Unyaka ka isisekelo Irkutsk. Isisekelo emzini umlando e-Irkutsk, usuku

Irkutsk is hhayi kuphela kubhekwe umuzi omkhulu Eastern eSiberia, kodwa futhi emnyuziyamu, okuyinto ngasinda ngokuyisimangaliso romanticism asendulo. Lapha ngokuvumelanayo okwakuthandelene izigodlo, classical umbuso Russian abathengisi obugagu 'kanye Baroque grand. Manje yidolobha ashukumisayo nge eziningi ezingaba khona futhi isisekelo omkhulu zesayensi kanye lobuchwepheshe.

Irkutsk umlando isisekelo

Bavelaphi leli gama? Qamba le edolobheni wanika emfuleni Irkut. Ngokuphathelene umbuzo: "? Uyini unyaka isisekelo Irkutsk" ososayensi namanje kunemibono eminingi. Ezinye obusekela lo mbono ukuthi lesi sehlakalo senzeka ekuqaleni, abanye njengabakhulu siqiniseke ukuthi phakathi nekhulu XVII. Ngokusho kwamanye ama-akhawunti, unyaka kwaba ngesisekelo Irkutsk - 1652 th, lapho le ndawo yabizwa Cossack lamabutho Ivana Pohabova, banquma ukwakha indlu. Kwaba endaweni lapho imifula emibili - Angara futhi Irkut - ahlanganisiwe. Kodwa abantu lapha akahlalanga isikhathi eside, futhi eshukunyiswa ngenjongo iBaikal Yasaka intela (tax e hlobo) abo bonke labo bantu abangenawo umbono bakhokhe intela.

Ngokusho kweminye imithombo, usuku isisekelo edolobheni lase-Irkutsk - 6 Julayi 1661. Kangangokuba ngokwezibalo kubhekwa njengento esemthethweni. Khona-ke, ku-ibhange kwesokudla eMfuleni Angara yayisekelwe ngomunye ejele Pokhabov - kaJakobe. Lesi sivumelwano okuthiwa Irkutsk. Le ndawo abakhethiwe akusona isimanga, njengoba lokhu yilapho izwe yayivundile, amanzi agcwele izinhlanzi nasemahlathini - umdlalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le ndawo yaba lapho kwakuphambana khona imizila emikhulu yokuhweba phakathi East and West. Lesi sivumelwano likhula ngokushesha, futhi kakade ngonyaka 9 ngesisekelo Irkutsk ngokusebenzisa eChina landela gijimi lokuqala eMoscow. Ngemva kwenye engu-5 ukuya China ngaya Russian Ambassador UNikolai Spafary.

Isimo esisha

Kuze kube namuhla, ukulondoloza idokhumenti, esihlelwe ngomumo ngaleso 23 ngonyaka th isisekelo ye-Irkutsk, t. E. Eyalotshwa ngonyaka 1684, elichaza edolobheni ngasekupheleni kwekhulu XVII. Lithi emzini ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona esontweni, imibhoshongo eziyisithupha futhi enkantolo lelitimele, lapho ababusi babehlala e-Irkutsk. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wakha izindlu zokugeza, ehhotela, Cottages ngoba Cossacks olulodwa, izinqolobane zewayini nezinqolobane. Towers babe izimbotshana lapho lezi zibhamu, futhi kwelinye izindonga ukuthi okuthiwa neziqhumane eqhugwaneni eyayisetshenziselwa isitoreji izikhali ahlukahlukene futhi Temphi Letitichumane siyiswe.

Ngonyaka ka-25 isisekelo Irkutsk zokugcina ukhishwa isimo edolobheni. Lokhu senzakalo senzeka 1686. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ke eseke elingenamikhono ayo izikhali futhi uphawu. Ngokushesha okukhulu, amahemuhemu mayelana idolobha elisha bahlakazekela hhayi kuphela eSiberia, kodwa futhi kulo lonke izwe yeRussia. indzawo lelungele wena, inhlabathi evundile wawenza maphakathi esifundeni yezolimo, ngakho lapha kwatheleka abantu abavela ezingxenyeni eziningi zezwe. On Ngonyaka wama-36 selokhu kwasekelwa edolobheni lase-Irkutsk kukho kwakukhona imikhaya angamakhulu ayisithupha abalimi Tillage ngubani zanikezelwa iziza nezimfunda. Ngokusho imibhalo yasendulo, laba bantu ukuba kwanikeza umnotho eyimfihlo yengcebo idolobha ekhishwe egejeni, amahhashi, enqoleni, kanye nemfuyo kanye nezinkukhu. Kodwa ngesisekelo wonke umnotho isinkwa. Yapha le Cossacks, kanye izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene osomabhizinisi kanye nabacwaningi, owathuthela enhliziyweni eSiberia befuna indawo evundile.

Cishe ngonyaka ka-isisekelo edolobheni lase-Irkutsk eHhovisi wadalwa okuthiwa umnyango isinkwa, okwakubekelwa wahlanganyela ikhumbula ukuthengisela, irisidi, ukulethwa, isitoreji nokudayiswa kakolweni, rye kanye oats. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ngisho abasebenzi enwetshiwe ngokukhethekile, ezazihlanganisa nababusi, nezinduna, onobhala Podyachev, izinduna, nokunye. D. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izakhamuzi eziningi ikhuphuke kakhulu ngemva Tsar uPetru ngaqala ekudingisweni lapha umnsalo lahlanganyela ekuvukeleni ngokumelene umbusi . Ngakho-ke, ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVIII Irkutsk kwakunezakhamuzi ezingaphezu kuka-3400, futhi kuba ngezindinganiso ngalezo zikhathi ukuthi sibalo sína, edolobheni laseSiberia.

ukuqhubeka

Maphakathi nekhulu XVIII, lapha beze omkhulu odumile eMoscow. Futhi cishe ngemva kweminyaka engu-100 ngemva kokubekwa kwesisekelo Irkutsk elapha steel unyaka ngamunye ukuze afeze fair grand. Lemisebenti nesandla kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha ukuhweba futhi lo muzi ngokwawo, lapho bakhela izimboni eziningi, Breweries kanye Mills.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, wabonakala lase-Irkutsk yokuhlala yayo egcekeni ezitolo kanye nezitebele zamahhashi. commercial wokwakha yasungulwa ngu Giacomo Quarenghi - wezakhiwo odumile wase-Italy kwekhulu XVIII. Ensimini ka Gostiny Dvor kwakungelona ezitolo engamakhulu engaphansi kwemibili ikhona, kodwa ngeshwa akazange ukusinda. Ukuze ezisekhona omunye ukudalwa wizadi - White House namanje emi phezu osebeni Angara. Yakhiwa imali eningi enikelwa umthengisi Sibiryakov. Ngemva nje kancane kwalokho, lesi sakhiwo baba yokuhlala uhulumeni-Jikelele. Manje kukhona omunye depositories elikhulu ezweni - Scientific Library we-Irkutsk State University. Siqukethe iqoqo zangaphambi wamavukelambuso inkathi izincwadi. Lezi zinto zihlanganisa Decembrists kanye nomtapo siqu, kanye inqwaba nakomagazini esavela ekhulwini XIX.

Kutfutfukiswa yezandla kanye ukuvela kwezindaba umkhakha

Irkutsk isisekelo (isithombe indlela ebheka ngalezo zinsuku, ethulwa Ukubuyekeza), bese emenza isimo edolobheni bakhangwa ukugeleza abalulekile lezifiki ukuze osebeni Angara. Lokhu kwaholela ekwakhekeni okusheshayo kula mazwe ukuvela yezandla umkhakha. ababazi Local bakhela lapha isihlenga - isitsha sokhuni esincane flat-bottomed nge emphemeni futhi insika, okuyinto kabanzi iningi imifula emikhulu Russian futhi isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ukuthutha impahla emikhunjini ehlukahlukene, linesisindo amathani 7 200.

Abathengisi futhi abahambi nje, kuyenzeka Irkutsk, njengoba omunye waveza ukuthi edolobheni elidumile iKhabhinethi nabakhiqizi bawo, zenziwa ifenisha enhle. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi imikhiqizo yabo bayindlala ngisho Petersburg. Indaba for umkhiqizo wabo waba zilwane ezikhethekile izihlahla zikhule kuphela ehlathini laseSiberia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo muzi waba abadwebi ezinhle, omisebenzi yakhe lihlotshiswe izilungiselelo esiliva ocebile. Emuva e-Irkutsk benza namakalishi ocebile zinkulu, kanye ezivamile ukukhanya droshky, ngokukhethekile bazivumelanisa imigwaqo laseSiberia.

Idolobha sakhula ngokushesha. Ukuze ukwakhiwa entsha itshe kwakudingeka isitini, futhi ngokushesha isitini isitshalo esincane lakhiwa lapha. Kusukela esisekelweni Irkutsk, usuku lapho namanje kuyindaba yokukhathalelwa mpikiswano phakathi ososayensi, livelile empambana kuyo imizila yohwebo ebalulekile, akumangazi ukuthi kukhona insada imikhiqizo banikezwe hhayi kuphela e eMongolia naseChina kuye, kodwa futhi kusukela Central Asia ngisho Europe. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lo muzi waba isikhungo eziyinhloko zezwe nge tovaroraspredelitelny pretty umxhwele kuwumthombo wemali khona, ngokuyinhloko ngokugcwalisa yengcebo isimo.

Ngakho, singasho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi isisekelo edolobheni lase-Irkutsk kwaba ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha ukuhweba, yezandla kanye nezimboni, lapho kwaba nethonya elihle hhayi kuphela emnothweni Eastern eSiberia, kodwa kubo bonke state Russian. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ngokuvamile ibilokhu iba nemihlangano ahlukahlukene zamanxusa ukuxoxa ubudlelwane ezibalulekile zamazwe amabili.

ukubukeka

Kumila Irkutsk (thina kafushane wakhuluma ngalokhu ngenhla) kwaba isenzakalo esibalulekile ngempela isimo Russian. Njengoba umnotho kancane kancane siguqulwe edolobheni. amasonto amabili eyakhelwe - uMsindisi Holy Cross, okungase ukufisa ngisho nanamuhla. Ziyakwazi sezakhiwo endala kwetshe Eastern eSiberia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezakhiwa khona ezinkulu lwaleli lokunqoba.

Ngeshwa, iningi izindlu ezakhiwe ngonyaka ka isisekelo edolobheni lase-Irkutsk, baqothulwa imililo eminingi ebuhlungu ukuthi njalo kuphakama ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene. Eyokuqala Washisa inqaba eyakhiwe esontweni lokhuni Spassky. Yaphinde yakhiwa, kodwa zamatshe. It kubhekwa nomlilo obhubhisayo kakhulu, okuyinto Kwagqashuka 1679, lapho umlilo wabhubhisa ezingaphezu kwezingu-3 ayizinkulungwane. Ngokhuni futhi izindlu itshe-100. Khona-ke kwavutha cishe wonke umuzi isikhungo. iminyaka engu-10 kuphela ngemva kwale nhlekelele lapha ezitaladini abangu lisungulwe kabusha nga-. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhamuzi Irkutsk futhi lahlupheka ngenxa yokuzamazama komhlaba, njengoba dolobha lisendaweni endaweni ukugadlwa ukuzamazama komhlaba asebenzayo.

mikhankaso yesayensi

Kungashiwo ukuthi cishe ngonyaka wokuqala e-Irkutsk isisekelo abacwaningi unesithakazelo kakhulu kulezi zindawo. Ikakhulukazi eziningi mikhankaso yesayensi basutha phakathi nekhulu XVIII, oqala wokubusa uPetru mina wokubusa Umbusikazi uCatherine II. Into cwaningo akuyona kuphela iChibi iBaikal futhi ocebile esifundeni laseSiberia, kodwa East iyonke. Umgomo oyinhloko yale mikhankaso kwaba ngawo ukuze bazivulele indlela isimo Russian ePacific Ocean.

Uhulumeni uxhaso uhambo isiphindela eMongolia, Yakutia, China, nokulungiselelwa ngabo kwaba Irkutsk. Kuyinto kusuka lapha, futhi ikoloni kanye nokuthuthukiswa ezingwini Amur. Lapha, ihhovisi esaziwayo Russian-American Inkampani, okuyinto ekhulwini XIX eyingoduso hhayi kuphela e ukuhweba, kodwa futhi ukuthuthukiswa emazweni amasha, kusukela Alaska ziphethe iziqhingi Japanese. Indlela lenxusa lokuqala, waya Beijing, wagijima ngokusebenzisa Irkutsk. Lapha esasikulo, futhi main Umzila wezohwebo okuholela China futhi Mongolia. Cishe zonke commerce wholesale ezweni East eSiberia kwaba ezandleni abathengisi bendawo.

It Irkutsk elungiselela uhambo ezimbili zokuqala led by Vitus Bering. Wanezela isithunzi idolobha kanye neqiniso lokuthi lalihlelekile isisekelo supply izintaba igiya nokudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakhiwa lwemikhumbi ngoba ingxenye zasolwandle bomkhankaso waphathiswa izingcweti zendawo, bemikhumbi.

Indawo ukuze uthole inkomba

Ekhulwini XIX Eastern eSiberia yaba indawo yokukhonza umusho izakhamuzi alithembekile kwezombusazwe kwalo mbuso aseRussia. Ngakho, kulesi sikhathi Irkutsk ku amabili abantu bomdabu , kwakunebandla elilodwa ababedingisiwe. Edolobheni ngezikhathi ezihlukahlukene wahlala Decembrists, Abashokobezi Polish kanye Abantu. Ngamunye wabo ngendlela ethile ukuthonywa isiphetho kulesi sifunda. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi of the Decembrists, abavule lapha njengoba isikole for abafana namantombazane, kanjalo outperforming ingxenye European yezwe.

Irkutsk inhlanhla yokuthi iziphathimandla baye bavumela ukuba ziphile emikhayeni emibili - Trubetskoy futhi Volkonsky. Imizi yabo baba ngokoqobo inhliziyo futhi isikhungo yamasiko aleli dolobha. Ukuze bafike lapho, bonke babefuna Irkutsk intsha, njengoba ngokuvamile kukhona ihlelwe ukusebenza futhi amakhonsathi, okuyinto Sasiba kokubili Petersburg ngokuvakashela singers French futhi Italian nabaculi.

Development of Science and Industry

Kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XIX edolobheni yaba inhloko-dolobha igolide yimboni yetimayini. Okhunye Irkutsk baqala ukuthuthelekela inhloko-dolobha abakhiqizi elikhulu, abahwebi ngisho izinkampani zakwamanye amazwe. Basuke imatasa ukuthuthukiswa igolide umkhakha wetimayini. Ngenxa yalokho, baye kakhulu anda inhloko-dolobha yabo futhi babe abantu abacebe hhayi kuphela eSiberia, kodwa lonke izwe laseRussia. indima yabo ekukhuleni womuzi ayikwazi overestimated. Bakhandwa wahlanganyela ukwakhiwa kokubili izindlu zabo futhi izakhiwo zomphakathi - ezintandane, izibhedlela, futhi izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene zemfundo. Kudingeka imali eningi nazo kwenziwa kutholakale, futhi ekuthuthukiseni isayensi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo edolobheni kukhona yokunyathelisa amaphephandaba kuqala.

Ngo 1851 kwasivulela kuqala Eastern eSiberia isikhungo sesayensi e-Irkutsk - legatsha laseSiberia iNhlangano Russian Geographical, esagcina uqambe East-laseSiberia. Phakathi kwezindonga zayo lotifundze iBaikal ososayensi abaningi ezivelele River Yelena namachibi, ezifana AL Chekanovsky, VI futhi I. D. Dybovsky Cherskiy. Nangu abadumile sokuma, isazi sokuma nomhloli wamazwe kwamazwe laseSiberia V A. Obruchev.

Ngo 1898, ngesikhathi kubusa uMbusi u-Alexander III, ngokusebenzisa edolobheni kwavula ujantshi Trans-Siberian. Isitimela efika okokuqala Irkutsk ngo-August 16 futhi lo mcimbi ngenjabulo enkulu wabingelela izakhamizi, ngakho indlela ukuya eMoscow manje kwadingeka izinsuku 9 nje. Ukubeka ujantshi nomthelela yentfutfuko kakhulu embonini kule ndawo.

Ukuqala zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili

Ngalesi sikhathi, e-Irkutsk baba enhle kunazo yonke imizi eSiberia. Kwase kunabangu-abangaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu zezakhiwo itshe, imigwaqo zihlanzekile, ububanzi futhi okwanele. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi baqala ngokuphelele siguqulwe city centre - ezakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezinkulu, imigwaqo itshe cobble kanye zokuhamba asphalted okokuqala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzi waqala amandla amanzi.

Ngo-1918 e-Eastern eSiberia wavula isikhungo wokuqala wemfundo ephakeme - Irkutsk State University. Futhi ekupheleni May kulezi zindawo kwafika impi yombango. baba City kafushane yokuhlala umbusi Ephakeme yase Russia - Admiral Kolchak, futhi ngo-December 28, kungukuqala yokulwa okuqhubekayo. Januwari 5, 1920 Irkutsk kwakuhlezi amaBolshevik. Wachitha kokubusa Kolchak futhi Admiral ababulawa. Isidumbu sakhe siphonswa emfuleni Ushakovka. Lo mcimbi ungathi esiphambanweni sokhuni, setha kusayithi izenzakalo. Nokho, lapho jikelele wadutshulwa, ngesikhathi Isibonakaliso Isigodlo, isikhumbuzo elimiswe Novemba 2004.

iminyaka neMpi futhi ngemva kwempi

Lapho impi nge eJalimane lobuNazi, e-Irkutsk, nakuba kwakukude omkhulu kusukela front line, yafeza indima ebalulekile ekuqiniseni ukuvikela leli lizwe. Phakathi nempi, ulwela lokhokho ukuthumela ezingaphezu kuka-200 eziyinkulungwane. Irkutsk. Labo abasala khona, ukusebenza ngokungenabugovu, esikhiqiza ezindizeni kanye nezinhlamvu, kanye nokunikeza ukudla phambi.

Ngemva kwempi, e-Irkutsk lakhula ngokushesha, kancane kancane ukuthatha ifomu yedolobha lezimboni. Ngo-1958 sathola kuphelile ukwakhiwa wokuqala e-Eastern eSiberia, amandla kagesi ezinkulu. Ngemva kwezikhukhula kwesigubhu izinga River Angara wavuka angu-30, futhi iChibi iBaikal - 1 imitha.

yesimanjemanje

Irkutsk lingumuzi abafundi. Kukhona amanyuvesi engaphezu kwengu-40, okuyinto ukufundisa amakhulu odokotela nezinkulungwane lwamakhandidethi abangaphezu kuka-250 amakhono. Nakhu kufika abafakizicelo hhayi kuphela e-Irkutsk, kodwa futhi kusukela ezindaweni ezakhelene. Wendawo eziyinkimbinkimbi zesayensi ingenye ngobukhulu e WaseRussia.

Irkutsk Modern - liyisikhungo kwezomnotho Eastern eSiberia. Kukhona amabhizinisi zezimboni ezingaphezu kwezingu-70. athuthukiswe kahle isakhiwo umshini, ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo ngokhonkolo, izinto zokwakha, njll Kuyinto zinothile zemvelo, izimboni kanye namandla, kanye nethuba ukuthenga ezisemadolobheni kamasipala futhi eside yokuqasha umhlaba - .. Zonke lezi zici ziye wadala indawo evumayo kakhulu ukuheha abatshalizimali.

amasiko zomlando, amasiko kanye ngokwesayensi imiswe phakathi namakhulu eminyaka amaningana e-Irkutsk, nokuvuleka kwakhe kuye wenzile umuzi waba izindawo ezibalulekile kakhulu futhi ekhangayo eRussia, kanye nendawo, okuyinto baletha ndawonye insimu enkulu Angara esifundeni.