EChernobyl inhlekelele: izici izimbangela

April 26, 2016 umhlaba wonke ovuthayo amakhandlela wakhumbula nenhlekelele esesabekayo ihlukaniswe umlando ku-ngaphambi nangemva kweminyaka engu-30 ngemva eChernobyl inhlekelele. Apreli 26 - ngosuku lapho abantu eMhlabeni iplanethi baye bafunda indlela singaziphatha ngokungathi athomu "ngokuthula." Cishe kuwo wonke amazwe aseYurophu wayizwa nemiphumela kugqamuke amalangabi esikhungweni sokuphehla eChernobyl amandla enuzi.

black usuku

EChernobyl inhlekelele - yonke indawo ngenxa yokuqhuma futhi kubhujiswa lesi enuzi ngokuhlakaza sesine - senzeka ngesikhathi eChernobyl amandla plant. Ukuqhuma kwenzeke ngobusuku 26 ku-April 1986 ngonyaka 01:24. Abafileyo ebusuku emzini bonke abantu babelele, futhi akekho okusolakala ukuthi lolu suku kuzoshintsha ukuphila kwamakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu.

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, njalo ngonyaka ensimini ka-republic ezwe elaliyiSoviet kulusuku inkumbulo nhlekelele eChernobyl njengoba esibi kunazo kanye ingozi ezinzima kakhulu amandla enuzi.

Incazelo emfushane EChernobyl

EChernobyl inhlekelele okwenzeka Nuclear Power Plant (CNPP), etholakala kwi insimu Ukraine SSR (manje Ukraine), ezintathu nje ukusuka edolobheni Pripyat, futhi angaba yikhulu ukusuka Kiev - enhlokodolobha Ukraine SSR kanye Ukraine yesimanje. Ngesikhathi le ngozi e Pripyat labantu cishe 50,000 izakhamuzi, futhi abaningi babo babesebenza at isikhungo esiphehla ugesi wenuzi, okuyinto sidla cishe wonke umuzi.

Ngosuku le nhlekelele esiteshini usebenza amayunithi ezine, ukwehluleka omunye okwakuyigama imbangela yale ngozi. Enye amayunithi ezimbili ezakhiwa futhi ezase ungene msebenzi.

EChernobyl amandla plant wawunamandla kangangokuba 1/10 enikeziwe zonke izidingo kagesi eU.SSR sika.

Ukwehluleka amandla wesine

EChernobyl inhlekelele kwenzeka ngo-1986. Lokhu kwenzeke ngoMgqibelo, April 26, engxenyeni ebusuku yesibili. Ngenxa yalokho ukuthi kugqamuke amalangabi enamandla iyunithi wesine yakhe yacekeleka phansi ngokuphelele futhi ayisekho lilungiswe. Esikhathini imizuzwana yokuqala esiteshini, kwashona abasebenzi ababili abayizifebe ngaleso sikhathi e iseduze ophendulayo. umlilo uqale ngokushesha. Amazinga ophendulayo yayiphezulu ukuze konke kwakukhona (okusansimbi, ukhonkolo, isihlabathi, fuel), kwancibilika.

EChernobyl inhlekelele usuku laba mnyama amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu. Ukukhululwa izinto radioactive kubangele ezinzima kwazo imisebe hhayi kuphela e-USSR, kodwa futhi yonke iYurophu.

Ukulandelana kwezenzakalo ngokohlelo lwezikhathi ingozi

Apreli 25 kwakudingeka ukulungiswa lohleliwe we ophendulayo, kanye ukuhlolwa wombuso omusha we ophendulayo. Ngaphambi kokuba umsebenzi wokulungisa iye kakhulu ziyancipha ngu protocol samandla ophendulayo ngaleso sikhathi-ke wayesenza umsebenzi% 20-30 kuphela ukusebenza kwawo ngempumelelo. Mayelana uhlelo ukulungisa njengoba Ukupholisa eziphuthumayo we ophendulayo ivaliwe. Ngenxa yalokho, amandla okukhipha lehla 500 MW, ngesikhathi force egcwele ke Ingasheshisa kuze kufinyelele 3200 MW. Duzane isigamu kwamabili opharetha lihluleka ukugcina amandla ophendulayo ezingeni wombuso, futhi uwile ukuba cishe zero.

Abasebenzi wathatha izinyathelo zokwandisa amandla, futhi imizamo yabo ethwele impumelelo - waqala ukukhula. Nokho, ORM (tekusebenta reactivity margin) yayiqhubeka. Lapho ufika umthamo 200 MW, kuhlanganise amaphampu eziyisishiyagalombili, okubalwa ezengeziwe. Kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi, Ukupholisa ngomoya ophendulayo lalilincane, ngenxa nezoqala ukwandisa kancane kancane izinga lokushisa ngaphakathi ophendulayo is maduze safinyelela ukuvala abacaphuni.

Ukuhlolwa kuhlelwe nge okwandisa amandla ophendulayo kwaqala ngo 1:23:04. Qala kwaba yimpumelelo, futhi amandla ekuqaleni ukukhula ngokushesha. ukwanda okungaka Kwakuhlelwe, kanye nabasebenzi esiteshini enganikanga ke ukunakwa ngokwanele. Kakade 1:23:38 ke bafaka isicelo i-alamu, bese isivivinyo kwadingeka ukuba inqanyulwe ngokushesha ayeke wonke umsebenzi futhi nibuyisele ophendulayo esimweni saso sokuqala. Kodwa ukuhlola usaqhubeka. A imizuzwana embalwa kamuva, uhlelo ethola alamu yokwanda okusheshayo e amandla ophendulayo, futhi kwenzeka ngesikhathi 01:24 eChernobyl inhlekelele - kwakuzwakala ukuqhuma. I ophendulayo wesine yakhe yacekeleka phansi ngokuphelele, kanye ukukhululwa izinto radioactive emkhathini waqala.

Ezinye izinto okungenzeka yengozi

Embikweni ngo-1993 washo yezizathu ezilandelayo ngoba yengozi ophendulayo:

• izimbungulu amandla plant izisebenzi eziningi, kanye ukwephulwa wemithetho isilingo.
• Ukuqhubeka komsebenzi, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lo ophendulayo baziphathe okuyiphutha, abasebenzi bafuna ukuqeda ukuhlola, kumnyama kubomvu.
• I ophendulayo ayikanye uhambisane izindinganiso zokuphepha, njengoba kwadingeka eziningi izinkinga eziphawulekayo kwesakhiwo.
• Abasebenzi abasha abakuqondanga isici ne ophendulayo.
• ukukhulumisana akukuhle phakathi opharetha ophendulayo.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, Chornobyl nhlekelele yenzeke ngenxa ukwanda engalawuliwe amandla enuzi ngokuhlakaza, kufe zazo engasakwazi.

Ezinye athungatha Imbangela yengozi alikho iphutha ukusebenza, futhi whims bemvelo. Ngaleso sikhathi, lapho ngizwa ukuqhuma, salotshwa ukushaqeka zokuzamazama komhlaba, okungukuthi, ngokusho version ukuzamazama komhlaba ezincane kubange ukuntengantenga ophendulayo.

Kukhona enye inguqulo yezimbangela yengozi - a umdlalo. Ubuholi Soviet wafuna saboteurs, nje ukugwema ukuqashelwa iqiniso lokuthi ophendulayo Yakhiwa kwephula umthetho futhi kubasebenzi abasebenza ayengemaningi njengoba ifanelekela afeze izivivinyo enjalo.

Imiphumela le nhlekelele yaseChernobyl

EChernobyl inhlekelele usuku esabulala abantu abaningi. Kusukela ukuqhuma wafa amalungu amabili esiteshini, omunye ukhonkolo polotka nciphisa, wesibili wafa ekuseni ngenxa yokulimala akuthola. kabi kakhulu kuthinteka nakulabo abahileleka ukususwa iminonjana yengozi - 134 esiteshini abasebenzi kanye namalungu abatakuli abavezwe eziqine ray ngemisebe. Bonke athuthukile ukugula ngemisebe, 28 babo bafa ngenxa ukungcoliswa emisebeni ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa.

Lapho kuzwakala umsindo yokuqhuma kwebhomu ngokushesha asabela ngayo izicishamlilo edolobheni. Umyalo yabusa Telyatnikov ezinkulu. izenzo Desperate Telyatnikova nethimba lakhe baye basiza anqande ukusakazeka kwezindaba umlilo, kungenjalo imiphumela kwakuyoba inhlekelele ngaphezulu. Telyatnikov yena wasinda kuphela ngenxa nokuhlinzwa ubuchopho eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinemininingwane, okwakumenza abe eNgilandi. Eyokuqala izikhulu yesehlakalo kufika iqembu lamabutho uLieutenant Pravik, owafa ngenxa ukuchayeka esindayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo wabulala futhi uLieutenant Kibenok zafika ngemva nje Pravik.

Ngu lesithupha ekuseni umlilo ephethwe ukucindezela umlilo. Zonke Bendawo ngalobo busuku abazange bazi lapho ushiya ukuthi ophendulayo iqhume, njalo ungafaki ngisho izindlela zokuvikeleka ngemisebe.

Izicishamlilo wenza feat ebusuku silukhumbula manje. Kuphela sibonga ubuqhawe babo nokuzidela angaqhuma le ophendulayo wasithathu, umhla ixhunywe ku owesine kwaba iseduze ke. Ukube bekungekhona ukuthi isibindi izicishamlilo, ngemiphumela ukuqhuma omunye ophendulayo kungaba nzima ukucabanga. Ngakho-ke, noma yimuphi umcimbi anikezelwe eChernobyl inhlekelele kufanele bahloniphe inkumbulo izicishamlilo owadela ukuphila kwabo ekulweni umlilo eChernobyl. Bangqoba izwe ovela nenhlekelele enkulu.

Kakade ihora elilodwa emva Bendawo yengozi banyukubala ekuguleni ngemisebe futhi iningi labo abaye iyahola, abulawa. Apreli 26 eChernobyl kuvele esabulala abantu abaningi.

Kwabe sekwenzekani. ukuthuthwa kwabantu ngenxa yengozi

Ekuseni ngo-Ephreli 27 (kusukela le ngozi yenzeke amahora angu-36, kuyilapho kwadingeka bashiye ngokushesha) umyalezo wadluliselwa ngomsakazo izakhamuzi Pripyat ebesezilungele bawushiye lowo muzi. Khona-ke bona abazange bazi ukuthi ngaphezulu emakhaya, ngeke babuyele kulo.

Apreli 28 umyalezo wokuqala wathunyelwa ukuthi kwakukhona nhlekelele ngesikhathi eChernobyl amandla enuzi, kodwa ukuthi iqhume a ophendulayo engakaze watshela. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, inani labantu ngaphakathi endaweni engaba amakhilomitha angu-30 iye bashiye ngokuphelele. Nokho, izakhamuzi bathi uzokwazi ubuye izinsuku ezintathu. Cishe sekuyiminyaka engu amathathu, kodwa uhlala e-emaphethelweni Pripyat futhi eChernobyl, bona namanje bengayi.

amandla laseSoviet kakhulu alisho lutho olunye Iqiniso ukuqhuma ophendulayo, ngalokhu abezindaba, futhi inkulumo awuzange ke lonke lelo zwe kugujwa Meyi 1 - Labor Day.

Ukuqedwa ngemiphumela. Akekho owaziyo namaqhawe

Ukuze ayisuse imiphumela yale ngozi futhi "seal" lo ophendulayo lamiswa umsebenzi okhethekile, elimalungu alo owanquma ukuhoxisa ku ophendulayo inhlanganisela ekhethekile lomthofu futhi boron-equkethe dilomitov izimali. Ezinsukwini eziyishumi kamuva, i-akuxhomekile elikhulu lempi kufika ku-zone 30-ikhilomitha, ukuze ugweme Ukungena kwabantu ngobuningi kanye nabo beza lapha ososayensi kanye Bendawo yengozi.

Ngonyaka wokuqala inani lezisebenzi eziphuthumayo ifinyelele kubantu ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 300. Kuze isikhathi sethu inani Bendawo wasukuma ukuze abantu abayizinkulungwane 600. Abantu esebenza amashifu, ngoba babengakwazi eside sikhuthazele ngemiphumela yokukhishwa kwemisebe, lapho abanye abantu besishiyile, futhi esikhundleni sabo kwalethwa entsha. Ukwehlukanisa unaphakade wabhubhisa enuzi, kwanqunywa ukuba ukwakha kubo okuthiwa "sarcophagus". I sarcophagus lokuqala lakhiwa izinsuku 206 futhi laqedwa ngo-November 1986.

Cishe ngonyaka ukubamba lo mcimbi. EChernobyl inhlekelele waziwa emhlabeni wonke, kodwa Bendawo eziningi awaziwa. Akukona nabalingisi, hhayi osaziwayo elikhanyayo zomphakathi abadlala enkundleni isibindi mbumbulu yezikhulu. Ziyakwazi namaqhawe abazama wenza konke angakwenza ukuze ukunciphisa izinga kwazo imisebe ngangokunokwenzeka. Banika ezimpilweni zabo wasisindisa.

Umhlaba ukuphendula umphakathi

EChernobyl inhlekelele (izithombe kungabonwa esihlokweni) Ngokushesha waziwa emhlabeni wonke: kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu itjheje yamazinga aphezulu ngendlela engavamile lemisebe bahlabe umkhosi, futhi iqiniso yembulwa. Ngemva emhlabeni wafunda nhlekelele yaseChernobyl, cishe ukwakhiwa esikhungweni samandla enuzi ime emazweni amaningi. I-United States kanye naseNtshonalanga Yurophu ngaphambi 2002 ungazange eyakhelwe iyiphi sokuphehla amandla enuzi. Ososayensi emhlabeni wonke kufanele usebenze ehlukile imithombo energy. Ngezinye eU.SSR esifanayo ngaphambi kwale ngozi kwakuhlelwe ukwakha 10 ezifana izitshalo amandla futhi inqwaba yamanye sikhungo ezisebenza kakade iziteshi, kodwa zonke izinhlelo isivaliwe kusukela izenzakalo 26 Apreli. EChernobyl inhlekelele wabonisa indlela ebulalayo kungaba "ngokuthula" athomu.

ukukhishwa zone

Ngaphandle Pripyat bashiywa namakhulu zasemizaneni encane. 30-ikhilomitha zone emhlabeni esiteshini waqala ngokuthi "ukukhishwa zone." ukungcola okukhulu yonke indawo ngaphansi km 200. zithinteka kakhulu, Zhytomyr futhi Kyïv esifundeni, Ukraine, futhi Belarus - Gomel oblast eRussia - Bryansk esifundeni. Izilonda emisebeni Kuye kwatholakala ngisho Finland, Norway Sweden kanye, ikakhulukazi amahlathi abathintekayo.

Inombolo enesifo somdlavuza ngemuva ukwehluleka kunyuke kakhulu. Iningi baqala ukuhlupheka ngenxa yomdlavuza yegilo, elibamba hit lokuqala yokukhishwa kwemisebe.

Odokotela baqala ukukhuluma ngaba- yokuthi izingane ezizalwa abazali kulezo zindawo uhlushwa kwasekuzalweni futhi ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1987 kwaba khona kwaqubuka-Down syndrome.

I okunye isiphetho EChernobyl

Ngemva emhlabeni wafunda yingozi yaseChernobyl, sathula isebenze ngenxa usongo enamandla ukungcoliswa ngemisebe. Kodwa ngemva kweminyaka embalwa amandla lokuqala nelesibili futhi baqala umsebenzi wabo, futhi kamuva umkhankaso yombuso wesithathu.

Ngo-1995 kwanqunywa ukuthi akathule unaphakade phansi esiteshini amandla. Ngokulandela lolu hlelo, ngo-1996 emiswa ibutho lokuqala, ngo-1999 - yesibili, futhi ekugcineni esiteshini yavalwa ngo-2000.

Umsebenzi waqala eminyakeni embalwa kamuva isinqumo kahulumeni ukwakha sarcophagus entsha, njengoba emiphumeleni lokuqala emisebeni akuzona ivikela ngokugcwele imvelo. Ngakho, ngo-2012 uhulumeni Ukrainian umemezele ngokusemthethweni ukuthi uye emsebenzini kwakuqale ekwakheni isakhiwo esisha zokuzivikela. Kufanele uphawu iyunithi ngokuphelele, futhi ngokusho ososayensi, radioactivity ngeke idabule ezindongeni sarcophagus entsha. Ukwakhiwa kufanele libe seliqediwe ngo-2018, futhi izindleko ezilinganiselwa le phrojekthi ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2 aseMelika.

Ngo-2009, uhulumeni Ukrainian isungule luhlelo ukuqedela esiteshini decontamination, oyokuba ngezigaba ezine. Isigaba sokugcina kuzophothulwa 2065. Ngalesi sikhathi iziphathimandla ufuna ukulahla ngokuphelele kuyo yonke iminonjana khona esizeni eChernobyl amandla enuzi.

inkumbulo

26 kuMbasa njalo ngonyaka ukuchitha usuku inkumbulo eChernobyl inhlekelele. Imemori ye Bendawo kanye izisulu yengozi lihlonishwa hhayi kuphela e CIS, kodwa futhi emazweni amaningi eNtshonalanga Yurophu. E-Fulansi, e-Paris, eduze ne-Eiffel Tower ngosuku ubenomkhankaso elincane lapho abantu Asikhothamise amakhanda abo phambi ubuqhawe of izicishamlilo.

Njalo izikole Apreli 26 ukuqhuba ihora ulwazi, okuyinto zisitshele nhlekelele embi kangaka nokuthi abantu eyasindisa wonke. Izingane ukufunda nezinkondlo eChernobyl inhlekelele. Izimbongi ukunikezela amaqhawe abo esiwile abasindile, ayeke ubuthi ngemisebe, kanye izinkulungwane iyiphi zabantu abangenacala abaye baba yizisulu engozini.

Imemori ye-eChernobyl Ingozi ngesisekelo inqwaba tinhlelo kanye sici amafilimu. production ezifuywayo Amafilimu hhayi kuphela, izitshudiyo abaningi bezinye izizwe kanye nabaqondisi egqanyisiwe emisebenzini yakhe kwenzeka le nhlekelele yaseChernobyl.

EChernobyl inhlekelele has endaweni emaphakathi ochungechungeni imidlalo, "Stalker", futhi ukhonza njengephayona isiza amanoveli kweshumi art of the gama elifanayo.
Okusanda, yingozi yaseChernobyl engu-30 ubudala, kodwa imiphumela le nhlekelele eminyakeni abangazange okwamanje sekususiwe, ukubola ezinye izinto zizoqhubeka izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Lokhu ingozi uzokhunjulwa emhlabeni njengoba ezinkulukazi kakhulu amandla ingozi emlandweni.