Izingxenye Commonwealth nalokho okukushoyo mlando

Omunye uthi amakhulu eYurophu phakathi nenkulungwane yesibili - Poland - kuya kweleshumi XVIII isibe izwe ladwengulwa ukuphikisana yangaphakathi, isiza kuzobe phakathi emazweni angomakhelwane - Russia, Prussia, Austria. Izigaba -Commonwealth abe nqubo engokwemvelo yokufunda ukuphila nokuthuthukiswa kwaleli lizwe.

Isizathu esikhulu isimo esibucayi, lapho ihlala khona isimo Polish, kwaba yobutha le izikhulu ngobukhulu Polish, ngalinye elikwazi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, wafuna nakanjani kuya kwabaholi bezombangazwe, ngakolunye uhlangothi, wafuna ukusekelwa emazweni angomakhelwane, ngaleyo ndlela evula izwe lakhe ithonya angaphandle.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi Poland lobukhosi, amandla bobukhosi kwakuhunyushwa ababuthakathaka. Okokuqala, inkosi yakwa-Poland, sikhethwe ku Ukudla, lapho umsebenzi kulo lonke XVIII leminyaka liphazamisa Russia nase France, Prussia nase-Austria. Okwesibili, omunye wemigomo esemqoka okusebenzela kuyo Seimas kwaba "free ilungelo likasihlalo lokunqabela" uma isinqumo kumele kuthathwe ngokuphelele yonke samanje. Ivoti eyodwa "ngokumelene" kwakwanele ukuba mpikiswano alinamali no- kuqale ubungqabavu.

Ukuze Russia, umbuzo Polish sekuyisikhathi eside omunye wemizila ebaluleke kakhulu inqubomgomo angaphandle. essence yayo kwakungewona nje sokuqinisa ithonya layo ezweni European, kodwa futhi ukuvikela amalungelo labantu Orthodox, ohlala endaweni yase-Ukraine yesimanje kanye aseBaltic.

Okungukuthi isimo Orthodox labantu baba isizathu esiholele lokuqala ukwahlukanisa kwezintathu yePoland. UCatherine II uhulumeni wayilalela inkosi Stanislavom Ponyatovskim shintsho amalungelo sabantu Orthodox samaKatolika, kodwa futhi ingxenye enkulu yezikhulu ukuthi inkani avukela. Russia, Prussia futhi Austria baphoqeleka ukuthumela amasosha ensimini Commonwealth okwagcina wanika Prussian yinkosi noFrederick II ithuba lokukhuluma ngalolu division yamazwe Polish. Izingxenye Commonwealth ube ngokoqobo ngenakuvikeleka.

Ngenxa yalokho ukwahlukanisa lokuqala ePoland ngo-1772 wathuthela ensimini Russian waseBelarus futhi ezingxenyeni ezisempumalanga banamuhla Latvia, Prussia wathola ogwini Polish eNorth Sea, nase-Austria - Galicia.

Nokho, lokhu ukwahlukanisa of Poland kwakungesona isiphelo. Ingxenye izikhulu Polish wayeqaphela kahle ukuthi ukuze ugcine ezweni labo kwakudingeka izinguquko zombusazwe. Nge le njongo ngo-1791 kwaba Ukwamukelwa koMthethosisekelo yasePoland, lapho isikhundla senkosi saphela kobuholi, futhi isimiso 'free ilungelo likasihlalo lokunqabela "sahoxiswa. kugucuka anjengalawa aye ahlangana izinsolo e-Europe, lapho nje yayina Omkhulu French Revolution. Russia nase Prussia kabusha wangena amabutho wasePoland ohlala e-imikhawulo kanye ukuqalisa ingxenye entsha kanye isimo esinamandla.

Ngokwe-yesibili ukwahlukanisa of Poland e 1793 eRussia baphinde kwesokudla yasebhange Ukraine, eBelarus futhi Central kanye Prussia kwadingeka athandwayo ke Gdansk, okuyinto yena ngokushesha esishintshile igama eDanzig.

Izenzo ezinjalo uthi European kwaholela amaPolish wenkululeko kazwelonke ukunyakaza ekuqaleni eholwa T. Kosciuszko. Kodwa lokhu kubhikisha ngesihluku ukuyiveza amasosha Russian eholwa Alexander Suvorov. Okwesithathu Hlukanisa of Poland e 1795 wahola yokuthi lokhu isimo uyekile iyaqhubeka: central okuyingxenye, kanye Warsaw kwaba yanika ukuba Prussia, Courland, Lithuania, Western Belarus - eRussia, futhi iNingizimu Poland Krakow - e-Austria.

Izingxenye Commonwealth maqondana Russia uqede inqubo kwenzeke lokhu zabantu isiRashiya, isi-Ukrainian futhi Belarusian futhi emenza ukuqhubekisela phambili ukuthuthukiswa emasiko abo.