New Yemfihlo Economic

1920 - lokhu eliyingqayizivele emlandweni nenkathi yamaSoviet. Ngalesi sikhathi, amaBolshevik baphoqeleka ukuba avumele ukuba khona ubudlelwane emakethe futhi izinguquko ezifakiwe emlandweni njengoba le New Economic Policy (noma nep). Sasiyini isizathu lezi zinguquko?

Kusukela nemibandela

Ngasekuqaleni kuka-1921 iziphathimandla empeleni wayekade ezandleni amaBolshevik. abahlaseli axoshwa, ukunyakaza White lebutho kazwelonke wanqoba. Kodwa ukuqeda nokuzola kuleli zwe lalikude. Ezindaweni ezahlukene bese kwavukelwa emelene ngempela namaSoviet Kwagqashuka, esongela khona umbuso wamaSoviet. Omunye wabo, Kronstadt, senzeka ngo-March 1921, ilungelo phakathi Congress Weshumi we RCP (b). Inqubomgomo kweMpi nobuKhomanisi, owawungumnyaka esilungele amaBolshevik ngokwabo, kwaholela ekutheni kube phansi sabantu bebonke.

Ukuze sibonakalise izinguquko ebuholini Soviet sasinezimiso ngoba wethemba revolution global egqwalile, njengeqhwa ngonyaka odlule. Yenza sabasebenzi emhlabeni angikwazanga ukuvuka izingalo, eqinisweni, kwadingeka ngisho ukuyeka njengengxenye yensimu yase Russia zangaphambi wamavukelambuso ngekubona ngokuzijamela Baltic republic, Poland futhi Finland. Ngakho-ke, kwakudingeka aqinise amandla endaweni yawo, ningathembi ukubuyiselwa wamavukelambuso imikhankaso emisha.

Zonke lezi zici kwaholela kwemukelwa Congress Weshumi we RCP (b) isinqumo ukuthuthela inqubomgomo entsha kwezomnotho. AmaBolshevik kwadingeka ukuthambisa inqubomgomo yentela futhi ukuvumela izinkampani ezizimele. It kabusha futhi umsebenzi bezinhlangano eziphethwe uhulumeni, okwakukhona ukuqondiswa hhayi nemiklamo inzuzo. Ngakho, lokho okushiwo yinkulumo nep kwakuwukuthi emnothweni ibe nesiqalo, siqala elinganiselwe kakhulu, kodwa namanje ubudlelwane emakethe.

Ingqikithi yalo kabusha

Manje, kafushane ngalokho ingabe wonke la kabusha. Ngo ezolimo, requisitioning uyekwa, ngifuna okuningi okufana ephanga, kunokuba intela. Kunalokho, yaqalisa intela ukudla ekhokhwa a ongumlimi umnotho ethize. Ubukhulu bayo lalilincane kakhulu. Kamuva, abalimi bavunyelwa ukuqasha omhlaba nokusetshenziswa zabasebenzi eqashiwe. Kodwa inqubomgomo entsha kwezomnotho edolobhaneni akazange ngokushesha izithelo. Futhi lokhu kuvimbe indlala 1921-1923 ku iVolga esifundeni kanye eningizimu ye-Ukraine, futhi inani elikhulu intela ekhokhwa abalimi. Ngo-March 1922, intela ye yasemakhaya kulayini ngokwethula intela esisodwa uhlobo ngeke ibalwe e poods rye.

Emizini inqubomgomo entsha kwezomnotho, futhi, liye ilethe izinguquko. Ikakhulukazi, isinqumo khulula ukuhweba. Kwakukhona eziningi lezimpahla Ukuhwebelana kanye Fairs. Sebekwazi ukwakha izinkampani ezizimele - ukukhiqizwa okuzenzela noma ingcweti. amabhizinisi zezimboni ezincane kanye naphakathi ngokwengxenye wabuyela abanikazi babo bangaphambili. Kwathiwa avunyelwe ukuba ukuqasha izimboni kahulumeni. Ilungelo ukuqasha inkampani wathola izakhamuzi hhayi kuphela Soviet, kodwa futhi Osomabhinizinisi bokufika. Njengoba umkhakha wezinhlaka zikahulumeni, zikhona adaliwe ngokuhlanganisa bezinhlangano eziphethwe uhulumeni - the trust. Kodwa emizini izinguquko futhi akazange asheshe yahamba ngokushelela. Phela, kanye nobudlelwane emakethe weza imali, futhi kwentengo kanye nokungabibikho kwemisebenzi. Ngakho-ke, emizini eU.SSR emazweni isicebi, isiteleka waqala ezingavela emsebenzini. Inkinga yokuqala sina Kwagqashuka entwasahlobo ka-1923 ngenxa okuthiwa intengo sikelo lapho izindleko emphahleni lalilide kulabo wezolimo. Ngenxa yalokho, abalimi waqala hoard imikhiqizo yabo, ukuze singathwesi ayinike away ize. Ukuze uvimbele izibhelu ezweni, ubuholi kwamaBolshevik yanquma ukunciphisa amanani bezimpahla ezikhiqiziwe.

Kuyenzeka futhi aliziphikisi

Nokho, naphezu eziningi eziphikisanayo, inqubomgomo entsha kwezomnotho umzalele izithelo. Ngo-1925, umkhakha emikhulu oye wakwazi ukufinyelela izinga pre-impi zokukhiqiza. Futhi anda amanani yomkhiqizo wezolimo. Ukwethulwa kwe-lwemali esitebeleni - kuvikelwe izingcezu igolide - kwaqinisa umnotho.

Nokho, phakathi nayo yonke le ndawo yayikhona, inqubomgomo entsha ukuphikisana ezahlukene kanye nokulinganiselwa kwakho. I isakhiwo sepolitiki isimo awuzange ushintshe: amandla, njengasekuqaleni, wahlala ezandleni amaBolshevik. Osomabhizinisi sekukhona phakathi nep, wayengenamalungelo zezombusazwe. Yebo, futhi umsebenzi wayo kakhulu kungagcini: zonke amabhizinisi ezinkulu, namanye amazwe, yasebhange, ezokuthutha, wahlala ngaphansi kokulawula isimo. Kwaya kwacaca ukuthi nep - kungcono nje ngesilinganiso amaBolshevik okwesikhashana, hhayi esitebeleni kanye nenqubomgomo eside.