Ezweni amazambane. Umlando amazambane eRussia

Ngemva isinkwa kutshalwe izilimo lokhu zemifino ezivamile, cishe kuzothatha indawo yesibili. Afrika noma America, Europe noma Asia - kungakhathaliseki nezwekazi, bona ukukuxoxela abantu emhlabeni wonke. Thina bajwayele ke ukuze akukho ngimnqume into entsha futhi ngokuqinisekile babengafuni ukuba uhlukanise phakathi izibiliboco. Sikhuluma isikhathi eside kwaziwa kithi amazambane. Asikhumbule isikhathi lapho yena wayengakabi isakazeke kakhulu kangaka, ufunde mayelana ezinye izinhlekelele elihlobene ne ukulahlekelwa kwayo, futhi bathole ukuthi kungani kunjalo namanje ngakho zenani eRussia. Kodwa ake uqale kusukela iphuzu lapho sandile emhlabeni jikelele. Sasiyini kwazalelwa khona amazambane? Kuyinto Europe noma kwenye indawo?

Ezweni amazambane

Sekuyisikhathi eside wayekholelwa ukuthi amazambane beza kithi kusukela eNingizimu Melika. Potato Motherland - Chile, Peru neBolivia. Ngisho nanamuhla, esikhathini sethu, e-Andes kungabonwa, kokubili endle ikhula amazambane. Lapho, endaweni engamamitha angaphezu ikhilomitha, nezilimo eziyizigaxa kungatholakala izinhlobo cishe yonke aziwa ngayo ngaleso sikhathi. Ngokusho imibono yososayensi, endulo amaNdiya kuleyo ndawo ingabangela futhi crossbreed izinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo, kuhlanganise amazambane. Ulwazi lokuqala kakhulu mayelana amazambane zazivela yaseSpain, ilungu emkhankasweni wempi Yuliana De Castellanos ngo-1535. Ngokusho kwakhe, impande mealy zalesi sitshalo beza ukunambitha ngisho abaseSpain. Kodwa, bambalwa abantu alalelwa yakhe. Ngakho ungakwazi kafushane ukuchaza ndaba yaqala kanjani amazambane umsuka (ukusatshalaliswa yayo).

Kanjani isiko wafika Europe

Incazelo okwalandela amazambane butholakala "Chronicle Peru" Pedru Chieza de León. Uyena enemininingwane kakhulu futhi kuchazwe ngokucacile lesi sitshalo. amazambane ukuvela Indaba abanesifiso iNkosi of Spain owanikeza ukuze alethe omningi umkhiqizo kwezilwandle. Ngakho, sibonga Spain, lapho kudabuka khona lolu amazambane - Ningizimu Melika - BakaJehova beye balungiselela le yemifino kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Ekuqaleni wayesesangweni Italy, futhi kamuva eBelgium. Ngemva kwalokho, umphathi-dolobha Mons (Belgium) wanikeza nezilimo eziyizigaxa ambalwa ukufunda arc yayo nomngani eVienna. umngane wakhe kuphela, futhi isazi sezitshalo, echazwe amazambane encwadini yakhe "On the izitshalo." Siyabonga kuye, amazambane lethiwa lwesayensi - Solyanum tuberozum eskulentum (tuber nightshade). Ngemva kwesikhathi incazelo yakhe amazambane kanye negama engadini isiko babé owamukelwa.

E-Ireland

Sekuyisikhathi Ireland, futhi 1590s amazambane efika khona. Lapho, baqashelwa jikelele ngenxa yokuthi uthathe kahle impande kakhulu ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo kuqhathaniswa ezingezinhle. Kungakhathaliseki imvelo, ezimanzi noma ezomile, elithambile noma iyashintsha kungakhathaliseki nezilimo eziyizigaxa yatshalwa nini kulezi inhlabathi evundile noma evundile, amazambane waletha izithelo. Kungani it is ngakho ukusakaza ukuthi 1950 okungenani ingxenye yesithathu yazo zonke endaweni olimekayo ubulokhu etshalwe amazambane ekutshaleni. Abangaphezu kwesigamu isivuno yayihloselwe ukudliwa abantu. Ngakho, amazambane baqala ukudla kwasekuseni, kwasemini kanye dinner. Zonke kungaba kuhle, kodwa ke obekungaba isivuno esingesihle? Yini okungase kudliwe Irish kulesi simo? Babengafuni ukucabanga ngakho.

Imiphumela isivuno singesihle

Uma ngaphambi kwenzeka ukuthi amazambane akangayiletha kunzuzo elindelekile ke senza ezinye umzamo ukunikeza usizo oludingekayo abathintekile kule nhlekelele. Futhi uma ngonyaka ozayo aphinde Kwatholakala ukuqoqa inani elidingekayo izimpande, ligcwale ukushiyeka nesikhathi sangaphambilini. Ngakho, ngo-1845 kwaba khona omunye isivuno ompofu. Kodwa akekho ukhathazwa izimbangela ngalesi sigameko. Mangisho ukuthi ke namanje akukungakanani mayelana okulimaza sekwephuzile - isifo amazambane, ngenxa okuyinto kuhlulekile ukuqoqa lemali edingekayo of zemifino. I ukhunta ithelela nezilimo eziyizigaxa, okuholela amazambane abolile emhlabathini, futhi ngisho nangemva kokuba sokuvuna esigangeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, 'fungal spores isifo lalisakazeka kalula nge amaconsi sisemoyeni. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi e-Ireland ngaleso sikhathi amazambane itshalwe ezihlukahlukene eyodwa kuphela, sonke isivuno lalahleka ngokushesha. Kwenzeka into efanayo eminyakeni embalwa ezayo, okuholela ekuqaleni ukuba kwemisebenzi bese makaye endlaleni kuleli zwe. Ngokungaqondile kwakuthinta ikholera, okuyinto ngo 1849 zabulala abantu abangaphezu kuka-36 eziyinkulungwane. Umlando amazambane nge ithuba ezingezinhle of izenzakalo ezaholela yokuthi isimo ilahlekelwe ezingaphezu kuka ingxenye yesine ka bakhona.

Amazambane: Indaba ngokuvakashela Russia

Kancane kancane isiko ukusabalala e-Europe, njengoba sesibonile lokhu isibonelo Ireland, futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalombili, yavela khona okokuqala eRussia. Ngaleyo minyaka, uPetru ngineminyaka engu sisendleleni eNetherlands. Kube waba nethuba ukunambitha izitsha okulungiselelwe kusuka amazambane (ngaleso sikhathi, njengoba manje, angazanga ukuthi amazambane iyikhaya Ningizimu Melika). Ususinambithile emisha ukupheka, umbusi isiRashiya bathi ukunambitheka yokuqala amazambane izithelo. Njengoba eRussia lesi sidlo wayengakabi, wanquma ukuya ekhaya lakhe isaka lamazambane. Ngakho umlando amazambane e laseRussia laqala.

Inhlabathi emnyama, kanye enhlabathini okusezingeni eliphezulu asidi isiko entsha kahle kuzibamba. Nokho, abantu abavamile zisekhona nhla wangabaza ngalesi yemifino emangalisayo, ngoba ngenxa yokunganaki indlela efanele ekuwulungiseleleni kuye kwaba nezenzakalo eziningi ubuthi. Indlela yokwenza ukuze ukusatshalaliswa amazambane ukubeka ngezinga elikhulu? Peter mina wayeyindoda ehlakaniphile futhi wafika esiphethweni sokuthi kungenzeka ukwenza. Ehlukahlukene yatshalwa nezilimo eziyizigaxa, futhi eduze ukubeka unogada, owakhonza emini, kodwa waya endle ebusuku. Lokhu kwabangela ilukuluku okukhulu phakathi abalimi elula, baqala ebusuku ngenkathi akekho ongibonayo podvorovyvat yemifino entsha bese isitshalo emasimini abo. Nokho, ikuyo yonke indawo lapho "apula engowenhlabathi" namanje akusebenzi. Babebaningi lalabo 'ephethwe "kwagxila amajikijolo yayo. Ngakho-ke, lo "apula Day" abantu ikakhulukazi abavamile wenqaba zikhula. Ngu kakhulu ngendlela 50-60 iminyaka isimangaliso yemifino ubudala ukhohlwe eRussia.

Njengoba amazambane yaziwa

Kamuva, uCatherine II wadlala indima enkulu ukuthi amazambane sesibe owamukelwa. Nokho, umfutho esiyinhloko ukusabalala impande izitshalo baba indlala ezenzeka esikhathini 1860s. Yingaleso sikhathi, futhi zikhumbuleke konke, kunalokho okwake inganakiwe futhi bamangala lapho bethola ukuthi ukuthi amazambane has ukunambitheka omuhle kakhulu futhi inomsoco kakhulu. Njengoba isisho sibonisa, "kuyoba khona isibusiso esingalindelekile."

Lokho indaba enjalo ezithakazelisayo amazambane eRussia. Ngakho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amazambane nezilimo eziyizigaxa steel isitshalo kuleli zwe. ngokushesha abantu baqaphela indlela ewusizo le isitokwe yemifino, ikakhulukazi ezikhathini sokuvuna isivuno esibi. Namanje kubhekwe yesibili isinkwa amazambane ngoba kokuba eyanele emiphongolweni esitokisini sakhe, omunye angaphila zokuphila ngisho nasezikhathini ezinzima. Ngenxa okuqukethwe ikhalori yabo futhi iyasiza futhi kuze kube namuhla, into yokuqala ukubeka engadini - a nezilimo eziyizigaxa amazambane.

Kungani amazambane uyathandwa eRussia

Njengoba izikhathi uPetru Ngake abantu abezwa ngazo zamakhemikhali umsoco impande umzimba womuntu. Nokho, umlando amazambane ebonisa ukuthi iqukethe izinto ezidingekayo ukuze basinde ngezikhathi indlala, izifo, kanye nosizi. Yini eyigugu kangaka futhi ewusizo kule imifino evamile impande? It kuvela ukuthi amaprotheni yakhe aqukethe cishe wonke amino acid sihlangane e ukudla isitshalo. amagremu ayikhulu namashumi amathathu lokhu yemifino okubanelisayo kuyinsakavukela yansuku zonke potassium, phosphorus kanye carbohydrate. Amazambane, fresh ikakhulukazi, uvithamini C nefayibha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu hlobo luqukethe nezinye izakhi ezidingekile ekuphileni, njengomshado yensimbi, zinc, manganese, i-iodine sodium, ngisho i-calcium. Futhi izinto eziwusizo kakhulu equkethwe ngokungenaphutha amazambane izikhumba, okuyinto namuhla ngokuvamile ungadli. Nokho, ezikhathini yendlala, abantu abavamile ningakwenqabi wadla amazambane lonke, nezitini noma abilisiwe.

Ukutshalwa olulodwa ezihlukahlukene amazambane nasemiphumeleni yaso

Njengoba sifundile, amazambane okwazalelwa - ENingizimu Melika. Lapho, abalimi benza ngokuhlakanipha, esakaza izimpande of izinhlobo ezahlukene. Ngakho, kuphela ezinye zazo uvezwe sifo - ngasekupheleni okulimaza fungal. Ngakho-ke, ngisho noma kwalahleka izinhlobo ezifana, kwakungeke kuhilelani yezinhlekelele ezimbi ezifana, njengoba e-Ireland. Iqiniso lokuthi e imvelo kukhona izinhlobonhlobo isiko efanayo, uvikela abantu kusuka lolu hlobo nosizi. Nokho, uma izithelo zikhule ezihlukahlukene eyodwa kuphela, kungaholela yokuthi ngesinye isikhathi kwaba e-Ireland. Kanye nokusetshenziswa umquba wamakhemikhali nezibulala-zinambuzane, okuyinto ikakhulukazi zibulale yemijikelezo yemvelo kanye imvelo iyonke.

I inzuzo ukuze ikhule eyodwa kuphela ezihlukahlukene amazambane

Kuleso simo, kuhlanganise eRussia, likhuthaza abalimi bakwazi ukutshala eyodwa nje ezihlukahlukene ikakhulukazi amazambane? Ngokuyinhloko lokhu kuthinta okudingeka kwekhono lakhe kanye izinkinga zomnotho. Ngakho, abalimi ukubhejela umbono omuhle we izithelo, futhi kanjalo nesidingo mkhulu phakathi abathengi. Ukuvela isiko ejwayelekile akunakubangelwa yokuthi othile amazambane ezihlukahlukene kuletha kwezinye izindawo ezithela ephakeme kunabanye. Nokho, njengoba sazi ukuthi ukwenza kanjalo kungase kudingeke efinyelela kude nemiphumela enqabayo.

Colorado amazambane beetle - isitha main balimi Russian

umonakalo Omkhulu izitshalo angasebenza izinambuzane eziwuhlupho. eyaziwa kahle kakhulu zonke wensimu noma umlimi ingenye uhlobo leaf beetle - a Colorado amazambane bhungane. Ngokokuqala ngqá ngo-1859, kwatholakala ukuthi izinkinga eziningi e amazambane zizalela kungaletha lesi sinambuzane. Futhi 1900s zakuqala, leli bhungane ithole eYurophu. Lapho-ke walethwa lapha ngengozi, washeshe bamukela wonke amazwekazi, kuhlanganise ne-Russia. Ngenxa ukumelana layo ukuze amakhemikhali, ezisetshenziswa ukuze zilwe, bug cishe isitha eyinhloko yawo wonke amakhaya wensimu. Ngakho, ukuqeda le usongo, ngaphezu amakhemikhali, saqala ukusebenzisa ezolimo. Futhi manje e-Russia Leso naleso sakhamuzi ehlobo ofuna ukuzitika on amazambane okuzenzela ethosiwe noma ephekwe amalahle emlilweni, uqale ngijwayele indlela elula ukulwa lokhu inkathazo.