UHerode Omkhulu - inkosi yakwaJuda. biography

yakwaJuda UHerode Omkhulu ingenye izibalo eyindida kunazo zonke emlandweni wasendulo. Waziwa kakhulu ngenxa indaba kweBhayibheli ukucekwa izingane. Ngakho-ke, namuhla igama elithi "uHerode" kuyinto phraseology, okusho umuntu ngobugwala futhi ongenazimiso.

Noma kunjalo, portrait siqu le nkosi luyobe lungaphelele uma liqala futhi saphela ngokukhululwa kukhulunywa lwalesi sibhicongo ezingane ezincane. UHerode Omkhulu wayengumbusi isidlaliso ngokwenzeka ku-isihlalo sobukhosi nenkathi enzima for the Jews. Lesi sici kuphambene umfanekiso womele igazi umbulali, ngakho sibalo yenkosi kuwufanele okuseduzane eduze.

umndeni

Ngo ivelaphi, uHerode yayingafuni basonta bobukhosi lwamakhosi akwaJuda abe ngaphansi kwakhe. Uyise Antipatr Idumeyanin kwaba umbusi wesifundazwe sakwa-Edomi. Ngalesi sikhathi (I ekhulwini BC. Oe.), The abantu bamaJuda bazithola indlela ukunwetshwa saseRoma, okwakumnika wenza indlela yayo eya empumalanga.

Ngo-63 BC. e. IJerusalema elathunjwa ngu uPompey, ngemva kwalokho yamakhosi akwaJuda babé sincike zwe. Phakathi nempi yombango eRoma eminyakeni 49-45. U-Antipase kwadingeka akhethe phakathi contender for amandla iSigele. Wasekela Yuliya Tsezarya. Lapho enqoba uPompey, abasekeli bakhe Uthole izinzuzo ezinkulu ngenxa yobuqotho. U-Antipase waklonyeliswa isihloko umbusi waseJudiya, futhi nakuba ngokomthetho ukuba ngingabi yinkosi, eqinisweni waba umbusi main ongumRoma wesifundazwe.

Ngisho ngo-73 BC. e. ngesikhathi Edomi owazalwa - Ngokuzayo kaHerode Omkhulu. Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi Antipase kwaba wesifunda, wayebuye umqaphi inkosi uHyrcanus II, lapho yaba nethonya elikhulu. Kuyinto ngemvume ekuhlaleni kwenkosi esihlalweni sobukhosi, Wadabulisa indodana yakhe uHerode umtetrarki (umbusi) kwezindaba zesifunda eGalile. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-48 BC. e., lapho le nsizwa eneminyaka engu-25.

Izinyathelo zokuqala kwezombusazwe

Engumtetrarki UHerode Omkhulu wayengumbusi umbusi siqotho ebukhosini wamaRoma. Lobo bungane fela ingxenye olandelanayo komphakathi wamaJuda. Abashisekeli bezwe babefuna futhi engafuni ukubona amaRoma emasimini abo. Nokho, imvelo bangaphandle kwakusobala kangangokuthi umJuda zingavikelwa omakhelwane nolaka kuphela ngaphansi kwesivikelo republic.

Ngo '40 BC. e. UHerode engumtetrarki waseGalile, njengoba kwakudingeka abhekane nesimiso ayehlasela AmaParte. Balithatha lonke ukuzilwela nangoJuda, eJerusalema ukubeka njengoba unodoli inkosi yakwa protege yakhe. UHerode wabalekela ngokuphepha kuleli zwe ukuze acele ukusekela eRoma, lapho wayenethemba lokuthi uthole ibutho kanye ukuxosha abahlaseli. Ngalesi sikhathi, uyise Antipatr Idumeyanin wayeshone zokuguga, ngakho inqubomgomo kwadingeka ukuba zizenzele izinqumo zazo futhi uthathe isinyathelo ngentando yakho.

Ukuxoshwa AmaParte

Endleleni eya eRoma, uHerode wayeka eGibhithe, lapho ahlangana khona inkosikazi Cleopatra. Lapho ekugcineni umJuda wayengowesibili e iSigele, wakwazi ukuxoxa enamandla uMark Antony, owavuma ukunikeza umninikhaya isivakashi ukubuya esifundazweni.

Impi namaParthian kwaba ngemva kweminyaka emibili. Amabutho amaRoma , ngokusekelwa kubabaleki abangamaJuda namavolontiya yakhululwa lonke izwe kanye nenhloko-dolobha yawo iJerusalema. Kuze kube kuleli qophelo zamakhosi akwa-Israyeli ingeyamakhosi ke ngohlu lozalo lwasebukhosini lasendulo. Emuva eRoma, UHerode wathola imvume yokuthi lokuba sibe umbusi, kodwa uhlu lwakhe lozalo kwaba ozalwa ephansi. Ngakho-ke Olwa for amandla ngishade umzukulu uHyrcanus II Miriamne ukuba legitimizovatsya emehlweni Bakwethu lwakhe. Ngakho, sibonga kokungenela ESonto LamaRoma, e 37 BC. e. UHerode waba inkosi yakwaJuda.

Ukuqala wokubusa

Kuyo yonke iminyaka ama wokubusa kwakhe, uHerode kwadingeka ukuba silinganisele phakathi izingxenye ezimbili polar emphakathini. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, wazama yokulondoloza ubuhlobo obuhle eRoma, njengoba izwe lakhe empeleni isifundazwe weRiphabhulikhi bese Empire. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwakudingeka inkosi singalahlekelwa kholeka among bakubo, eziningi zazo banesimo sengqondo esingaqondile kulezi zifiki evela entshonalanga.

Kuzo zonke izindlela esaziwa amandla, UHerode wakhetha enokwethenjelwa kakhulu - ke waphakamisela nezitha zakhe zangaphakathi nezangaphandle, lokho akusikiseli neze zobuthakathaka yabo. I ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu baqala ngokushesha emva amabutho amaRoma iphinde ithunjwe lweYerusalem, wathabathela AmaParte. UHerode wayala ukuba ukubulawa kwabo Inkosi yangaphambili Antigonus, lawela phezu kwesihlalo sobukhosi abahlaseli. Ukuze uhulumeni omusha inkinga kwaba ukuthi le nkosi wagudluzwa kwakungekaNkulunkulu lwamakhosi lasendulo embangweni wamakhosana amaHasmonea, abusa eJudiya lapho iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu. Naphezu imibhikisho kumaJuda ukukhononda, uHerode, wahlala ngenkani, futhi isinqumo sakhe wafakwa umkhuba. E-Antiyokiya kanye inqwaba eseduze ababulawa.

Out of the Crisis

Umlando omude amaJuda beligcwele izigemegeme ubunzima njalo. Inkathi Herodian akuyona ngaphandle. Ngonyaka ka-31 BC. e. U-Israyeli wayeyisizwe ukuzamazama komhlaba okwadala umonakalo ukuthi zabulala abantu abangaphezu kuka-30 eziyinkulungwane abantu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo izizwe zama-Arabhu eningizimu, bashaya uJuda, wazama ababengakuphanga kuyo. UMbuso ka-Israyeli yayiphezu isesimweni esingesihle, kodwa uhlale ematasa uHerode ukugcina ikhanda lakhe futhi wathatha zonke izinyathelo ukunciphisa umonakalo kusuka yilezi zinsizi.

Okokuqala amqoba ama-Arabhu kanye wona awaxosha ngobani nokuthunjwa ezweni lakhe. Nomads bashaya uJuda futhi ngenxa yombuso waseRoma waqhubeka inhlekelele yezombangazwe, ukunkenketha eyayize ifike ku-Israyeli. Kuleso ekhumbulekayo ngonyaka 31 BC. e. lo mdlali main kanye nomvikeli kukaHerode uMark Antony wahlulwa empini Actium ngokumelene ngoxhaxha Octavian Awugustu.

Lesi senzakalo sasingeyona imiphumela kakhulu nehlala njalo. Uyinkosi yabaJuda wazizwa ukuguquguquka zomzabalazo wezombangazwe, futhi baqala ukuthumela izithunywa Octavian. Ngokushesha ekugcineni sezombangazwe waseRoma ethatha amandla yazibeka umbusi. New okukaKesari uyinkosi yabaJuda wathola ulimi olufanayo, uHerode akwazi ukuphefumula gidi.

lwekutfutfukisa

I ukuzamazama komhlaba okwadala umonakalo phansi izakhiwo eziningi e wonke u-Israyeli. Ukuze ukukhulisa izwe kusukela emanxiweni, uHerode kwadingeka athathe isinyathelo esinqala sokubhubhisa. Emadolobheni lamakhulu, ingabe ukwakhiwa entsha uqalile. izakhiwo zabo lithole izici saseRoma ngokuzalwa futhi amaGreki. Maphakathi lesi sakhiwo kade baba inhloko-dolobha eJerusalema.

Le phrojekthi eyinhloko uHerode, kwaba kabusha iThempeli Lesibili - yindawo yokukhulekela yamaJuda. Kuleli khulu leminyaka elidlule, kwaba agugile futhi kwakubonakala sengathi yisikhathi ngokumelene isizinda ezinhle izakhiwo ezintsha. AmaHebheru ibhekwa ethempelini njengesizinda sombuso besizwe sakubo nenkolo, ngakho kwaba kuyindaba yokukhathalelwa kabusha impilo yonke kaHerode.

Inkosi babenethemba lokuthi lo ukuhlelwa kabusha eyomsiza athole ukusekela kwabantu abavamile, ngubani ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene akakuthandanga umbusi wabo, ecabanga engumashiqela ngendlela enesihluku futhi unodoli eRoma. UHerode ngokuvamile zihlukaniswa isifiso sokuvelela, linethemba lokuba kusayithi kaSolomoni, wakha ithempeli lokuqala, futhi ungavumeli aphumule.

Ukubuyiselwa iThempeli Lesibili

Umuzi waseJerusalema eminyakeni embalwa ukulungiselela ukubuyiselwa, elaqala 20 BC. e. Enhloko-dolobha kuzo zonke izingxenye zezwe waletha kudingekile ukwakhiwa imithombo - .. Stone, imifekethiso, njll Ukuphila yansukuzonke yebandla wayegcwele imicikilisho ethile engcwele zingephulwa ngisho ngesikhathi sokubuyiselwa. Ngokwesibonelo, kwakukhona kwesigaba ahlukene kwangaphakathi, engafinyelelwa abefundisi abangamaJuda kuphela. UHerode wayala ukuba abafundise okwakha, ukuze bakwazi ukwenza wonke umsebenzi odingekayo endaweni kuvinjelwe abantu abavamile.

Unyaka wokuqala nengxenye esephumile waya kabusha main ethempelini ebiyelwe. Uma le nqubo yaqedwa, isakhiwo lanikezelwa futhi kwaqhubeka ezinkonzweni zenkolo. Kuyo yonke le minyaka eyisishiyagalombili esilandelayo, kwabuyiselwa namagceke amakamelo ngabanye. Shintsha zangaphakathi izivakashi kwaba ethokomele futhi ukhululekile ibandla elisha.

Inkosi Unfinished uHerode ngasinda ugqozi lwakhe. Ngisho nangemva kokufa kwakhe, kwaqhubeka ukwakhiwa kabusha wayesalokhu kwenzekani, nakuba ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi umsebenzi sesiphethiwe.

kwethonya lamaRoma

Siyabonga kuHerode AmaJuda asendulo wathola enhloko-dolobha, inkundla yemidlalo lokuqala, okwakukhona classical umbukwane Roman - ukulwa yezilwi. Lezi izimpi yayenzelwa ukuhlonipha imithetho yombusi. Ngokuvamile likaHerode bezama zonke izindlela ukuba bagcizelele ukuthi akathokozi uhlala qotho kuhulumeni, okwamsiza ukuba ahlale esihlalweni sobukhosi kuze kube sekufeni kwakhe.

inqubomgomo Hellenization akakuthandanga amaJuda amaningi, owayekholelwa ukuthi indawo, ngokugcizelela kakhulu imikhuba Roman, inkosi esicasula inkolo siqu. SobuJuda ngaleso sikhathi sihlangabezane esiteji zobunzima, lapho wonke u-Israyeli kwavela nabaprofethi bamanga ukukholisa abantu abavamile ukuthatha imfundiso yabo. Esontweni alwa abaFarisi? - amalungu ungqimba emincane zemfundiso yenkolo nabapristi, ababezama ukugcina indlela yenkolo ubudala. UHerode uvame waxoxa nabo endaweni nezindaba ikakhulukazi ebucayi izinqubomgomo zabo.

Ngaphezu izakhiwo amatshwayo zenkolo, le nkosi ngcono komgwaqo futhi ngazama ukuwanikeza intsha emzini wakhe konke okwakudingeka ukuze nje ngokushiya impilo enethezekile bezakhamuzi zakhona. Angikhohlwa ke futhi ukuchuma kwabo siqu. UHerode Palace Omkhulu, ezakhiwe ngaphansi kokulawula kwakhe siqu, washaya umcabango Bakwethu lwakhe.

Esimeni esiphuthumayo, inkosi kumele ente nokuphana kakhulu, naphezu uthando lwakhe okunethezeka futhi ubukhulu. Ngo '25 eNtshonalanga kwaba khona indlala enkulu, abaphethwe abampofu eJerusalema enezikhukhula. Umbusi babengakwazi ukusondla ukuba izimali yengcebo kusukela yonke imali ngesikhathi ayekade izimali ukwakhiwa. Usuku ngalunye oludlulayo isimo saba ngaphezulu futhi okwesabisayo ngaphezulu, bese iNkosi uHerode Omkhulu ngaphambilini ukuthengisa zonke zakhe ezinhle, ukuqhutshwa kuyiphi nathengwa amathani isinkwa waseGibhithe.

Massacre we abangenacala

Zonke izici ezinhle uhlamvu kukaHerode egqwalile ngeminyaka. Njengoba bekhula le nkosi baba engumashiqela isigelekeqe esinonya futhi osolisayo. Phambi kwakhe zamakhosi akwa-Israyeli ngokuvamile Waba isisulu uzungu. Ngokwengxenye lokhu kungani uHerode waba paranoid, akusho ukwethemba ngisho nomkhaya wakhe. Pomrachnenie uyahlanya yinkosi kwaphawulwa neqiniso lokuthi wayeseholela eyalele ukuba kubulawe amadodana akhe amabili siqu, ababa yizisulu ukujivaza zamanga.

Kodwa abadumile okuningi lalingesinye indaba ezihlobene igqamuka ubuhlungu lolaka kukaHerode. EVangelini likaMathewu uchaza isiqephu, owawuthi umbusi wafika amaMagi engaqondakali. Magee watshela umbusi ukuthi baya emzini waseBhetlehema, lapho kwazalelwa khona inkosi samanje yakwaJuda.

Izindaba kwabazabalazayo engakaze yenziwe amandla uyesaba uHerode. Wanikeza oda, okuyinto wayengazi ukuthi umlando wamaJuda. Inkosi yayala ukuba babulale wonke izinsana laseBhetelehem, owawenziwa. Ngo imithombo Christian zinikeza amanani awukulinganisela ezahlukene isibalo izisulu udlame kulolu. Mhlawumbe izinkulungwane izingane ziye zabulawa, nakuba izazi-mlando zanamuhla sokuphikisa lo mbono ngenxa yokuthi edolobheni yesifundazwe lasendulo kungase njengoba izinsana. Ngandlela-thile, kodwa "inkosi yamaJuda ', okuyinto wathumela amadoda ahlakaniphile ngasinda. Babefanele iisus hristos - sibalo eyinhloko yenkolo obusha bobuKristu.

Ukufa kanye nokwenza amalungiselelo omngcwabo

UHerode waphila isikhathi eside ngemva indaba lokuqothulwa we abangenacala. Wafa mayelana 4 BC. e., lapho eneminyaka engu-70 ubudala. Ezikhathini zasendulo kwaba esekhulile impela eneminyaka engu. Le ndoda endala kwesokunxele kuleli zwe, kusale amadodana eziningana. Yena washiyela eyizibulo U-Arkelawu wavele sakhe sobukhosi. Nokho, ikhandidethi kwadingeka ukuba sibuyekezwe futhi kuvunywe kombusi waseRoma. Octavian wavumelana U-Arkelawu wavele nje kwesigamu Israyeli, enikeza enye ingxenye kubafowabo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ukuhlukanisa izwe. Lokhu kwaba nelinye igxathu endleleni kaKesari ekubeni buthakathaka amandla YamaJuda West.

UHerode akazange bammbela emzini, iJerusalema, kodwa kuHerodiyone inqaba, yaqamba ibizo lakhe futhi wasungula kokubusa kwakhe. Inhlangano wahlanganyela ukulila indodana U-Arkelawu wavele. Kuye kuza ngemuva kusukela ezihlukahlukene izifundazwe okubi okwakugcwele eMbusweni WaseRoma. Izivakashi amaJuda wafakaza umbukwane engakaze ibonwe. Umufi bangcwatshwa ngokumangalisayo - embhedeni segolide futhi ezungezwe isixuku esikhulu sabantu. Ulilela inkosi oshonile yathatha elinye isonto. UMbuso Wakwa-Israyeli isikhathi eside ukubona off the Uhambo lokugcina bombusi wawo ozimisele ukwenza lokuqala lwamakhosi kaHerodiya.

ethuneni wenkosi eziye zatholwa abavubukuli muva nje. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-2007. I ubone ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba ziqhathaniswa ngokoqobo eziningi amaqiniso ezinikezwe ezincwadini zasendulo ebhaliwe.

isiphetho

ubuntu kukaHerode ambiguously wamukela abantu bangesikhathi sakhe. I epithet "Omkhulu" yanikwa kakade nge-mlando zanamuhla. Lokhu kwakwenziwa ukugcizelela indima enkulu inkosi ukudlalwa ukuhlanganiswa ezweni yakhe nge wonke uMbuso WaseRoma, kanye kulondolozwe ukuthula eNtshonalanga.

Ulwazi onokwethenjelwa kunayo mayelana uHerode podcherpnuli abacwaningi kwemisebenzi mlando Iosifa Flaviya, owayeneminyaka besikhathi sakhe. Zonke imihlomulo esiyenziwe phakathi nokubusa koMbusi ayenziwa kungenzeka isifiso sakhe, pragmatism nokwethembela izinqumo ezenziwa. Akungabazeki ukuthi inkosi ngokuvamile umhlatshelo isiphetho yabalingisi yabo ethile, lapho kwaba umbuzo we ukusebenza isimo.

Wakwazi ukubambelela sobukhosi, naphezu kwesimo phakathi kwezinhlangano ezimbili - LamaRoma nezobuzwe. izindlalifa yakhe nenzalo ayikwazanga ngizibonge impumelelo enjalo.

UHerode ungumuntu obalulekile wonke yomlando wobuKristu, noma ithonya lawo kuvamise kungabi sobala kangaka, ngoba wafa ngosuku olwandulela izenzakalo ezihambisana nokuba umsebenzi kaKristu. Noma kunjalo, yonke indaba iTestamente Elisha okwenzeka kwa-Israyeli, lapho ushiye ngemuva inkosi yasendulo.