I eza emandleni amaBolshevik. Izizathu amaBolshevik athatha izintambo

I eza emandleni amaBolshevik, usuku lapho kwaqondana usuku we utho lwesikhala (Novemba 7, 1917 ngesitayela yesimanje), lalivela entwasahlobo ka lowo nyaka, umcimbi akunakwenzeka ukuba abaningi eMbusweni Russian. Iqiniso lokuthi leli legatsha le-Social Democratic Labour Party, eliholwa VI Lenin cishe kuze izinyanga lamaswaphela inguquko akuyona zithandwa kakhulu amakilasi ezibaluleke kakhulu umphakathi isikhathi.

Izimpande lezombangazwe amaBolshevik

Ngesisekelo ngemibono beqembu eladabuka 90s yokuqala yekhulu le-19 leminyaka imvelo ayengaphansi populists ayeyile abantu, futhi ayebone izinkinga abantukazana, okwakuyoholela ingaxazululwa ngokuthi uhlelo lokuhlelwa kabusha olukhulu ezweni, kuhlanganise kulendawo. Lezi izinkinga kwezolimo iminyaka engaphezu kweyodwa eyishumi futhi ngokwengxenye kwaholela ekubeni kuphakame amandla amaBolshevik. Mayelana ukwehluleka isiqondiso populist futhi kusebenze isigaba sabasebenzi, abaholi yangaphambili populism (Plekhanov, Zasulich, Axelrod et al.) Kuthathe phezu isipiliyoni ukulwa Western, elibuyekeziwe isu wamavukelambuso, bazijwayeze imisebenzi Marx no Engels futhi babahumushela olimini Russian futhi waqala ukuthuthukisa inkolelo-mbono Izindawo ukuphila ngesisekelo waseRussia eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma kaMarx. Iqembu yasungulwa ngo 1898, futhi ngo-1903, ngesikhathi kubanjwe ingqungquthela ye-ukunyakaza yesibili ahlukaniselwe amaBolshevik futhi Mensheviks ngezizathu ngemibono.

Mayelana kuvukela ngiphuphe iminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi

I eza emandleni amaBolshevik ekulungiseleleni le iqembu lezombusazwe isikhathi eside. Phakathi inguquko ka 1905-07. inhlangano kwenzekani e-London (Mensheviks - eGeneva), lapho kwanqunywa ngalokho kuvukela ahlomile. Ngokuvamile, i-Social Democrats wayevele ngaleso sikhathi wafuna ukuchitha uhulumeni tsarist ngokuhlela nokuvukela ebuthweni (Lolwandle Olumnyama Fleet, e-Odessa) futhi bawashaya indiva uhlelo lwezimali (okuthiwa ukuthatha ezifakwa amabhange angayikhokhi intela). Basuke ilethwa izikhali Russian neziqhumane (iqembu Krasin), amabhange, babamba inkunzi (Helsingfors Bank, 1906).

Bahlulekile faka iziphathimandla olusemthethweni

AmaBolshevik weza phezu "iziteshi olusemthethweni" iziphathimandla zaseRussia kwakhiwa phambi inguquko kuhlulekile. Bona uvukela umbuso ukhetho e-State Duma wokuqala, wesibili sitholwa izihlalo ezimbalwa ngaphandle Mensheviks (15 izikhundla). AmaBolshevik ibophe kafushane emzimbeni sokweluleka yezwe, njengoba amalungu iqembu yabo baboshwa imizamo ukuba bavukele ngosizo we Petersburg isikaniso. Wonke amalungu Duma kusukela amaBolshevik baboshwa, futhi Duma ngokwawo nomhlangano siphela.

Yini wathembisa ezingaba amaBolshevik Russian wafika amandla? Kafushane ngalokhu zingatholakala ezinqumeni London (lesihlanu) party Congress, lapho izinhlelo seyemukeliwe ngo-1907, "esiphezulu" futhi "okungenani". Minimum Russia uye walungiselela inguquko wobunxiwankulu nge kokunciphisa kosuku zokusebenza emahoreni angu-8, kokugumbuqelwa autocracy, ukusungulwa ukukhethwa ngokwentando yeningi kanye nenkululeko, ukwethulwa wendawo ukuzibusa, ukunikeza ilungelo izizwe lokuzibusa, ukuqedwa izinhlawulo kanye nokubuya komhlaba abalimi ukusikeka. Umkhawulo eMbusweni Russian kwakufanele athathe indawo inguquko yesigaba sabasebenzi futhi kwathatha socialism ne ukusungulwa ngobulukhuni uquqaba yesigaba sabasebenzi.

Isimo e-Russia waqhubeka enkulu ngemuva 1907. Isizathu ukuthi eza emandleni amaBolshevik esikhathini esizayo kwakunokwenzeka, kwaba kwenzeka izinguquko yenkosi sikhathi enganikanga kwaba nemiphumela emikhulu, umbuzo nezokulima singakaxazululwa, kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, ngemva kokunqotshwa at Tanennbergom kwenziwa kakade endaweni Russia futhi kwaholela ayehle kakhulu amandla emali, ukuphazamiseka supply amadolobha ukudla, ukulamba emizaneni.

Noqhekeko yebutho nomthelela inguquko

Impi zabulala abantu abangaba ngu-2 million. Amasosha angaba yisigidi yizakhamuzi, a ukugqugquzela omkhulu owenziwa (ezingu-15. Abantu), okuyiqembu isisindo eyinhloko abalimi Ukwakheka, abaningi babo, kanye abasebenzi wamavukelambuso, wafika ibutho uyamzwela Social Abavukeli imibono mayelana nokuthola abalimi abaninimhlaba umhlaba. Isethi sasisikhulu kangangokuba abaningi ngisho esifungiwe, ingasaphathwa imfundo yokushisekela izwe. Kodwa abaphikisi baqinisekisa umbuso tsarist babekhona ekugqugquzeleni imibono ezaholela ukwehluleka Cossacks futhi amasosha ukucindezela imiboniso ethandwa emuva 1915 - 1916 iminyaka.

Ngo umbuso Tsarist kwesokunxele abasekeli ezimbalwa

Izizathu ezakwenza ukuba amandla amaBolshevik noma yimuphi omunye amandla ezombusazwe ngo-1917 waphetha ngokuthi umbuso tsarist kuzimo, kwaba ayinamandla kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ngqo uNicholas II isikhundla akanandaba (noma bancishwa ngolwazi olwanele mayelana nesimo wangempela izindaba). Lokhu kwanika, isibonelo, ithuba ngo-February 1917 ukuvala Putilov ifektri "nokujikijela" emigwaqweni Petersburg, abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-36, abanye babo ababezoba bedle imibono izinguquko of amaBolshevik futhi laqala ukwenza yesiteleka abasebenzi ngezinye izimboni. Umbusi ngesikhathi akakwazanga ngisho ancike ephakathini lakhe, njengoba iningi layo Ukwakheka pre-impi yabulala ngaphambili futhi esikhundleni amasosha luphumelele amakilasi ezahlukene. Against kwenkosi kwakukhona amabutho eminingi yezombangazwe yezwe, okuyinto Nokho, babekhona ngesikhathi esifanayo ngokumelene nomunye, njengoba kwakudingeka umuntu ngamunye uhlelo ayo ukuthuthukiswa isimo.

Bambalwa kulindeleke ukuthi ukunqoba kwe-amaBolshevik

Kusukela ngomhla ka-April 1917 abaningi bacabanga ukuthi la amaBolshevik athatha izintambo akunakwenzeka, njengoba ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi labantu, abalimi ngokuya, asekelwe Socialist-mbuso, osozimboni kwadingeka party yabo, nezazi - bebodwa, kukhona amaqembu amaningana ukuthi ukusekela ohlanga. KukaLenin Apreli sokuphrinta asitholanga impendulo phakathi Socialist-mbuso, Mensheviks futhi amaBolshevik abaningi njengoba umholi uzonikeza ezindaweni ukuzivikela phezu kwempi futhi enze ukuthula (mhlawumbe nje salokhu eJalimane "abazange bakuqaphele", njengoba uLenin efika e Petrograd inqamula yayo esivaliwe imoto). Ngakho-ke, izizathu eza emandleni amaBolshevik, babeyizisulu zemigomo ethize, kanye angaphandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, mqondo ezihlongozwayo kokuphela Yesikhashana Uhulumeni kanye nokudluliswa amandla amaSoviet, kanye ukusungulwa kwezwe, kunokuba kufanele idluliselwe imiphakathi ongumlimi ukuthi akazange engeza ukuthandeka abasekeli kukaLenin.

komzamo ongaphumelelanga

AmaBolshevik athatha izintambo (1917) kwalandelwa imizamo ukuhola izwe ngaphambi kukaNovemba. Ngo-June ngawo lowo nyaka, e-First Congress of Workers futhi Amabutho 'amasekela (Wonke-Russian), kwaba sobala ukuthi amaBolshevik e ukubaluleka kwabo, babe sendaweni yesithathu imvelo sezenhlalo. Ngesikhathi Congress, izihambeli sinqatshiwe isiphakamiso kukaLenin ukuqeda impi nokuqeda amagunya akhona. Nokho, khumbula ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi ngaphansi kwethonya amaBolshevik sebevele regiments lamasosha, kuhlanganise ezine e Petrograd Eyokuqala machine gun ibutho (11, 3000 amasosha) kanye Kronstadt amatilosi base wamabutho asolwandle. Ithonya beqembu Lenin imvelo lempi kuye kwaholela yokuthi ngomzamo ukuthatha Tauride Palace (endlunkulu Yesikhashana Uhulumeni) wethulwa July 1917. Kulezi zinsuku, esigodlweni kwafika abasebenzi we Putilov kwemboni, amasosha, amatilosi, kodwa inhlangano "zihlasela" ezimbi ukuze umqondo amaBolshevik kuhlulekile kwaba. Lokhu kwaba lula ngomunye ingxenye ukuthi Yesikhashana Uhulumeni, kuNgqongqoshe Wezobulungiswa Pereverzev naso isikhathi sokulungiselela bese unamathisela up iphephandaba on edolobheni, lapho Lenin nabangane bakhe aye inikezwe njengoba izinhloli German.

Ushintsho uhulumeni kanye bamba oqondile

Yini enye inqubo sihambisana kuphakame amandla amaBolshevik? Unyaka anomlandu wokwenza Omkhulu Okthoba Revolution yayinezinto izenzakalo ezihlukahlukene. Ekwindla kuba sobala ukuthi uhulumeni wesikhashana akakwazi ukubhekana nezinxushunxushu, ngakho ekwakhekeni komzimba entsha - Pre-ephalamende, lapho amaBolshevik kwadingeka kuphela 1 \ 10 izihlalo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo party kukaLenin uwina iningi e amaSoviet of emadolobheni amakhulu, kuhlanganise kufika ku-90% kule Petrograd futhi mayelana 80% eMoscow. Usekelwa amakomiti lamasosha we izimpi Western naseNyakatho futhi phakathi abalimi kusenzima hhayi ethandwa kakhulu - phakathi abaseSoviet yasemakhaya zamaphini kwamaBolshevik wayengekho.

Yayiyini ngokushesha amaBolshevik liqala ukubusa? Kafushane izenzakalo ithuthukiswe ngendlela elandelayo:

1. Ngo-October, uLenin efika ngasese Petrograd, lapho baqala ukusakaza kwaba nesiteleka entsha, Asisekeli ke, Kamenev futhi Trotsky. Eyesibili ne sipho ukulinda izinqumo Congress wesibili abaseSoviet (Wonke-Russian), ihlelelwe 20 adluliselwe ku-Okthoba 25 (isitayela ubudala).
2. Okthoba 18, 1917 (ngokuvumelana sihloko. Isitayela) ku amakhanda ka Petrograd regiments umhlangano, lapho yanquma ukuba afeze zabhikisha ahlomile emelene nohulumeni uma omula Petrograd Soviet (lapho amaBolshevik kwadingeka 90% wamavoti). Ngemva kwezinsuku ezinhlanu, amaBolshevik wathutha inqaba isikaniso. On ohlangothini Yesikhashana Uhulumeni babe amasosha zezifundiswa ezempi kanye nezikole ensigns, inkampani umthelela zabesifazane, i-Cossacks.
3. Okthoba 24 amaBolshevik ashaqe bamandla yocingo, ejensi izindaba ngawo kuthunywa othile ukuba abize Kronshtadt esetshenziswa emikhunjini yezempi. Abazange le amasosha amabhuloho ukuncibilikisa.
4. Ngobusuku buka-24 ukuba iphathwe wasithatha eliyinhloko, uMbuso Bank, Warsaw esiteshini Okthoba 25 amaBolshevik, vala emaphakathi ugesi kwamabhilidi kahulumeni, ukuletha impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu "Aurora" e iNeva. Kwathi kuqambe kuba semini, "abantu abaningi wamavukelambuso" waveza Mariinsky Palace. Ayethelekela Winter Palace senziwa ebusuku, ngemuva kwakhe kwangaphambi labadubuli we izibhamu we impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu "Aurora". Kweyesi-2 amahora nemizuzu engu-10 26 Okthoba Yesikhashana Uhulumeni umaluju.

Revolution kuhilelani Ukwanda kwenani labantu abayizisulu

Umthelela wale eza emandleni amaBolshevik wawuzilimaza Russia, ngenxa yalokhu kunqoba kuye wahamba ngamandla e Petrograd (cishe yaphelela, ngaphandle kwe-City Duma of Petrograd), uhulumeni omusha we amaBolshevik, eholwa Lenin (eMkhandlwini wase Yabantu Commissars). Kodwa iningi labo musa ukulawula izwe, okwaholela yombango, wokugoqa obengeziwe emnothweni, okwaholela, phakathi kokunye, lokhu indlala izisulu eziningi.