I-opium nayo Izimpi e China

Ekhulwini XIX, China sisukelé inqubomgomo engayodwa avela eNtshonalanga. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuhweba kwehle kakhulu phakathi East and West. China luqondiswe inhloso ukuqeda ithonya elibi imibono Western kubantu aseMpumalanga. Kuze 1830, kuphela ethekwini Guangzhou lisavuliwe ukuze imikhumbi yangaphandle futhi Chinese adayiswa esiliva kuphela. Kulesi simo, abathengisi British, efuna ukulungisa ukungalingani ukuhweba, lathatha isinqumo ukuthini opium - umkhiqizo akubanga Chinese, kodwa empeleni ngangifuna ukuba nalo. Kuze 1828, China yaceba isiliva ngenxa izimpahla zabo exotic, okuyinto olwathengwa abathengisi abavela eYurophu.

Law of the Empire, isiShayina okwakwenqatshelwe ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ngaphandle ngezinhloso zokwelapha. Kodwa, naphezu kwalokhu, ama- British Hong Kong wathenga umlaliso, okwakwenza isifundazwe of Bengal Malwa ngaphansi kohlelo olubizwa ngokuthi yi-British-East India Company. Ngenxa yalokhu, edonsa opium eChina ngakhula ngaphezu kwanoma ngokuphindwe kane. Ngo-1833, umbuso waseBrithani ngezikhali walihoxisa ayitholwa we-East India Company, opium Ugcwalise emakethe Chinese, kuyilapho esiliva baphuthuma West. Lokhu kwakuwumnikelo ka-kwesisekelo eziyisisekelo ku ngalo opium Izimpi Kwagqashuka.

Ngokushesha, iminyaka 90% amadoda Chinese 40 ubudala babe ukuluthwa opiate. Ngu-1837, China kukhokhelwe opium-4.5 million dollar esiliva lokulandisa 57% sokungena wezwe Imininingwane. Konfiskator uMbusi Lao Lin Jie-chi yathola ukuthi 1839 umlaliso Chinese wachitha taels ezingu-100. Kwakumelwe, waphetha ngokuthi uma opium kwencika uzoqhubeka lasakazeka ezweni lonke, ngokushesha China ngeke kuphela lutho lokuzivikela, kodwa hhayi kakhulu. Lapha zivela opium Izimpi. Nokushushumbisa opium eChina makajeziswe ukufa, kodwa kusuka 1821 kuze 1837 ke liye landa ngamaphesenti izikhathi eziyisihlanu. Port of Guangzhou, lapho yaqhakaza ukufumbathisa, okuphambene futhi ukuntula inhlonipho neziphathimandla, isibe iphuzu ukungqubuzana phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili.

Okokuqala Opium War

Ngo-1839, i-sithunywa koMbusi Tao Lin Tszesyuy yokutholwa maqondana abathengisi abangewona ama kanye nebangani bawo Chinese izinyathelo tekusebenta. Baboshwa 1600 zashaqwa 11,000 amakhilogremu opium. Kwakuwusuku lokuqala lokho wazibonakalisa opium Izimpi.

Ngo-June ngawo lowo nyaka ke ibibanjwe 2000 amabhokisi opium, ebambekile abathengisi abangewona ama kulo. Laba bathengisi abahambi ebambekile kuze kufike leso sikhathi lapho awukanikezi opium-9 million. Imali yayishiswa esidlangalaleni. I-opium nayo impi yokuphisa ngokucace kakhudlwana.

Ngu oda Lin Tszesyuya port yavalwa imikhumbi yangaphandle yayingavunyelwe ukusebenzisa. Besabela kuleso simemo, Charles Elliott umbeki River Pearl. Lokhu kwalandelwa impi asolwandle. benkulumo-ze-Chinese ngokuthi enqobile kuye, kodwa balandela ukusebenza kwe-Royal Navy, owabhubhisa inqwaba izitsha Chinese.

Ngo-January 1841 Fort sathathwa Bogvi. Ngenxa yalokho, izwe laseBrithani nelase yazuza ukulawula ekuphakameni echwebeni. Ngemva nje kancane kwalokho, i-British wathatha izintambo ezweni. amabutho Imperial abangu kabi abaqeqeshiwe isinyathelo sezempi, kanye nayo iBritish wawahlula Ningbo futhi Qinghai. Ngokushesha, ngaphansi kokulawula England ke waba ngowokuqala eNingizimu yaseChina esifundazweni Chzhentszyan.

Ukuthula ngasiphi intengo

Ngo-1841, i-port, wathengiswa England. Maphakathi no-1840, uhulumeni wase-China waphoqeleka ukuba ngemvume eziningi izivumelwano, i-British yazuza ngaphansi okuyinto ukulawula olusentshonalanga China. Ngaphansi inkontileka ka-1842, China udliwe UK Hong Kong, wavula izimbobo emihlanu ukuba abathengisi British ezathatha imigomo IsiZulu yohwebo nabathengisi ukukhokha isinxephezelo ngenxa yomonakalo. abathengisi IsiZulu uqhubeke hhayi ukulalela umthetho Chinese enze ngokukhululekile e-China.

Ukuthengiswa opium at ukuhlabana amanani okwaqala ngaphambi kokuphela izingxoxo zokuthula. Zonke imingcele ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa sekususwe e 1858. Ngenxa yalokho, China uqalile ukuzithiba ukutshalwa poppy, futhi ekuqaleni kuka-1900 kuya bazinakekela ngonyaka 22.000 amathani opium.

I-opium nayo Second neMpi

Nokho, izibhelu abasha babeke baba ngenakugwemeka ngaphansi kwezimo. I-opium nayo Izimpi e China akuphelanga lapho kwemukelwa khona isivumelwano sokuthula. Ngo-1854, iGreat Britain ifuna kuvulwa zonke izimbobo China ukuba ukuhweba, futhi semthethweni opium ngenarheni, ukukhululwa kwezimpahla British kusukela intela, kanye ukusungulwa asemazweni e-Beijing isixazululo.

Ngo-1856, umkhumbi Umcibisholo uboshiwe iziphathimandla Chinese. Yena kusolakala okushushumbisa nokutholakala ukudunwa. Iziphathimandla UK waphikelela ngokuthi isikepe akusiso ngaphansi kwegunya imithetho Chinese zabuzwa ukukhululwa kwe-amatilosi.

Ngo-1857, amabutho British bathunyelwa Canton. Against China ngaleso sikhathi waphambana Melika, e-Russia, France. Kodwa iBrithani neFrance kungesemehlweni kwamanye amazwe wanqoba port Canton. Ngo 1858 sithathwe Taku port. Ngemva kwalokhu, ezempi ayekile. Lokhu kwabangela kokutholakala 11 nezimbobo nokuhwebelana West. izithunywa zevangeli Western nanikhululekile ukukhokhela abantu Chinese ukholo lobuKristu. China waphoqwa ukuba akhokhele isinxephezelo eFrance naseGreat Britain in inani taels 10 million, futhi ukunikeza Kowloon port ngaphansi kolawulo British. Ngaphezu kwalokho, China waphoqeleka ukuba ukuthekelisa amaholo aphansi i-Nyakatfo Melika, ukuze wathatha sokwakha ngendlela esheshayo futhi eziphansi ezinjalo ujantshi-United States. I-opium nayo Izimpi e China kwaholela ekuhlukaneni abaningi kuleli zwe nge amazwe aseNtshonalanga, buthaka ezimisweni ezingokwenkolo futhi ukuwa lwamakhosi elibusayo.