Imithombo yezindaba umthetho phezu kwabo

Abezindaba njengoba abaningi becabanga kanjalo, kuba "izindlu lesine". Ngakho umthelela amaphephandaba, omagazini, i-TV, umsakazo kanye imithombo inthanethi kubonakala emphakathini wanamuhla. Iyini indima futhi umsebenzi kwabezindaba? Kushiwo ngamuphi umqondo ukuthi ukulawulwa zezomthetho sphere abezindaba? Yini ezintsha esingayilindela kule ndaba?

Sencazelo "abezindaba"

Ngokusho incazelo ethandwa, abezindaba - bamelela imibuso zidalwe lokusakaza zomphakathi emphakathini noma eqenjini lendawo kolwazi yayo ehlukahlukene ngokusebenzisa imigudu ahlukahlukene kwezobuchwepheshe. Abezindaba bathambekele abe izethameli eziqondiwe thematic (imikhakha) focus. Kukhona abezindaba zezombusazwe, abezindaba has a ukuma ibhizinisi, ezesayensi, ukuzijabulisa nokunye. D.

Iziteshi kwetheknoloji embuzweni, manje ngokuvamile ihlukaniswe off-line (okubhekiselwa kuzo nangokuthi "endala") futhi ku-intanethi. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka zihlanganisa amaphephandaba ephrintiwe nomagazini, umsakazo nethelevishini. Ukuze yesibili - nozakwabo asebenza kwi-inthanethi ngesimo izihloko emakhasini wewebhu, i-TV kanye nomsakazo inthanethi, kanye ividyo ne-odiyo omfisha, unabe ukuqoshwa kanye nezinye izindlela ukulethwa okuqukethwe usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe digital (Flash izethulo, -HTML5-script, nokunye. d.).

Ukuvela abezindaba

Nokho, ngokusho kwabanye ochwepheshe, le prototypes abezindaba esase sikhona kakade ngalezo zinsuku, lapho isintu siye akuzange kusungulwe hhayi ukuthi umshini wokunyathelisa futhi zamagama, ngisho ulimi agcwele. Rock imidwebo bezikhathi zasendulo, abanye ososayensi bakholelwa, kakade ukwenza eziningi imisebenzi salabo enze yezindaba yesimanje. Ngokwesibonelo, ngayo nefunda ngayo isizwe esisodwa ayimizulane wayengatshela (ngamabomu noma ngephutha) kwenye elafika endaweni yabo, lokho izinsiza abakhona endaweni - amanzi, imifino, amaminerali, ukunikeza umbono ocacile wokuthi izici sezulu, (isibonelo, ukudweba ilanga ) noma ukubonisa izinto kwezembatho ezifudumele izibalo.

Nokho, "abantu abaningi" imidiya etholakele Yiqiniso, kuphela yokuthi kokusunguliwe, abezindaba, eqala kungenzeka lobuchwepheshe emithonjeni ukufanisana e inqwaba amakhophi. Kuyinto kamuva Ephakathi - ngesikhathi lapho iphephandaba lokuqala. Ekuqaleni kwawo-namakhulu eminyaka 19-20th yasungulwa yocingo, yocingo, futhi kamuva - emsakazweni naku-TV. Ngesikhathi umphakathi emazweni asethuthukile aseqalile ukuzwa isidingo eziphathekayo okuxhumana esenziwa izinqubo ezibonisa izici kwezombusazwe, izinkinga zezenhlalo kanye nezomnotho, yokuvuthwa phakathi ukwanda ukukhiqizwa kanye nokwethulwa tindlela letinsha emakethe. Uhulumeni futhi ibhizinisi babé ngenkuthalo ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe etholakalayo ukuxhumana nomphakathi. Lo mkhuba ngokushesha bathola uhlamvu mass, futhi kwakukhona kwabezindaba kwindlela siwazi namuhla.

Abezindaba ithole nesidingo esikhulu, ikakhulukazi imvelo zezombusazwe. Babé indlela ukhiye yokuxhumana phakathi kukahulumeni nomphakathi, kanye ithuluzi eliphumelelayo ingxoxo phakathi izinhlangano ezehlukene zezepolitiki. Abezindaba baba umthombo, ukulawula okwakuyoholela ukuqinisekisa ikhono amaqembu ahlukahlukene isithakazelo ukulawula izingqondo zabantu esikalini ka wonke umphakathi noma yelungu ngalinye. Kube amandla abezindaba.

Abezindaba sanikwa umsebenzi othile. Ake sihlole kubo.

imisebenzi Abezindaba

ochwepheshe baye ngokuthi ulwazi umsebenzi eziyisisekelo. Kuyinto ukuhlinzeka umphakathi noma amaqembu athile, injalo, nge imininingwane ekhombisa izinkinga zamanje, ngentuthuko, izibikezelo. Futhi, umsebenzi Imininingwane ungaboniswa ukushicilelwa yalezi nezinye abadlali zezombusazwe noma izifundo zebhizinisi zolwazi ukuze wazise umphakathi hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi izibalo ezibalulekile noma izinhlangano ezingeni yabo siqu. Lokhu ungaboniswa, isibonelo, kule ncwadi ka izingxoxo ezikhethekile, lapho izinkulumo usomabhizinisi mayelana izinzuzo ukuncintisana kule nkampani - Imininingwane kungakhawulwa ibalwa ukufunda okungaka kusukela amakhasimende target, njengoba labo angabhekwa a izimbangi inkampani, noma, isibonelo, abangafaka imali emabhizinisini abo . Kuleli fomu zokubukwa kolwazi zingase zihluke. Phakathi ukhiye zingahlukaniswa zibe ezimbili - ngesimo amaqiniso futhi ngesimo ukubukwa (noma ukulinganisela ngokuxuba lezi onobuhle ababili).

Abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi abezindaba enze zemfundo (futhi abanye nabantu ngezinga) umsebenzi. Ihlala lapho kudluliswa amaqembu target abantu noma umphakathi wonkana yolwazi, ezisiza ukwandisa ezingeni ukuhileleka labo noma ezinye izinqubo ukuze siqale ukuqondisisa ukuthi kwenzekani ezombusazwe, kutemnotfo, emphakathini. Futhi umsebenzi wokufundisa abezindaba kubalulekile kusukela luvo izethameli eziqondiwe uyaqonda ulimi lomthombo efundekayo kuba njalo, nesithakazelo ekutholeni ulwazi olusha. Ithonya emidiya izinga lemfundo ngenxa yalokho, yebo, akuyona omkhulu kangaka. Lokhu kusebenza, esikhundleni salokho, yakhelwe ukubhekana izikole, amanyuvesi kanye nezinye izikhungo zemfundo. Kodwa, imithombo kungaba ngokuvumelanayo umphelelisi ulwazi ukuthi umuntu uthola ezikhungweni zemfundo.

Ukuchitha abezindaba umsebenzi ingaba ukusiza abantu yokwemukela namaqiniso isimo senhlalo. Abezindaba inganika abantu isiqondiso okukhethiwe lamanani ezoholela lithathelwe ngokushesha izinqubo ezithile izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho kanye nezombusazwe.

Ubani elawula kubani?

Abezindaba uma kuziwa imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi, futhi enze umsebenzi ukulawula labo noma ezinye izenzakalo kwezombusazwe nakwezomnotho. Kulesi kuncike, kulo lucwaningo, kuhloswe ukuba abe umphakathi uqobo. Ukuhlanganyela abezindaba, umphakathi (njengoba umthetho, lapho sibhekene izishoshovu ngazinye, emelela izithakazelo amaqembu athile) kudala ngokombono ezifanele kanye nabezindaba ngokwawo ukwenza kube umphakathi. Amandla, yena, noma izikhonzi umsebenzi kwezomnotho, amabhizinisi, abaholi ibhizinisi ngabanye ziyophoqeleka ukuba aphendule izicelo ezifanele emphakathini, "umbiko" kwezithembiso ngokuba ukuqaliswa izinhlelo, ukuxazulula izinkinga esiphuthumayo. Kwezinye izimo, umsebenzi ukulawula is kulekelelwa abagxeki. Indima nabezindaba Ngalo mqondo ayishintshi - okubaluleke kakhulu, ukudlulisela imibono efanele futhi iziphakamiso kubantu abavamile. Futhi-ke, yena, ukusakaza Asabela kanjani iziphathimandla noma amabhizinisi.

Omunye ukusebenza okuthize Kohlelo abezindaba - ukuhambisana. Kuyinto ukunika amandla umphakathi, futhi, lapho sibhekene izishoshovu simele izintshisekelo kothile, ukuveza imibono yabo yasobala, ukuxhumana kwezinye ababukeli. Nge kuhambisana ukugqugquzela omakhelwane futhi isici abezindaba. It kusikisela ukuba khona iziteshi okuyothi ngalo izishoshovu efanayo abonisa izithakazelo kothile afakiwe inqubo bemvelo zezombusazwe noma kwezomnotho. Ababona nje abamele ukubukwa kothile, kodwa futhi izibalo esisheshayo sikahulumeni noma ibhizinisi.

Imithombo yezindaba umthetho

abezindaba isiRashiya, njengoba abezindaba emazweni amaningi emhlabeni, ezisebenza ngokuhambisana nemithetho emisiwe umthetho. Hlobo luni izenzo normative olawula imisebenzi ezingeni kwabezindaba Russian Federation? Umthombo oyinhloko umthetho, thina - uMthetho "Ngo yezindaba", okuyinto angena ukusebenza ngoFebhruwari 1992. Nokho, kwenza kwaba nomfutho omkhulu ngo-December ka-1991. Njengoba i-Soviet Union isekhona ngokomthetho, umzimba ukuthi bamukela isenzo wabizwa ngokuthi Supreme Council of Russia. A uphawu uMongameli we RSFSR Boris Nikolaevich Eltsin. Ngaphambi kwalokhu isenzo zomthetho kubhekwa umthetho namaSoviet "On the Cindezela", okuyinto Waqala ukusebenza ngo-Agasti 1990. Ochwepheshe uqaphele ukuthi kokubili yemithetho ithuthukiswe ikakhulukazi ababhali efanayo.

Umlando oshayiwe abezindaba Russian

Iziphi izimiso abangu kwandulelwe ezimbili, esiye elishiwo ngenhla? Izazi-mlando zithi imithetho elawula imisebenzi abezindaba, isinyathelo ngaphambi Okthoba Revolution. Noma kunjalo, zakhishwa ngemuva kokushintshwa umbuso. Nokho, kungakapholi maseko, kukhishwe umyalo phezu cindezela, esisayinwe eMkhandlwini wase Yabantu Commissars ngo-Okthoba 1917. Kwakuthiwa ngokushesha njengoba uhlelo olusha zezombusazwe bayothola ukuzinza, abanye umthelela zokuqondisa umsebenzi izincwadi luzomiswa. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi kukhona inkululeko yokukhuluma, kungagcini izinyathelo kungenzeka kuphela nesibopho emagunyeni zokwahlulela. Nokho, ukwamukelwa kwenkolelo-ze umthetho, okwakuyoholela ukwakhela la malungiselelo, futhi akazange athathe indawo kuze 1990.

Imingcele emphakathini

AmaBolshevik, njengoba kwaphawula u-mlando, cishe ngokushesha phezu ukusungulwa iziphathimandla zalo ivaliwe amaphephandaba kweshumi eziningana zazihlolwa. Imisebenzi abezindaba Soviet awuzange kulawulwa yimuphi umthetho kanye esisePitoli, ngokusho kochwepheshe, ngaphansi kweso ngqo we CPSU futhi eU.SSR Council of Ministers. Ukuxhumana abezindaba kanye namandla e-USSR kwenzeka eqinisweni unilaterally. Nemsebenti iziphathimandla emaphakathi noma abantu babo ongaphansi kule izakhiwo ezingeni republic Union kanye nezinhlangano zabo abamelwe, njengoba izazi-mlando nezingqapheli abameli uthi, ukuthatha izinqumo ezifanele ngokuphathelene nezici eziyinhloko inqubomgomo yokuhlela, liqoke izikhulu ukhiye phambili ekukhulumeni kwabezindaba, ukuxazulula izinkinga zenhlangano. Kunesimo esifanayo senzeka futhi emkhakheni lavela emisakazweni nakumathelevishini. Ngakho, e-USSR eziqhutshwa ngokomthetho abezindaba kuphela kukahulumeni.

Kodwa engxenyeni 80s yesibili kwakukhona emphakathini kuleli zwe. Umkhuba uhulumeni oqondile kuphazamisa imisebenzi abezindaba ngandlela-thile hhayi ahambisana ngokoqobo abasafufusa emkhakheni. De empeleni waba, umshicileli waqala ukudlala indima enkulu ekuthuthukiseni setepolitiki wase-USSR. Kodwa de jure base engenamandla. Abashicileli zehlulekile, njengoba kwaphawula u-ezinye izazi, ukulahla inzuzo etholakale ngokudayisa lokugijima omkhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, ubuholi wezwe unqume ekubhaleni umthetho phezu abezindaba, angathathwa ngokomthetho kuvikelwe ukubaluleka ukuthi abezindaba ngiye ngazuza ngenkathi glasnost. Kwakudingekile ukudala-sphere, esebenza ngokuzimela umugqa party.

Ngakho, kusukela ngo-August 1, 1990 eSoviet Union wavula kungenzeka ukusebenza kwabezindaba kohlaka umphakathi. Mshini kuphela ochwepheshe abaningi abakubheka njengomklamo ukunkenketha izikhathi ukucwaninga, abezindaba isibe yokubhalisa saziso, zidinga ukuhambisana imicikilisho ethile. Njengokuthi nje, isibonelo, ekutholweni umuntu noma inhlangano ukusungula yezindaba, - umthetho ngaphambilini ukwenza kanjalo.

Umthetho omusha abezindaba?

Ngokusemthethweni yokutholwa e-USSR, isenzo zomthetho olawula imisebenzi abezindaba, sisebenza kuze kube manje. Nokho, ngesikhathi khona umthetho kuye ukwenza izichibiyelo njalo ngezikhathi ezithile. Namuhla, le mpikiswano ngendaba ukuthi waphinda ukuhlela isenzo zomthetho, ukubhala lokhu noma lokhuya evamile bengayeki. Yiqiniso, lokhu ukwamukelwa ngokomthetho yomthetho ingahambi (noma kunjalo, ulwazi umphakathi olwaziwa umphakathi, akusiyo). Nokho, iziphakamiso izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene izichibiyelo ezizothinta ukusebenza kwe-media eRussia, impela eningi.

Phakathi yakamuva, okuyinto seyemukeliwe nguMbuso Duma lowo oza yemikhawulo ngokubhekela izintshisekelo ubunikazi abezindaba bakwamanye amazwe. Kuyini ngempela wayesho ukuthini lapha? Kuze kube muva nje, amasheya isitokwe futhi inhloko-dolobha ogunyaziwe abezindaba isiRashiya, nabezizwe babengathandaza khona kunoma yimaphi ngezabelo oyifunayo (ngaphandle emkhakheni nomsakazo nomabonakude). Ekwindla ka-2014, i-State Duma e ukufundwa bobathathu izichibiyelo zomthetho abezindaba, okuyinto kusukela 2016, zimali angaphandle zingaba ngabanikazi akukho kuka-20% Russian nabezindaba assets.

Linganisa iphesenti bezinye izizwe

Njengoba imiphumela ukwamukelwa yomthetho kumagazini omusha angase abhekane, ochwepheshe bathi, akukho nolulodwa abezindaba yokuxhuma. Izibonelo yavama. Ingxenye eliphezulu bakosontjhaba amafa labamemezeli ezifana Sanoma Independent Media, Bauer, Hearst Shkulev nabanye abaningi. Ukugwema imithetho komthetho, abameli ukholwa, kuyinkinga. Imithetho babeka phansi isenzo, musa ukuvumela abantu bakwamanye amazwe ezigxotsheni ephethwe e nabezindaba assets ngokusebenzisa umlamuli of uchungechunge izinhlangano ezingokomthetho ezihlukile. Yini kungaholelaphi?

Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi umphumela ukungena force zezichibiyelo kungase kube isifiso sawo ezinye izinhlobo abezindaba ukuba kuphele umsebenzi ku Russian Federation. Ngokuyinhloko, ngenxa yokuthi abahlaziyi bakholelwa ukuthi abanikazi abezindaba ngeke bakwazi ukwakha inqubomgomo yokuhlela ngefomethi oyifunayo. Kule ndaba ukuqwashisa-isitayela abezindaba brand ungalahlekelwa njengoba abafundi ukuyithenga izincwadi ezifanele, futhi umnikazi ngeke zilimale. Ngokusho kodokotela abathile, nokufaneleka yomthetho kungenzeka wangabaza ngokuqondene yokuthi kakhulu ebucayi ukuze sphere lesishaya isikhala abezindaba e-Russia (ezombusazwe, umphakathi) zilawulwa bakwamanye amazwe hhayi okungaka. Okuningi ithonya angaphandle omagazini "ecwebezelayo", kuyinto cishe asihlobene izindaba ezithinta isizwe.

UMthetho Blogger

Phakathi kwezinye izinhlelo ephezulu profile of sivumele isishaya-mthetho Russian - izichibiyelo eziphathelene imisebenzi Blogger. Ngokusho kwabo, abanikazi Intanethi (noma amakhasi ekuxhumaneni nomphakathi kanye nezinye izakhiwo nalapho inthanethi kubo) e amagama athile, akhiwa abezindaba uma elihambisana Amakhasi izilaleli labasebenzisi ezingaphezu kwezingu-3 ayizinkulungwane. Nsuku zonke. Nokho, kulesi simo, kwentelwa kutsi letichibiyelo musa zithinta umthetho "Ngo-Mass Media" nezinye izenzo zomthetho eziphathelene ukulawulwa kolwazi nobuchwepheshe.

Hlobo luni izibopho ezithile ukuze abezindaba, kuyodingeka athobele Blogger ethandwa? Okokuqala, ukunikeza igama langempela, igama lokuqala patronymic. Futhi, Blogger kumelwe ukhombise ikheli le-imeyili, kuye kwaba nokwenzeka ukuba aqhube ingxoxo ngokomthetho abalulekile. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, igama kanye e-mail Blogger noma web ibamba umhlinzeki isayithi lapho iphrojekthi itholakala, kufanele liqondise kabusha Roskomnadzor.

Ibhulogi akusho ukushicilela ulwazi okungaziphuca nga lungo of okuqukethwe kwalo futhi isiqondiso, kuphambene kwezinkambiso kwalo mthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhona inadmissible futhi akunasisekelo izitatimende ezithinta, ukwahlulelwa, futhi kushicilelwe kokuyekethisa idatha yomuntu siqu ngokuya negative, izithakazelo zabanye abantu.