Parish - Iyini? Igama elithi "lesifunda"

Ezikhathini zasendulo, kuya XIII leminyaka, ezweni isiRashiya, njengoba indawo isimo, ihlukaniswe umhlaba, elokishini, isifunda, bese ukuba County, isifundazwe.

parish

Umhlaba ayehlelwe ngaphansi kokuqondisa ukuhweba imizi Russia. Umlando uyazi Kiev, Chernigov, Pereyaslavskaya nabakwamanye amazwe amaningi. Parish - a ubukhulu, okuyinto njalo ezinsukwini ubudala kanye nokwabelana redividing. Ezikhathini Kievan Rus, kwenziwa imizamo sihlanganise lezi principalities kwisimo esisodwa.

Kuyini kukuliphi? Kuyinto ezincane iyunithi zokuphatha kanye indawo kuleso sigaba, obabukhona ezinsukwini zakudala. Yena kwakufanele ukubaluleka okufanayo esifundeni. ngezinye izikhathi Idolobha noma isifunda kwaqondana imingcele ezweni, uma izwe okungewakho omunye kokwesikhulu. Futhi ngokuvamile wendawo wayevela ngxenye yomhlaba. Ngokwesibonelo, ezweni Kiev kwadingeka kukuliphi ezahlukene, wambiza njengakwezinye idolobha elincane.

In Church lwamaSlav parish base ngezinye izikhathi obizwa ngokuthi iziphathimandla. Igama elithi "amandla" kwaba umqondo zezombusazwe, okusho ilungelo ubunikazi. Umqondo kwakusho indawo epherishi. Le ndawo kufana igama elithi "obvlast" futhi lisho izwe lapho la mandla ekhishwa ngokuqhubekayo basakaza. migomo babe amanani alandelayo: amandla isikhala kobunikazi, futhi endaweni - ilungelo ubunikazi. Kanjani, isibonelo, ezishiwo eVangelini likaJohane - "Ngiyakubanika esifundeni ingane kaNkulunkulu ukuba yedwa." Parish kusukela 1861 sezisunguliwe zonke izinhlobo abalimi, uma singakubeka kanjalo.

okuningi

Esikhathini Rus sidilizwa wonke amazwe zahlukaniswa izifunda, Mills, futhi labo ithuba - endleleni, elokishini, zamakhulu, nokunye. Isiphetho evame ukubizwa ngokuthi umhlaba, okukhulunywa ngawo sabiya phakathi izingane. Ifa - kusukela izwi inikezwe (share). Ubaba ngalokho ababenakho futhi amandla izingane zabo. Leli nani, lapho siya iyiphi indlalifa ngamunye.

Ifa yena, ihlukaniswe ngezigodi. County ngokuthi zokuphatha yeKambiso District. Izifunda nje kuphela emadolobheni kodwa futhi emizaneni, uma kuphatfwa zokwahlulela kwaba kulezi zindawo ezingaphandle. Ngamanye, eqondakalayo, wathi County ngokuthi iziphathimandla zokwahlulela zokuphatha kuleyandawo. Khona-ke kamuva waziwa ngokuthi isifunda County umuzi noma umuzana. Uma sikubeka kalula, isifunda - isigodi. Kule ndawo kathathu ngonyaka ukuqoqa umlawuli ukwabelwa isipho. Lokhu kwakwenziwa esifunda nayo (okusho ukuqoqwa kwentela).

inkosi

Lonke izwe Russian lahlukaniswa laba Little Russia nase Omkhulu Russia. Amagama lawa kwakungamadodana umphumela amasu okugumbuqela imibuso ezenzeka emashumini eminyaka XII-XIII maqondana labantu Russian. Yonke lwangakwesokudla Dnieper waziwa ngokuthi Little Rus ', futhi kwesokunxele kuya iVolga - Big Russ. Amandla ophakeme kwakungu amagama anjalo - Prince, Grand Duke, Grand UMbusi Zonke Russia, i-emperor-yinkosi. Prince livela amazwi German konung, kuning, izwi libizwa kummeleli amandla ophakeme kunabo bonke emazweni Slavic. Prince of Kiev ngokuthi le Grand Duke. Phela, nabo basuke babe izikhulu emadolobheni ahlukene. Moscow sovereigns wasebathatha egameni isihloko yinkosi. Lokhu izwi livela indlela efingqiwe yokubhala igama leli gama elithi "Cesar." It esesukile ngokubhala "Cesar" e isiSlavonic Esidala.

Ngaphansi yinkosi waqonda amandla amandla obuphakeme ababusi bendawo. Phakathi nesikhathi sokubusa yamakhosi Rus Tatar zidlamlilo ngokuthi Tartar ababusi, bese, ngemva kokuwa le mibuso WaseByzantium namaRoma, ababusi iRussia yathatha kubo libito ezivamile - inkosi.

Isihloko inkosi ngaleso sikhathi njengoba umbusi wamaRoma. Ngaphansi yinkosi waqonda umnikazi ezimele ezweni, okungekho muntu uncome, akazange anike umbiko lutho. Ngamanye amazwi - the autocrat, akancikile wakwelinye izwe.

izihloko

Ngamafuphi isikimu kwamandla eRussia, kungenzeka ukuba sicabangele izihloko yokuthi kakhulu amandla. Prince ngokuthi umholi we elihlomile, owayebizwa ukuqaphile Rus futhi wathola umvuzo - ukudla. Lokhu kwakuwumnikelo ka-isikhundla, eqinisweni, waqasha. Kodwa Grand UMbusi Kiev, akusona umuntu eside esiqashiwe, kuhlanganise nommeleli uhlobo lwe, engabanikazi bephephandaba ezweni. Ekugcineni, inkosi-umbusi yinkosi - umnikazi bezwe isiRashiya, futhi umeleli senior zonke sovereigns yeRussia, futhi umbusi ophakeme.

kudingeka

Ezikhathini zasendulo, kwenzeka kanjalo ukuthi inhlangano e isifunda esiphethe abalimi, the bentela ezinkulu, wathatha indawo ngesisekelo intela kahulumeni. Lona okushiwo umqondo ukuthi kukuliphi.

Labantu simunye Izigayo kanye epherishi. Lezi izinhlangano kubuswa kwababusi volosteli ababengaphesheya phansi kuhulumeni omkhulu. Kodwa, ngaphezu, epherishi ngamunye kwaba imizimba yabo ukulawula wokuziphilisa. ubuholi wokuziphilisa kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa yesifunda kanye nemikhandlu. kwaba nomkhandlu kukuliphi ngamunye imeya noma onogada ukuba isisebenzi ezikhokhelwayo, ngubani uwagcine kwesinxephezelo ezinhle izintela kanye nemisebenzi. Okunjalo uhulumeni zezwe ejensi wahlanganyela izindaba ezweni ukuphathwa sesifunda ngamunye noma emshinini. Kungumsebenzi we induna yendawo kuhlanganisiwe ukuqapha impilo nokukhokhwa kwezintela nezimali imisebenzi, ukuqokwa komhlaba ukhululekile izifiki entsha, isicelo kuhulumeni ngoba izidingo sesifunda sakhe nokuzuzisayo izinzuzo abalimi ukwabelana phakathi zonke intela kulabo engenalutho ayengakhokha ngalo, noma ayeka epherishi. Futhi kwadingeka akhokhe enye ngemuva kwenye entsha yokubala abantu labantu.

izikhathi ezinzima

Into enjengale kukuliphi, kancane kancane, ukuthuthukiswa bomhlaba, bathoma ukufa. Abanye abantu ekilasini umqondisi wancenga ezihlukahlukene engumbusi izinzuzo. Abakwazi liyokwahlulelwa ngaphandle ezimweni ezibucayi lobugebengu, futhi onganquma okufanele abalimi zabo. Ukuba umninindlu, nazo zonke nemizana yalo ukuze secede abaveli edolobheni. Lezi izifunda nezigodi babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli njengombonisi wesifunda ekhethekile zokwahlulela zokuphatha. Noma kunjalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi le ndawo okuthiwa ezifundeni, kwakubalulekile ukuba inhlangano emalokishini kanye Izigayo isenzeka ngesisekelo ukuqoqwa izintela ezahlukene kanye nokukhokha intela. Ukuze etikhundleni tekukhetfwa noma oqokwe kwafika umphathi-dolobha noma kwezinye izikhulu, futhi babehilelekile, ikakhulukazi, ukubhalisela intela ka Abeluki, futhi ngenhlanhla kuphela benza futhi inkantolo, nezinye izimo endaweni abaziphathisiwe.

izikhathi uPetru mina

Kakade ngesikhathi uPetru mina emazweni zahlukaniswa izifundazwe, izifundazwe - ngeenyingi futhi izifunda kakade - ku emalokishini, le esihlanganisiwe kakhulu isakhiwo zokuphatha. Ngokokuqala ngqá e-Russia ngaleso sikhathi kwakhiwa uhlelo umfaniswano County-County-sifundazwe. Futhi endabeni abalimi ababengabendlu abanikazi bamazwe, amalokishi indawo kwakuhlezi izigodi le kulendawo. kwamiswa Parish kusukela imiphakathi eyakhelene yasemakhaya. Ubude ke was hhayi ningi than 20 amamayela. emiphakathini yasemakhaya futhi kwadingeka uhulumeni wabo. Abakhethiwe ikhanda ngomzana, umthelisi, naye asebenzelana ngayo yinkantolo kulezi zindawo.

edolobheni eyaziwa

Omunye edume kakhulu amabhayisikobho "Ivan Vasilyevich Izinguquko Occupation" kwaba Kemskaya lesifunda. Esikhathini ifilimu, wathi enkosini Swedish wafuna ukuthola Ivan le Kubi edolobheni. Itholakala ku Kem soMfula, ogwini White Sea. ePherishi centre kwaba edolobheni Kem. Uma Kemskaya idolobha lalingahambisani ifa Marfy Boretskoy, okuyinto ayebhekwa ngomfazi imeya Novgorod Elikhulu. Kamuva wanika esifunda le Solovetsky sezindela. Ngezinye izikhathi ezahlukene, Finns futhi abaseSweden wenza kuphangwa emibi edolobheni. Nokho Isigodlo Solovetsky, kokuba walithatha ke wakwazi ukwakha ejele okwakuyimali enkulu ngaleso sikhathi futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo kwenza kwaba inqaba, okuyinto wafihla labantu phambi ekuhlaseleni izitha.

Ngamafuphi konke esixoxe lesi sihloko - okungukuthi, incazelo yegama elithi "lesifunda", singasho ngonembeza omsulwa ukuthi ukwahlukana yenarha izindawo zokulawula kwabangelwa kwasekuqaleni, ubunikazi bezwe, futhi okwesibili, yokuthi la mazwe kwadingeka ukuthi uqoqe izintela futhi imisebenzi elindeleke. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kube lula lo msebenzi, futhi bahlukanisa izwe ku parish ezahlukene. Kuzo, + njengasosukwini lokungivivinya kulencane iyunithi zokuphatha kanye kwenziwe intela abalimi ezibanjiwe. Parish - is, eqinisweni, ophoqelelwe ubunye sabantu emphakathini by umehluko wendawo.