Isikhundla ezindawo ka the uVladimir-Suzdal ubukhulu. Incazelo uVladimir-Suzdal ubukhulu

Umlando wezwe lakithi igcwele eziningi izenzakalo ezithakazelisayo futhi ezibalulekile, amagama nosaziwayo kanye amagama alawo amadolobha kanye ezifundeni lapho Wayesebenza futhi wayehlala. Ngakho, emlandweni ukubaluleka okukhulu lasendulo kwaba uVladimir-Suzdal ubukhulu, okuyinto ixhunywe abaningana amagama abavelele izenzakalo.

Ngeshwa, yayo umlando, indawo kanye abantu bethi okuningi ngokuncane. Namuhla sizoxoxa ngendlela isikhundla ezindawo ka the uVladimir-Suzdal ubukhulu, kanye nezinye izici zalo.

ulwazi oluyisisekelo

Ngaphambili, yayibizwa ngokuthi umhlaba Rostov-Suzdal, futhi itholakala ephakathi kwemifula Oka futhi iVolga. Indawo uye zihlukaniswa njalo nenhlabathi ngokumangalisayo evundile. Akumangazi ngokuthi ekuqaleni kwekhulu XII bekukhona uhlelo esikhulu ezimisiwe seigniorial of ubunikazi bomhlaba. Ngoba kulezo zindawo kwakukhona amahlathi amaningi, zonke izindawo evundile elise phakathi kwazo. Bafika igama Opole (igama elithi lisuselwa elithi "insimu"). Kwaphela isikhathi eside e ubukhulu okwakuseduze layo umuzi Yuriev-Polsky (wayesanda bazinza endaweni Opole). Yayiyini zezemvelo we uVladimir-Suzdal ubukhulu?

Uma uqhathanisa le ndawo Dnieper esifundeni, isimo sezulu lapha kwaba zazinzima kakhulu. Nothile Kuveza babemi ezinkulu (ngokokuqala), kodwa ngokudoba, ukuzingela kanye ukufuywa, okuyinto zakhiwa e lezo zindawo, wanika nice "perk". I eyinqaba indawo ye uVladimir-Suzdal ubukhulu nemibandela yayo kunalokho nokhahlo kwaholela yokuthi lwamaSlav wafika lapha kamuva, sibhekene zabomdabu Finno-Ugric labantu.

Ibanga ukusuka izikhungo impucuko ngalezo zikhathi futhi waholela yokuthi uVladimir-Suzdal waqopha wamelana ukunqunywa ngempoqo lapho ubuKristu e-Kiev.

isikhundla ezindawo

Abantu lapha bakhangwa isikhundla ezindawo esiyingqayizivele: ezweni wavikelwa kuhlasela bevela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi kwemifula ejulile, elikhulu endaweni emaxhaphozini namahlathi njengomuzi ongangeneki. Akufanele sibakhohlwe ukuthi isikhundla ezindawo ka the uVladimir-Suzdal ubukhulu kwakukuhle ukuthi imingcele yayo eningizimu zambozwa ngamanye principalities Slavic, oluvikela abakhileyo la mazwe kusukela Ukuhlasela we abayimizulane.

Ukuchuma ubukhulu nayo futhi yayisekelwe kuyi-omningi abantu nombaleki ngubani waya ehlathini lendawo kuzo zonke kuphangwa efanayo nasezincekwini eqolo amalevi yenkosana.

Izici Main uVladimir-Suzdal

Yilokho ehlukile kunaleyo uVladimir-Suzdal ubukhulu. ITHEBULA incazelo ezinhle izici zako ezisemqoka.

Mayelana ukuhweba inzuzo

Amazwe Vladimir-Suzdal ubukhulu ubeke iVolga Umzila wezohwebo, okuyinto ixhunywe la mazwe ne-East. Trade uye wazuzisa kakhulu lapha. Akumangalisi ukuthi kula mazwe washesha izikhulu ngokwanele oqinile futhi ocebile, okuyinto babengafisi kakhulu ku Kyïv, ngakho baqala ehhovisi unomphela futhi wafuna ukuzimela. Ngakho, ukuma ezindawo kakhulu Vladimir-Suzdal ubukhulu saba negalelo ekwakhiweni okuhlala njalo ocebile "isimo phakathi isimo."

Ukuwasiza ukuphishekela le yokuthi isikhulu kufanele sibuyele onqenqemeni endawo ekucwaningeni kunalokho sekwephuzile, ngoba indawo sobukhosi emazweni akude ayehloselwe kuphela abantwana abancane, ababe ezifiselekayo ukuze ususe kusukela Kiev. Kuphela uma Monomakh liqala ukubusa, amandla nobukhulu bakhe isimo waqala ukukhula ngokushesha. Yingakho fiefdom lezinceku Monomakh baba igama uVladimir-Suzdal, ibalazwe okuyinto aluthola emazweni amasha ngokushesha.

Phakathi wendawo umhlaba-elokishini nenzalo uVladimir Monomakh esungulwe obujulile lapha ngaphambili kuka kwamanye amazwe, ejwayele nokucabanga abantwana nabazukulu ka Monomakh kanjani izikhulu zabo. Ukufika ifa okubangelwa okukhulu umsebenzi kwezomnotho, ukukhula kanye ukuvela emadolobheni ezintsha kunqunywa kuyanda kwezomnotho nezombusazwe esifundeni. Esikhathini ngasolinye phakathi amandla Rostov-Suzdal izikhulu kwadingeka nezimali ezinkulu.

Opole

Ezolimo ngalezo zinsuku edingekayo sokuphikelela emangalisayo. Kodwa ezweni uVladimir-Suzdal enganikanga into eqinisekile, ngisho ke. On okweshumi eyodwa ekhulwini XII ngaphansi kwezimo elilungile kakhulu ephethwe ukuqoqa kungekho kg engaphezu kwengu-800. Nokho, ngalezo zinsuku kwaba nje emihle, kodwa ngenxa uVladimir-Suzdal ubukhulu, isici okuyinto enikezwa esihlokweni ngokushesha abaceba.

Kodwa umnotho we abalimi bendawo ikakhulukazi kuncike izinkomo. Bona ezifuywa cishe zonke izinhlobo bemfuyo: izinkomo, amahhashi, izimbuzi nezimvu. Ngakho, ngo-abavubukuli kwa lezo zindawo eziningi ezinamasikela amakhulu ensimbi, okuyinto zazisetshenziselwa hay. Lokubaluleke kakhulu kwaba ezifanelekayo ukufuya amahhashi, okuyinto massively elisetshenziswa emkhubeni wamabutho.

"Izithelo umhlaba"

Cishe ngekhulu XII, kwavela kanye ukulima. isikhali Its main kuleyo minyaka waba nokufakwa zensimbi ikhaba ( "empumulweni"). Ikakhulukazi eziningi kubo, kuye kwatholakala Suzdal. Cathedral of the kukaJesu komuzi kukhona isithombe sika-Adamu. kuya yesithombe uchaza ukuthi "u-Adamu ukumba nebala." Ngakho, wonke umlando we uVladimir-Suzdal ubukhulu kuhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa ngcono njalo amakhono izakhamuzi zakhona.

Cishe Kulo lelo khulu leminyaka ucala kutfutfukisa ingadi olunzulu. Ngokumangalisayo, kwaba khona-ke kuphela eziningi izakhamuzi. Lokhu futhi kuqinisekiswa imivubukulo eminingi bemivubukulo, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho inombolo enkulu izinsalela ubudala apula izihlahla zitholakele. Yayisekelwe Kuyinkolelo-ze futhi bathi kusukela ngekhulu XII ensimini ka ubukhulu baqala ukubeka inani elikhulu cherry ezithelo. Abaphila Besikhathi wabhala ukuthi lo muzi Vladimir-Suzdal ubukhulu kuba 'iparele Russia. "

Naphezu ukuhweba luningi basungula kwezolimo kanye ukulima, labantu aqhubeka ahileleke kakhulu apiculture, ukuzingela nokudoba. Ekumbeni wathola isamba esikhulu amanetha, izingwegwe, yamabhola antantayo futhi uhlala zezinhlanzi kuzibamba. Yini enye uyazifihla uVladimir-Suzdal ubukhulu? Isici ke ngeke neze akuphelele uma singakhathali ukukhuluma mayelana yezandla, okuyinto oluthatha abakhileyo kulo.

yezandla

Ngaphandle ababazi akunakwenzeka ukuba sicabange empilweni ubukhulu olulodwa kuleyo minyaka. Ngokuthakazelisayo, lawo makhulu eminyaka amakhosi lunye kwahluka kuphela umkhiqizo osuphelile, kunokuba into. Ngakho, sedelschik kwadingeka olwazini omuhle kakhulu hhayi kuphela izindlela zokwelashwa kwesikhumba, kodwa futhi amasu ezihlukahlukene ayenza lezi ngawo gqizisa umkhiqizo wakhe, kubese kukhanga ukuba abathengi ezingaba mhlawumbe ngaphezulu. Njengoba izingcweti ixazululwe ngokukhethekile "ahlobene" isimiso, emizini ababazi ngokushesha abasafufusa wonke yokukhokha.

Ezinye izindlu ngisho esithandweni esikhethekile abasebenzi sokuncibilikisa atholakele, okuyinto efakiwe side by side nalabo lapho ukudla okulungiselelwe. Ezinye ababazi wasebenza kuphela isicelo. Esinye, kakhulu isigaba eziningi amakhosi, iveza imikhiqizo ye marketing mass izimakethe zabo zasemadolobheni kanye yokuthengisa ngqo abathengisi abajikelezayo, ababe kakhulu othanda le uVladimir-Suzdal ubukhulu. Kafushane ukukhuluma mayelana kwamanye amakilasi, ayetholakala ezindaweni phakathi bendawo.

Kusukela ngekhulu XII, bakhula ngokushesha yonke yezandla efanayo yayithandwa kulo lonke Kievan Rus. Nokho, kusukela zemihla ngemihla naleso sikhathi, kusobala ukuthi umsebenzi oyinhloko wabantu bendawo kwasheshe Woodworking. Ngokuhamba ekumbeni eziningi namathuluzi zokusebenzisa ukhuni. Ayikho izikebhe kancane zasendulo ngaleso izingxenye kwaba zobumba.

Ukuthuthukiswa zobumba e ubukhulu

Ubufakazi ukuthuthukiswa esebenzayo of ubuciko zobumba kuyinto ukwakhiwa kweNyuka Cathedral ekupheleni kwekhulu XII. LoMfula komfula omncane Kamenka athole izinsalela bokushisa ezintathu omkhulu, ngamunye okuyinto ingalandwa at izitini ayizinkulungwane ezinhlanu ngesikhathi. Kusolwa ukuthi esikhathini esifanayo, izingcweti zendawo kahle ukukhiqizwa ketshezi namathayili. Ubukhulu yabo ukufinyelela 19x19 cm, okuyinto ngalezo zinsuku kuye kwasusa umgoqo real kwezobuchwepheshe. Ukuze wenze tile sihle, besebenzisa uhlu enkulu zonke izinhlobo enamels futhi glazes.

With ezahlukene kanye rich ezifana yentuthuko empahleni uVladimir-Suzdal ubukhulu waqhubeka ngokukhulu ukushesha, njengoba imali agelezé ukusakaza ebanzi igadle kwezwakala nasezimalini yakhe.

ukucutshungulwa itshe Art

Iziqobosho izikebhe basungula ekupheleni kwekhulu XII, master ngokushesha okukhulu izuzwe eziphakeme emangalisayo ebhizinisini labo. Emizini ubukhulu kukhona izingcweti eziningi, bamatshe. Akwenzekanga ngephutha ukuthi abaningi Suzdal boyars Vladimir ngokwedelela ngokuthi "izigqila nabakhi." Ngasekupheleni kwawo-40-yalolucwaningo e Suzdal kukhona inhlangano ehlukile nabakhi. Kwaba inkosi yakhe wathatha ingxenye esebenzayo ekwakhiweni emathempelini Pereslavl-Zaleski, Yuriev-Polsky, Suzdal. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wakha yokuhlala izwe Kideksha.

Kutfutfukiswa Blacksmithing

umsebenzi osebenza ngensimbi sika kulezi zindawo futhi lithole yande kakhulu futhi kwaba eziphambili kakhulu. Uma, futhi, emuva isihloko yokwemba, ngokuhamba ukuthola lenqwaba wensimbi amathuluzi. Eduze nedolobha Vyazniki zwe emizini yabazalwane amasampula amaningi bog itshe-nsimbi lalitholakala ophakamisa ukusabalala aleli art phakathi abantu ababehlala e-Vladimir-Suzdal ubukhulu. Kafushane, baba yizingcweti kakhulu.

Umvuthwandaba amakhono wensimbi bendawo baba iziphambano olukhulu kweNyuka futhi Dmitrievsky ababhishobhi, ehlotshiswe umfanekiso weathervane ijuba, nalo ikhono ayetholakala wazenza ngethusi. Kodwa Christmas kweNyuka Cathedral Vladimir zethusi emabhilidini lawo elihle negate zonke kalula.

Weaponsmithing

Kodwa ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi lo ngensimbi lendawo wema isigaba gunsmiths. Benza Sholom Yaroslav Vsevolodovich futhi battleaxe Andreya Bogolyubskogo, okuyinto akufanele sibhekwe nje zezinhlobo we wensimbi, kodwa futhi imigexo ubuciko. imeyili wendawo abadumile Ikakhulukazi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abavubukuli bathola umxhwele kanye abafikela umnsalo, okuvela kulo ngisho ngasinda imicibisholo eziyisikhombisa. Ubude ngamunye wabo kwaba mayelana 170 ngamasentimitha, futhi ngokushesha kuhlaziywe 2.5 kg. Cishe, izazi-mlando yabo lasendulo lalibizwa ngokuthi "shereshirami". Okwakwaziswa ngokukhethekile izingcweti ngubani babehilelekile yokukhiqiza amabhodi.

Archeologists wathola Suzdal futhi uVladimir wensimbi bakwazi ukukhiqiza okungenani ngayikhulu namashumi ayisihlanu amasampula imikhiqizo steel, kokuba ngesikhathi esifanayo engaphezu kuka-16 zochwepheshe ezahlukene.

Beluka nokusebenza izindwangu

Kube okusakazekile kulo ukwelukwa, kanye ezihlukahlukene izinhlobo ukuphotha. Phakathi ekumbeni kwatholakala hhayi kuphela amathuluzi amaningi lezi yezandla, kodwa futhi izinsalela izindwangu. Kwavela ukuthi amakhosi Russian kulezi zingxenye wayazi kuze kube lokuthunga amasu amahlanu, kuhlanganise eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Izinto kwakungamadodana onhlobonhlobo: isikhumba, uboya, usilika nokotini. On izindwangu ezimweni eziningi walondoloza ezifekethisiwe omangalisayo ngesiliva ngentambo.

Njengoba ubukhulu Sekuyisikhathi eside ithuthukiswe nemfuyo, kanye tanners kulezi zingxenye kahle ngokwanele. amakhosi Suzdal eyaduma kude lé nemingcele yezwe labo of ezehlukile izinga yuft futhi Morocco amabhuzu. Ukweseka lokhu owaziwa emibuthanweni yabo UProfesa NN Voronin atholakala lapho bemba kwezinye emagcekeni eziningi "ukuphela komgwaqo." Ngakho ngalezo zinsuku lalibizwa izingcezu inkomo izimbambo, esetshenziselwa machining izikhumba.

Ukwelashwa ithambo

It wayaziwa bendawo kanye nekhono ithambo yezithakazelo ezigxilile zababazi. Cishe zonke yokwemba emseleni ukuhlangabezana eziningi ithambo izinkinobho, Combs nezinye izesekeli yasendlini. Cishe kuqhathaniswa okwandile uthola nezinto zokuhloba ubuciko esikhathini esifanayo. Njengoba uVladimir futhi Suzdal eziningi zesikhunta coppersmiths atholakele. Jewellers efanayo Kwatholakala ukuthi umsebenzi walo usebenzisa ezingaphezu kuka-60 nezinhlobo amafomu ngenxa yezizathu ezehlukene. maqondana Special emphakathini esasithola lezo amakhosi abasebenze imikhiqizo ephuma igolide.

Bathola isongo, futhi zonke izinhlobo imigexo, namacici nezinkinobho eziye masterfully ehlotshiswe enamels nge umjikelezo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukukhiqizwa. Zonke Vladimir amakhosi komunye igremu esiliva ngaphumelela ikhilomitha ngentambo ayetholakala!

ukuthuthukiswa komnotho

Yini enye kwakungamadodana izici uVladimir-Suzdal ubukhulu? Njengoba sishilo kakade, ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha emnothweni kwakuhlobene eduze ne yemizila yohwebo ezibaluleke kakhulu owawugobhoza insimu yalo. Abavubukuli babe emafektri eziningana zemali Oriental watholakala (dirhems), okuyinto ngokucacile waqinisekisa itjhebiswano ukuhweba Vladimir futhi Suzdal namazwe akude. Kodwa futhi ukuhweba yasekhaya yaqhakaza: ke kwaphawuleka ngokukhethekile e elala Novgorod, ngawo abathengisi bendawo bekwi-trade okusanhlamvu.

Ayikho ngaphansi lwalunamandla ukuhweba nalo eByzantium, kanye emazweni amaningi aseYurophu. Ikakhulukazi ocashunwe emfuleni lokuthumela indlela. Nokho, izikhulu zendawo njalo ukuze ngokuqinile blyuli nozalo ukuhweba ezweni, njengoba ukungezwani ebudlelwaneni ngokwenani elalisetshenziswa abathengisi, ingase ibe nomthelela omubi inhlalakahle ezweni.

Lawa kwakungamadodana izici uVladimir-Suzdal ubukhulu.