Ikamu laseMauthausen lokuhlushwa e-Austria izithombe. Iziboshwa ekamu lokuhlushwa laseMauthausen

LaseMauthausen kwaba esinye esikhulu kakhulu emakamu okufa. Laliqhele ensimini ka-Austria futhi kwakuwumsebenzi wokuhumusha omkhulu kunayo kuleli zwe. Phakathi ukhona laseMauthausen kuwo zabulala abantu abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyikhulu iziboshwa. Zonke lezi ziboshwa igcinwe izimo ngonya, ahlukunyezwe, ukusebenza ngokweqile, futhi zonke izinhlobo zokuhlukunyezwa.

Ukudalwa ekamu lokuhlushwa kuyicala wokulwa esintwini. Manje kukhona nezikhumbuzo eziningana ikhumbule izisulu zombuso wamaNazi.

Umlando sokudalwa

I emakamu okuhlushwa lokuqala Kwamiswa ensimini ka-Third Reich namanje ngomnyaka wamashumi omathathu nantathu. Ekuqaleni, lapho babekwa eliphikisa wamaNazi. Nokho, kamuva kwaba ejele ngilunge. Innovations abathintekayo Theodor Eicke, ungumdali SS amabutho "Totenkopf". I ngomnyaka wamashumi omathathu anesibhozo, inani iziboshwa iye kakhulu okwandisa. Emva "ubusuku izibuko ngobugebengu" wonke amaJuda endaweni-Third Reich bashushiswa. Abaningi wabanjwa kwalethwa emakamu okuhlushwa. Ngemva le Anschluss iziboshwa kwakucishe kabili. Ngaphezu amaJuda, kanti nokuphikiswa ivulekele emakamu bathunyelwa nabantu okusolakala ngokungathembeki.

isandiso

Ngenxa yenani elikhulu iziboshwa SS kwakudingeka ekamu elisha. Zazakhiwe ezweni lonke ngo erhabekileko. ekamu lokuhlushwa laseMauthausen eyakhelwe ngokwabo iziboshwa, abalethwa wasuswa eDachau. Bakha maqhugwane kanye ezicijile. eyakhelwe endaweni awuzange ekhethwe ithuba. Eduze kwalapho ujantshi eyenza ukulethwa iziboshwa izitimela. endaweni wayebuye ayinabantu abaningi futhi flat. Esikhathini esithile kwadingeka inkwali yayo. Ngakho-ke, inani labantu Austrian wendawo akazange ngisho bazi ukuthi eduze wabo ekamu lokuhlushwa laseMauthausen. evunyiwe uhlu zeziboshwa imfihlo, kangangokuthi ngisho iziphathimandla Austrian waba nombono ofiphele mayelana ejele.

ukusetshenziswa Okokuqala

At the site sezakhiwo laseMauthausen babe ezifakwa egwadle. Sekungamakhulu amaningi eminyaka ke yasungulwa inkwali wendawo. Ukuze wonke amadokhumenti, izakhiwo ezintsha babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli isimo.

Kodwa ukuthuthukiswa langempela uye wathenga usomabhizinisi German. Uxhasa ukwakhiwa kwenziwa kusuka inombolo yama-akhawunti yangasese. Ikakhulukazi, egatsheni laseJalimane inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe "Red Cross" usunike esibalulekile ukuze ekamu lokuhlushwa laseMauthausen. Izinhlu iziboshwa ekuqaleni ifakiwe kuphela izigebengu. Kodwa kamu wabizwa ngokuthi njengoba zabasebenzi.

Nokho, ekupheleni oda wamashumi amathathu nesishiyagalombili zaqala ukushintsha kakhulu. Ngemva kokufika amaJuda, amaGypsy futhi iziboshwa zezombusazwe obuqinile ukukhiqizwa quota. Eicke waqala ukufeza kwekuhlela kabusha wonke amakamu. Waqale kabusha ngokuphelele eDachau. Isiyalo some, ziye zasetshenziselwa sokuhlushwa futhi isigwebo mass. Esiqashwe naye obukhetheke elite SS amayunithi.

ukuguqulwa

Ngomnyaka wamashumi omathathu anesithoba ka-laseMauthausen iba ekamu ehlukile. Manje emagatsheni awo awasuki Austria. Kwakukhona cishe amahlanu emakamu asizayo. Bakhandwa elise ensimini ka izimayini, amafektri zezimboni kanye nezinye amabhizinisi, okuyinto kwakudingekile umsebenzi okhandlayo. Nokho, lesi sakhiwo esikhulu yayihloselwe wokugcinwa iziboshwa. Cishe zonke iziboshwa kwamanye amazwe futhi amatiyetha izingxabano, kuqala alethwe laseMauthausen. Ngemva kuhlaselwa Poland Sakushintsha ukwakheka yobuhlanga iziboshwa.

Kusukela empumalanga zaqala ukutheleka eyisithunjwa lempi Polish namalungu ukumelana ngomshoshaphansi. Njengoba lenqwaba amaJuda Polish. Umthamo we ekamu lakhula. Lwathi luphela wamashumi amathathu nesishiyagalolunye ngalesosikhathi zijwayeza phansi abantu abayizinkulungwane 100. Azungezwe yangaphandle esasikuyo manje nayo yayibiyelwe ngodonga lwamatshe isipikili ngocingo oluhlabayo. Ngokusebenzisa izikhala ezincane babe ticongotekulindza. Uma kocingo kuyothiwa 'ukulila odongeni. " Nsuku zonke kweziboshwa kwakunabantu ukuba zakhelwe ngasezindongeni ezintathu nokuziphatha ucingo roll.

Ngalesi indawo, benza imiboniso enobudlova isigwebo. Ngenxa yezinxushunxushu, impilo ebuthaka noma ngisho ngaphandle iziboshwa izizathu badutshulwe kuyo leyo ndawo. Futhi, ngokuvamile abanye iziboshwa zakhipha izinsimbi kanye wafutha ngamanzi abandayo emakhazeni bese bavunyelwe ukufa amakhaza.

Obugebengu aphambene nobuntu,

Kwaba ngemva sokuhlushwa ngamanzi abandayo wabulala bahlushwa ngonya zibulawa amaNazi ekamu lokuhlushwa laseMauthausen , Jikelele Karbyshev. Ngokusho ofakazi, kanye nezinye iziboshwa zigcinwa abandayo kanye okwakulapho kuthelwe ngamanzi lamanzi. Futhi labo wagwija jet, babeshaywa amakilabhu. Manje eyayiyikamu kuyinto lesikhumbuzo ukuze Jikelele.

Ngqo ngaphandle kwezwe lakwa, esigodini, inkwali elise. Wasebenza cishe zonke iziboshwa. Long Uzalo izitebhisi wabiza "Izitebhisi Ukufa". Ngokusho izigqila wakhe baba amatshe phezulu. La masaka esingamakhilogremu Kilos ezingaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu. Kuningi iziboshwa baye bafa ngale kuyanda. Ngenxa yalezo zimo ezinzima futhi umsebenzi onzima bamane yawela phezu izinyathelo. Fallen ngokuvamile wakhawula SS.

zonya ingajezisa

Iziboshwa ekamu lokuhlushwa laseMauthausen phakade wakhumbula esigodini evulekile. High mpo yomthofu wokumisa amaNazi wakloloda ukubizwa ngokuthi 'Uhlelo Parachutists Wall ". Lapha sibona elahliwe phansi iziboshwa. Kuphakathi kokuthi yasiqumba phansi, noma ukuwela Ruts yamanzi, owacwila. Ngokuvamile nge rock uphonsa abantu ngoba akasakwazi ukubekezelela umsebenzi tshwala. Inombolo izisulu ezibhekene 'odongeni "akwaziwa. Izazimlando ziye luthole ukuthi kuphela ngo-1942, bese ubulawa abangamakhulu amaningana amaJuda, baletha waseHolland.

Kodwa endaweni ezimbi kunazo kuleli kamu kwakungowesifazane inombolo amabili block. Okokuqala, wayengesona nje kwenye emabhalekisini. Kukho kwakukhona izakhamuzi zaseSoviet, okuyinto kusukela Eastern Front alethwe laseMauthausen. Uhlu iziboshwa zempi bathunyelwa Berlin. Uma kwakukhona ukuhlola ezithakazelisayo ukuthi bangobani, athathwa. Zonke ezinye bahlala enkambeni.

Esikhathini amane nane futhi amabili emabhalekisini iNdlu ebiyelwe ngodonga lwamatshe. Ngokushesha etholakala kushiswa khona izidumbu. I elihunyushwe block engase iziboshwa eziyingozi. Iningi ngaphambilini yayihilelekile abaleke isiboshwa abavamile kwamakamu impi. "Ukufa likaBharaki" lalisetshenziswa njengendawo yokubambela tempering entsha fighters amayunithi "Totenkopf". Babevunyelwe nganoma isiphi isikhathi sosuku egijima kakhulu ensimini ka iyunithi nokuthi zingaki ufuna ukubulala izigqila. Kamuva, lezi oda ethulwe ku lonke ikamu.

Ilungiselela yokuphunyuka

izimo esiyinqaba, umsebenzi onzima, ukungondleki, sokuhlushwa engapheli, umuntu wayebulawa futhi bashaywe ukuboniswa kwadingeka uyeke intando zonke iziboshwa. Into ukuvikelwa kuleli kamu kwakungowesifazane ukuphuca ziboshwa esezinethemba. Futhi baphumelela. Abantu bayaqonda ukuthi indlela yokuphuma futhi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi angaba abulawe. Nokho, ngaphezu ukwesaba nokukhungatheka Isibindi. iziboshwa Soviet waqala ukweqa iqembu evela ekamu.

Inombolo amabili block iziboshwa behlaliswe abaye benza amahlumela namaJalimane ziye waqaphela futhi iyingozi. eqhugwaneni yabo kwaba ejele khona ejele. I iziboshwa zazinikezwa engxenyeni yesine ukudla okungenamsoco, okuyinto besihloselwe abanye. "Ukudla" Kwakungavamile ukuba imfucumfucu okusalile ichithekile. Kulokhu, wamshaya bakhe bubheke phansi, futhi kuphela lapho eba yiqhwa, bavunyelwe khona. Ubulili eqhugwaneni wafutha ngamanzi abandayo ebusuku, waselala iziboshwa amanzi ice.

Phuma ekamu lokuhlushwa laseMauthausen

Ingasakwazi ukubekezelela izikhulu Soviet wanquma ukuba liphunyuke. Abaholi yokuhlubuka baba pilot abasanda kufika. Sixoxa yokuphunyuka esikhathini esifushane ngaphambi kokulala. AmaJalimane zavumela iziboshwa ukugijima egcekeni, ukuze ngandlela-thile ufudumale. Kwanqunywa ukusebenzisa ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Labo uthunjiwe muva nje utshele ukuthi umbimbi kakade ukulingana nobuso.

Ukukhululwa ithemba kwakungasho lutho. Ngaphambi kokuhamba SS esingu iziboshwa amabhlogo ekhethekile.

Kwanqunywa ngosizo amathuluzi atholakalayo ukuhlasela onogada, bese ingase ibalekele ehlathini. emabhalekisini Twentieth tye at kodonga. izindonga imitha-Three ethwele ngocingo oluhlabayo kuso conected ukushaqeka. Abantu abane eyikhulu neshumi nesishiyagalolunye uncamela nokwesaba ithemba. Mayelana ayisikhombisa iziboshwa ahlupha nokukhathala wayengasakwazi ukunyakazisa, wabanika izingubo zabo, savalelisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho iziboshwa yaseSoviet yokuthuthela impi, ukuvukela ekamu lokuhlushwa laseMauthausen sasekelwa amaPolish neziboshwa-Serbian.

Liberty Nokufa

Ebusuku, lo Februwari ababhikishi yesibili sephulwe washbasins. Fragments Amagobolondo wenza izibhamu. Futhi, ngokuhamba base izingcezu izitini, amalahle, kanye konke kwakutholakala. Ngakwazi ukuthola nezicimo amabili umlilo. Ngokukhamuluka umsindo ovala izindlebe wokudubula "Hurray!" Lezi ziboshwa wagijimela ukulwa zokugcina. Kuyamangalisa kahle isebenze, Red Army ngokushesha waphula namaphrojektha eziningana futhi wabhidliza okuthunyelwe unogada. Ngosizo mlilo ukucindezela esidlekeni izibhamu. Ukuthwebula izithombe ke, lezi zihlubuki wabhubhisa lokuvikeleka kwezifiso ezisemqoka ezingumphumela nezinye zakhiwo ezimbili ezinde.

Ukuze unqobe odongeni wire ngaphansi ukungezwani, iziboshwa waya iqhinga. Bona zokulala elina zezingubo zokugqoka, bese wabaphonsa kocingo, okwaholela short circuit. Ngemva kwalokho, abantu abangaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu wenza ukuphunyuka. Babe sebebaleka ukuze ehlathini eliseduzane. Elinye iqembu ehlaselwa ukubala zenith. Ngemva Melee, bababamba izibhamu eziningana, kodwa ngasheshe bazithola sizungezwe SS amadoda layilamula.

Ukusabela bendawo

ekamu lokuhlushwa laseMauthausen-Austria, etholakala maphakathi yokulima kanye ngamaqembu amancane. Ngakho-ke, ngokushesha ngemva nokokuphunyuka SS wamemezela ukuqala operation ekhethekile wasithatha ngababaleki. Ukuze lokhu ayebuthelwe amayunithi lendawo Volkssturm, i-Hitler Youth namayunithi njalo. Futhi, bendawo watshelwa. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu abantu abashone ngisho izindonga laseMauthausen. Futhi iziboshwa ezisele block badutshulwe kuyo leyo ndawo. Amahlathi nokutshala ikamu ubusuku nemini. Nsuku zonke yonkana ngababaleki entsha. Kulokhu, abantu balapha ngenkuthalo wasiza bamba. Ngokuvamile ibanjwe zibulawa ngesihluku. Ayebulewe ngezinduku, imimese nezinye izindlela ngokurhaba, nomzimba efile sibekwe obala umphakathi.

Braveheart

Nokho, ezinye izakhamuzi namanje wasiza abantu baseSoviet, naphezu kwengozi yokufa. Omunye ngababaleki ethukusiwe endlini abalimi Austrian. An wokuzibonela walezi zenzakalo - intombazane eneminyaka engu-14 ubudala ngaleso sikhathi, uyakhumbula ukuthi iziboshwa sangqongqoza phakathi kosuku. Umama uzivumele e, naphezu imiphumela eyinhlekelele.

Lapho ebuzwa ukuthi kungani banquma ungqongqoze endlini, le amasosha aseSoviet waphendula ukuthi abazange owabona portrait iwindi kaHitler.

ukukhululwa

Ngasekuqaleni kuka-May, amabutho base kakade esondela Linz. Wehrmacht zinhlanga ngokuxhamazela. Lapho ufunda oMfelandawonye wasondela, SS, futhi, banquma ebaleka. Cishe zonke eyashiya ikamu kodwa yokuqala ka-May. Ezinye iziboshwa babekhuphukela aphume "ukufa imashi." Lokho kuzosenza amakhilomitha amaningi ngezinyawo. Prakthiza ebonisa ukuthi iningi leziboshwa kwezingu babhubha ngenxa yokukhathala. Wesihlanu Meyi amaMelika befika ekamu. Iziboshwa bevukela asele SS amadoda ngokweyisa futhi bazibulala. May lesikhombisa Infantry Division US amabutho ahlomile ayezohlasela abakhulula abantu ababesekamu lokuhlushwa laseMauthausen. Photo kwekamu ukusakaza emhlabeni wonke. Kuthi abaningi emabuthweni, ngubani bashaqeka yilokho ezakubona, akabonisanga isihe iziboshwa amaJalimane. On endaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi yesikhumbuzo yasungulwa ekamu.

LaseMauthausen, ekamu lokuhlushwa: uhlu iziboshwa

Manje insimu kwekamu ukufa wangaphambili kuyinto eziyinkimbinkimbi yesikhumbuzo. Minyaka yonke ke evakashela izinkulungwane zezivakashi. Kukhona ezikhumbuzo ngezilimi eziningi ezihlukahlukene. Izindawo ezimbi kunazo ayizange ithuthuke, kuyisixwayiso izizukulwane ezizayo. Izinhlu laseMauthausen, ungacela yomlando wendawo. Kukhona iqukethe wonke amagama iziboshwa alfabhethi. inzalo Abaningi iziboshwa Russian bakwazi ukufunda isiphetho wawoyise ngokusebenzisa lezi zomlando.

Nokho, ukuthi le nkinga itholakala lokuthi ukuthi amaJalimane akazange njalo ngendlela efanele elihunyushwe izibongo Russian. Memory iziboshwa ukhunjulwa futhi nakwamanye amadolobhana aseduze.

Ngo-1995 ifilimu wakhululwa ngo-Austria, ngilandisa kwavukelwa elidumile.