukuvumela inkulumo ethi zavela futhi wesifunda (prikidochnye ekubaleni usosayensi ngokuphazima kweso akhiqizwa ingqondo), it is ngaleyo ndlela kuqondwe umnyombo wenkinga. Futhi kule ngxenye yokugcina umsebenzi owenziwa Hungarian deductive siguqulwe emuva abakutholile ukuba "ulimi physics," futhi wanikeza ulwazi lakamuva kakhulu ukuthi abamangaza osebenza nabo.

deductive okunjalo kwaba nethonya elinamandla ozakwabo owaba nengxenye ekuthuthukiseni iphrojekthi.

umsebenzi ukucabanga Analytical ikhompyutha

Izimiso ukusebenza ikhompyutha von Neumann inikeza imishini ehlukile futhi izingxenye software. Uma ushintsha uhlelo izuzwe ukusebenza angenamkhawulo. Usosayensi ephethwe kahle kakhulu analytically ukuhlonza izakhi eziyinhloko obusebenzayo kohlelo esizayo. Njengoba i-elementi lokulawula, ecabanga ke impendulo. Usosayensi wanika igama idivayisi amayunithi ukusebenza, okuyinto eyaba isihluthulelo ikusasa inguquko ulwazi. Ngakho, i-computer ngengqondo von Neumann lalinabashumayeli:

- inkumbulo computer noma isitoreji sedivayisi (esifushanisiwe - SP);

- kweyunithi izibalo-logic (Alu);

- i-control unit (CU);

- amadivayisi input bese okukhipha.

Ngisho ngokuhlala kwelinye ngekhulu, sikwazi ukubona kubo izuzwe logic brilliant like i Epiphany, isambulo. Nokho, kwaba ngempela? Ngemva kwakho konke isakhiwo ngenhla, empeleni kwaba isithelo umsebenzi eziyingqayizivele imishini okunengqondo ngefomu, igama okuyinto abantu - Neiman.

Mathematics yaba ithuluzi wakhe oyinhloko. Ngendlela enhle kakhulu ezibhaliwe mayelana into enjalo, ngeshwa, isiyi-classic ngasekupheleni Umberto Eco. "Genius njalo ukudlala ngesinye sezinqumo. Kodwa umdlalo brilliant ukuze lo mdlalo kuhlanganisa zonke ezinye izakhi! "

umdwebo obusebenzayo ikhompyutha

By the way, ukuqonda kwakhe lesi sazi isayensi kushiwo esihlokweni "Mathematics". Inqubekela phambili yimuphi isayensi kubhekwa ngokuqondene namandla ayo ukuba emkhakheni zezibalo indlela izinyathelo. Lokho ukumodeliswa zezibalo olwenziwa kubo buye baba ingxenye ebalulekile kokusungulwa oshiwo ngenhla. Ngokuvamile, i-classical sesakhiwo von Neumann wabheka ngakho, njengoba kuboniswe kulo mdwebo.

Leli cebo isebenza ngale ndlela: idatha yoqobo, futhi uhlelo fed ohlelweni ngokusebenzisa i kwidivaysi yokufakwayo. Ngemva kwalokho okwenziwa i-arithmetic logic unit (Alu). It engikhiphela imiyalo. Ngamunye wabo iqukethe imininingwane: kulokho amaseli kufanele uthathe idatha ukuthengiselana kubo ukwenza, kuphi ukusindisa yi (okokugcina luyasetshenziswa kwimemori - imemori). Idatha okukhiphayo nakho kungaba okukhipha ngqo nge idivayisi. Kulokhu (njengoba kuqhathaniswa isitoreji kwimemori), basuke ingashintshwa ukuze Umbono womuntu.

General Administration kanye nokudidiyela amayunithi ngenhla kwesakhiwo kunqunywa control unit (CU). Ilawula umsebenzi onikelwe counter hlelo, okuholela accounting okuqinile oda ngokubulawa kwabo.

Isenzakalo zomlando

Ukuze ezibucayi, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi umsebenzi ukudalwa ikhompyutha wayesalokhu ngokuhlanganyela. Ezamakhompiyutha Von Neumann akhiwa-oda kanye nemali Ballistic Laboratory US amabutho ahlomile. isehlakalo zomlando, ngenxa okuyinto umsebenzi wonke eyenziwa ososayensi GROUP isibaluli John von Neumann, wazalwa ngephutha. Iqiniso lokuthi incazelo jikelele izakhiwo (okuyinto ithunyelwa wezesayensi ukuze ibuyekezwe) ngenhla tifaka ekhatsi isignesha olulodwa ekhasini lokuqala. Futhi kwaba isignesha Neumann. Ngakho, ngenxa imithetho yokubhaliswa imiphumela ososayensi ucwaningo ube nomuzwa wokuthi umlobi yawo wonke lo msebenzi bekulokhu global Hungarian owaziwa.

esikhundleni isiphetho

Uzokwenza kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ngisho nanamuhla izinga sezibalo esikhulu ekukhuleni imibono ikhompyutha kudlulwe amakhono impucuko yesimanje. Ikakhulukazi, umsebenzi von Neumann aphakanyisiwe enikeza ulwazi izinhlelo amathuba nokuzala. Futhi zokugcina, umsebenzi sidle ka bakhe ngokuthi sverhaktualno ngisho namuhla: "I-computer futhi ebuchosheni."