Lokho owasungula le yokuqala: ikhandlela noma ingilazi? Umlando ezisunguliwe

Ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo ukuthi yasungulwa ngaphambi - ikhandlela noma ingilazi, look lokuqala umlando ikhandlela, bese ngezinkomishi ezinamekwe ngomthofu. Futhi qhathanisa. Asiqale bagxuma umlando ukudalwa amakhandlela.

cwilisa-ikhandlela

Abantu zisebenzisa amakhandlela njengoba umthombo wokukhanya iminyaka engaba ngu-5000. Ngenkathi zibaluleke ngani ezimpilweni zethu, ukuphendula ngokunembile umbuzo ngesikhathi ikhandlela yasungulwa, akekho okwaziyo. Kunemibono ukuthi ikhandlela wokuqala yasungulwa eGibhithe lasendulo eminyakeni engaba ngu-3000 BC. Yiqiniso, bona sehluke kakhulu, futhi ihluke namuhla. amakhandlela zaseGibithe zazakhiwe ngendlela eyayenza kusukela core odlula, imihlanga wakhonza ithoshi owawuke ofakwe amafutha ezilwane. Ukukhuluma ngokusemthethweni kule mithombo ukukhanya libhekisela kwekhulu leshumi BC. Khona-ke baba ukubukeka yefilakisi afakwe esitsheni egcwele isixazululo oluvuthayo. Umlando Roma ikhandlela lasendulo athuthukile curious kakhulu. Bona basonta bese elicwiliswe isixazululo papyrus amafutha. Ngenxa yokuthi ingxenye yesixazululo wahlala phezu ntambo, yena waqhubeka uvutha. Lezi amakhandlela okuthiwa ekushoniseni, ukuzisebenzisa izindlu ezimboziwe izindawo zenkolo, athathwa endleleni. amakhandlela Yande ngehla nge cheapness nokutholakala amafutha, ngoba iye yasetshenziswa amakhulu amaningi eminyaka.

Izazi-mlando zithi nakwezinye izizwe eyayenza amakhandlela kusuka izindlela ngokurhaba, ezihlanganisa izinambuzane noma izitshalo. China ukwenze ikhandlela ezisontekile ibe tube iphepha obukhulu, wakhonza njengephayona ntambo iphepha irayisi, wax elixutshwe okusanhlamvu izinambuzane. Japanese wax ikhandlela ekhiqizwa kusuka ziyadliwa izihlahla.

taper amakhandlela

Kanjani ikhandlela zanamuhla? Umlando wokudala sihlobana ngekhulu xv. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, sonke amakhandlela zicwila. Omunye umklami, owazalelwa eFrance, owasungula le amakhandlela tapered, lokhu wax is batheleka isikhunta kakade kuqedile. Khona-ke amafutha ezilwane salandelwa ngengcina yezinyosi Naye wayedla kancane, eside eshile unuka kangcono. Nokho, izindleko zale amakhandlela lalilikhulu kakhulu kunalokho, ngoba yayisetshenziswa kuphela ebandleni nasemakhaya ukhomba ngophakathi.

Ezinye izindlela wokwenza amakhandlela

Abesifazane baseMelika abangaphezu wenze ukutholakala encane kodwa ebalulekile etholwe ukubila eside abanye ukusha berry wax kahle futhi nephunga limnandi. Nokho, njengoba le ndlela ikhandlela okwenza kukhathaza futhi kuthatha isikhathi, it is hhayi asetshenziswa kabanzi.

Ekhulwini XVIII kwaba ukuthuthukiswa imboni Whaling, sibonga ngalo amakhandlela Ungeze substrate entsha - spermaceti. Le into oily etholwe phezulu ikhanda lika-sperm whale. amakhandlela Elisha babengamaJuda mkhulu futhi kube lukhuni kakhulu, lokho wabavumela ukuba hhayi zabaseGibithe ziphela amandla ukushisa.

Umlando ezisunguliwe ezathonya ibhizinisi ikhandlela

XIX leminyaka kwakushintsha ukwenziwa amakhandlela. Ngo-1820, wemithi kusukela France Mishel Shevrol labelwe stearic acid esuka amafutha ezilwane. Kwabe sekufika amakhandlela stearin, okwakukhona esivuthayo okuqinile, kanzima futhi ihlanzekile. Lezi amakhandlela athandwa kuze kube namuhla nakwa-Europe.

Okubalulekile emlandweni wabo yigama Dzhozefa Morgana. Yena baklama umshini lapho amakhandlela ezimise zingaba ngokuqhubekayo. Ngenxa uMbhalo ezihambayo Pistone le ndlela ku imishini yabo angaphatha evela ikhandlela, ngemva kokuba eba yiqhwa.

Ngo-1850, singase behlukene uwoyela ozivelela futhi kusulwe ke. Ngakho, ngo-womshini amakhandlela baqala ukusebenzisa upharafini. Lo mkhiqizo ashisiwe ehlanzekile futhi ngokushelela, kwaba eshibhile kunamanye umlilo nezinto ezinokuvutha, inkinga ongaphakeme ukuma isinqumo ngemva upharafini ingezwe ku okuqinile stearin acid.

Ngo-1879, uThomas Edison yasungulwa kwesibani incandescent, bese amakhandlela zaqala ukusetshenziswa esengeziwe yobuhle.

amakhandlela yesimanje

Amakhandlela babe ezimpilweni zethu kube yilolu suku ngokuthi isici Decor, njengengxenye eyinhloko yokudala isimo noma ukuzindla romantic, ngisho njengoba nje isikhumbuzo nice and cute. amakhandlela olunephunga elimnandi, ezimibalabala, ezincane nezinkulu, round futhi isikwele - konke lokhu namuhla iyatholakala ukuthi noma ubani.

Kusukela ngo-1990, ukuthandwa amakhandlela ukhula futhi, saqala ukubheka izinhlobo ezintsha wax for amakhandlela: kusuka amafutha esundu, isoya kanye nabanye.

ingilazi

Kuyini ingilazi, abaningi abawazi, akunzima. Glass - nemiyo amorphous. yalo Solid ingatholakala lwaluyophola ingxubevange. Kuningi yezinto asizombelezileko enziwe ngengilazi, ngaphandle-ke, ekuphileni kwethu ngeke ngikhululekile ngakho. Abantu esetshenziswa kanjani ukwenza ngaphandle izibuko, amafasitela ezicwebezelisiwe, glass amabhodlela enhle, nenhle futhi ukukhanya izitsha? Wake wacabanga yini lapho yasungulwa ingilazi? Le ndatshana izozama ukuphendula hhayi kuphela ngalolu daba, sizobe efanisa futhi sihlaziye lokho yasungulwa ngaphambi - ikhandlela noma ingilazi.

Umlando ngengilazi

Kuvele hypothesis ezithakazelisayo kwahlongozwa sefilosofi ngaphezulu lasendulo ngesiGreki noPliny mlando uMdala. Wabhala umsebenzi enesihloko esithi "i-Natural History" ku BC ekhulwini lokuqala. History of the ingilazi uchazwa ngokuthi inganekwane noma legend of the abagibeli bemikhumbi yasendulo.

abathengisi waseFenike yaletha esuka Afrika athumele soda zemvelo ngasogwini empumalanga yoLwandle LwaseMedithera. Phakathi nalolo hambo, ababambanga isivunguvungu esikhulu, ngenxa umkhumbi bacasha itheku eliseduze. Kwanqunywa ukuba zilinde isimo sezulu size kangcono ogwini. Abavakashi ovuthayo emlilweni, wanquma ukupheka ukudla. Bebafuna ukuthi ungafaka cauldron enkulu, kodwa ogwini lalingenalutho futhi ofanele Asitholanga lutho. Khona amatilosi waletha umkhumbi amabhlogo omkhulu of soda, okuyinto kuhle wasondela le njongo. Ekuseni, amatilosi wathola kusayithi komlilo izingcezu i material engaziwa. Ngakho, kusukela ingxube umlotha kanye isihlabathi ngaphansi lokushisa eliphezulu ingilazi kwakhiwa. Umlando Inventions ngokuvamile engavamile futhi elula. Umlandzi, yebo, lomuntu ohlonishwayo kakhulu, le nguqulo ezithakazelisayo, kodwa ingabe kuyiqiniso?

Ngo zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili, sanquma ukuhlola inguqulo uPliny. Ngeshwa, ukuhlola kuhlulekile. Kwavela ukuthi izinga lokushisa umlilo akwanele ukuze ancibilike ingilazi. Ngakho lapho ingilazi yasungulwa? Kusobala ukuthi sidalwe endaweni ezahlukene kanye nabanye abantu.

Glass Ancient Egypt

Umbuzo ukuthi yasungulwa ngaphambi ikhandlela noma ingilazi, namanje evulekile, kodwa ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi zombili lezi zinto ezatholakala basonta AbaseGibhithe lasendulo. Iqiniso ukuthi amathuna oFaro baseGibithe imikhiqizo ingilazi lokuqala, ogama yobudala kwakulinganiselwa ku emhlabeni 9,000 ubudala atholakele. Kukholakala ukuthi ingilazi yasungulwa ngengozi lapho ingxube isihlabathi nomlotha yehlela phezu zobumba eluhlaza ngaphambi kokudubula. Mhlawumbe umkhiqizo yayilula futhi akazange adinga ukunakekelwa okukhethekile, futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, ubumba ecacile ezimanzi akulula. Ngemva kokudubula, kwakheka nomzimba omncane ingilazi ungqimba, futhi ngenxa ukunakwa nkosi yayingase ukuphawule. Wayengase kuphela ukwenza siphetho. eminyakeni 5000 edlule eGibhithe kakade ezenziwe ngengilazi imihlobiso, izitsha emibala, futhi eminyakeni 3000 edlule, ubonakele kakade glass amabhodlela ukugcina amakha. I ingilazi lokuqala, wadala umuntu, kwaba liluhlazana noma bluish ngoba isihlabathi kwadingeka amanyela.

ingilazi Venetian

Uma Nokho, zingagwegwesi, akusiyo indoda owasungula le ingilazi, uye wadala Imvelo uqobo lwayo, uma etholwe kusuka red-hot lava eminyakeni eyizigidi edlule. Ngakho, nathi singakwethemba ukuphendula umbuzo ukuthi yasungulwa ngaphambi - ingilazi noma ikhandlela. Kusukela ingilazi uvele yedwa, eminyakeni eyizigidi edlule, wawuhlanganisiwe umuntfu lakhetsa kuphila ngato kuneNingizimu amakhandlela. I ingilazi lokuqala, umuntu awuthola wayengekho esobala futhi namanje, cishe abamnyama. Ibizwa ngokuthi obsidian. Khona-ke, kusobala, umuntu oye wafunda ukwenza ingilazi uqobo.

Esikhathini mina ekhulwini BC, abantu sebeqalile kakade ukuba discolor ingilazi ngokusebenzisa manganese. Ukuze womshini glassware esetshenziswa amashubhu ekhethekile lapho waba yizicucu off. ifomu Flat efanayo wathola kamuva kakhulu. Eyokuqala esobala ingilazi flat ezitholakala yasePompeii phakathi ekumbeni. Ekhulwini XIII yokuthi kakade eyaziwa eYurophu. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ekukhiqizeni Venice ingilazi kuyinto ejwayelekile. waletha amasampula entsha Oriental kusuka iConstantinople. Kancane kancane Venice wafunda ukwenza ingilazi enjalo ngisho ngcono obala yayo ngenxa kwalokho kwezinga lomthofu ingxubevange.

Zonke glassmakers master abangu kakhulu ukuba khona, kungukuthi baze bavunyelwa nokuba baphume emzini, futhi ngokuzama ukubaleka base esesongelwa. Khona-ke, ukuze ugweme ukudalulwa izimfihlo zokuhweba, kwanqunywa ukuze uthumele zonke izitolo ku Murano Island, okuyinto eduze Venice. Glassware kusukela Murano kakhulu kakhulu zenani ngaleso sikhathi. Manje izitsha kungabonakala iminyuziyamu ahlukahlukene. Glassblowers ekhiqizwa esingakhulumekiyo ubuhle isitsha sezimbali, nezitsha zokuphuza, decanters nezinto zokuhloba esihle. Ngalezo zinsuku, izinto ingilazi babe into kanokusho.

Ukusetshenziswa ingilazi

Ngemva kwalokho, isintu owasungula enamathela ziyinhlanganisela. Ngakho kwaba khona esibukweni. Glass ngisho esetshenziswa ukwakhiwa, ngokuvamile kakhulu nokusetshenziswa amathempeli akhona eyakhelwe. Multi-ezinemibala amafasitela namabala nengilazi futhi ehlobise abaningi babo. Ngenxa ikhono izinhlobo ezithile ingilazi ukuba refract ukukhanya imisebe, lens yokukhiqiza uqalile, okuyinto eyaba wusizo kakhulu kuyisayensi. Biology, imithi, ukufunda izinkanyezi - konke ayekudinga ingilazi kanye namalensi esibani.

Yasungulwa phambi - ikhandlela noma ingilazi?

Kunjalo, manje umlando inkungu futhi okuyimfihlakalo ukuvela nokuthuthukiswa ukukhiqizwa ingilazi ukucacisa ukuthi yini eye yamsiza ukuba uphendule umbuzo othi. Yebo, ngempela, ingilazi bavele ngaphambi amakhandlela, kodwa usuku oluqondile kokubili okutholakele ayaziwa kuze kube manje. Nakuba esibonga izinto eziwusizo ezifana ziqondiswe nabaseGibhithe lasendulo.