Operation "Weiss". Njengoba seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili

Siphila iminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa edlule, izwe lethu besibhekene izikhathi ezimbi kakhulu futhi elimazayo emlandweni wanamuhla, uye phakade washintsha inkambo ukuthuthukiswa Russia kanye isiphetho abantu Russian. Kodwa impi yezwe-ke kwase kuqalile kancane ngaphambili, ngo-1939, lapho uhulumeni wamaNazi isinqumo ngaphandle kwesixwayiso ngokukhohlisa ukuhlasela Poland. Lo mcimbi kubhekwe ekuqaleni kwempi yezwe yesibili.

Lapho umgwaqo amabutho

Ngo-1939, isimo ngamazwe ayesinda isungule eYurophu: umoya impi lalingaphezu yonke indawo, kodwa kuze kube sekupheleni ekuqaleni ngqo nokulwa akekho babekholelwa evela eJalimane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iningi labantu naseFrance, emazweni kufakwe sokusebenzisana anti-undlovukayiphikiswa, iqophelo isixazululo esinokuthula kokungqubuzana German.

Kodwa amacebo Wehrmacht sika yayingenamithetho yisiphi isivumelwano zamanxusa, zonke izenzo eJalimane kusukela ekuqaleni kwakucatshangwa kusengaphambili, futhi izingxoxo ukuthula futhi izivumelwano babe neqhinga ngu ukuphambukisa ukunakwa nabaphikisi.

izinhlelo amaNazi

iminyaka kuphela kamuva, umphakathi wakwazi ukuqonda indlela seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili nokuthi kwaba isizathu, ngoba lo mcimbi sekubangele rearrangement ephelele bamandla eYurophu nasemhlabeni jikelele.

Kanye nokufika kwalolo amaNazi ethathe umbuso waseJalimane eziza kuqala abangu enqophe imigomo wedwa - ukwamukelwa isizwe samaJalimane phezu kwabanye nokubusa kuphela. Eminyakeni embalwa ngenkuthalo uvuselela umnotho wezwe wahamba ukuphambana eziyinkimbinkimbi amasosha, futhi abangu-ke isizukulwane esisha liye landa futhi wakhulela umoya mission okukhethekile yama-Jalimane emhlabathini.

prehistory

Ngo-1939, eJalimane ifinyelele ezingeni kahle eliphezulu yentuthuko, futhi isinyathelo esilandelayo uhulumeni undlovukayiphikiswa kwaba umqondo wokuthobela omunye umuntu ukunwetshwa "lokuphila isikhala" ngezithukuthuku emkhankasweni wempi empumalanga yeYurophu. Ngenxa inqubomgomo unamakhono futhi ukucabangela, Hitler wakwazi ukukholisa izinhloko eFrance naseNgilandi ukuthi Akahlosile ngokushesha ukwandisa ekulweni e-Europe ngokumelene kunoma yiliphi izwe.

Ngakho-ke, Ukungenelwa ePoland saqala ukwehla Chamberlain futhi eFrance ikhanda uhlobo ukumangala, e-Europe, kuze kube muva, ethemba ukuthi uzothola inhlonipho impumelelo nezingxoxo zokubonisana.

Isizathu

Phakathi eJalimane nasePoland bekusolo mutual izimangalo indawo, kuhlanganise phezu kwamanye amazwe ase-Afrika. Kodwa ingxabano eyinhloko Kwagqashuka emhlabeni ngendlela noLwandle iBaltic nomuzi eDanzig, lapho sekuyisikhathi eside amaJalimane wazama ukufuna. UHitler Ribbentrop unqabile izikhathi eziningana akusizanga Poland ekunakeni yokuzithandela neziphathimandla isiJalimane, esongela Warsaw neMpi kanye nokwehlukana okwalandela lizwe njengoba yenzile nje eCzechoslovakia.

Isexwayiso ayisebenzanga, Poland wenqabile noma ikuphi ukubambisana namaNazi. Kepha akusimina kodwa uphatheke kabi nethimba kaHitler: lezi ziyingi Isinqumo Wehrmacht ezase zibhaliwe kakade athuthukiswe futhi silungele ukuqala esiteji omusha wenkonzo nolaka - Operation "Weiss".

isu amaNazi

inkulumo-ze yamaNazi ngenkuthalo eqonda ulwazi mayelana iwayini Poland of ingqondo ingxabano, futhi namanje imbangela kombango owayemuhle wayebizwa ngokuthi yokuthi Warsaw wenqabile ubuyisele German Mahhala eMzini eDanzig.

Hlela "Weiss" enikeziwe esheshayo futhi cishe ayiphenduli bamba yonke le nsimu, nokutjhatjalaliswa komthangalasisekelo nokumiswa kukahulumeni wakhe siqu. Ngenxa yalezi zinjongo kwakuhlelwe ukusebenzisa zezindiza, elihamba kanye ithangi amabutho, kanye uphiko oluyisipesheli, okuyinto unomthwalo udukisa ojenene Polish ku izinhloso zamabutho main German.

ukuhlaselwa Uhlelo yaseJalimane ku Poland ukunakekela imininingwane: ibutho Wehrmacht kufanele ahaqe amabutho eyinhloko isitha abavela eningizimu Ungamniki isikhathi ukugqugquzela kanye ukuthunyelwa zamabutho main. Hitler Kwethenjwa ukuthi iBrithani neFrance wayengeke alinge aye empini, njengoba babezohlala yizinga ngaphambilini dweba thula vumelwane, kodwa nokho Kucatshangwa ukuthi kungenzeka kokuvula phambi yesibili, wafaka ibutho esengaphansi B. Leeb aqaphe Umda wenu wasentshonalanga ne eFrance, eBelgium naseNetherlands.

Ukuzimisela amaqembu empini

Banikezwe yesimo sezomnotho futhi amabutho ahlomile anawo eJalimane / iPoland ngo-1939 ngesikhathi, umphumela wokusebenza amaNazi kwakuhluke kakhulu nkomoni. ibutho likaHitler kakhulu abaphikisi baphakame imishini yezobuchwepheshe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaJalimane bakwazi ukuhlela ukugqugquzela esheshayo ngempumelelo okuyinto Warsaw kuze kube sekupheleni kwaba cishe lutho waziwa.

ibutho Polish kwaba eliphansi kakhulu ngesibalo bafinyelela okufanayo kusukela kakhulu ekuqaleni uhulumeni usenqume phezu ukuthunyelwa bamabutho kanye imingcele endaweni kahle esikhulu. ukusatshalaliswa okunjalo ububanzi buthaka impi, futhi kwenza kwaba abasengcupheni kakhulu abantu abanamandla futhi omkhulu igalelo nabaphikisi.

Izaba ukuhlasela

Kusukela ekuqaleni, ukusebenza "Weiss" kufakwe eziningi izinyathelo inkanuko eliklanyelwe ubudlova phezu ingxenye Poland. Hitler watshela ojenene bakhe ukuthi maduze anikezwe isizathu esihle kokugqashuka ubutha, futhi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuyoba yiqiniso - akunandaba, ngoba Abawinile ahlulelwe.

Agasti 31, 1939 iqembu wezinhloli German ebesizenza izishoshovu Polish bahlasela edolobheni isiteshi somsakazo Gleiwitz, wathatha isibhamu ambalwa wathi umbhalo inkulumo-ze ngolimi Polish ngokumelene eJalimane. Khona-ke badutshulwa abantu abambalwa wona. Kamuva kuvela ukuthi babegqoke njengoba izigebengu German.

ayehlasela

Ukuphendula "ubudlova" on the ingxenye Warsaw ekuseni ka -September 1 1939 , ekuhlaseleni German wamshaya amagalelo eziningana kwasani kungqalazisinda lempi ePoland, Kamuva lahlangana ngemikhumbi kuhlasela futhi ahamba umkhankaso wokuhlasela omkhulu kuwo wonke umngcele.

Operation "Weiss" usuku lokuqala kubhekwa njengento ngosuku lokuqala seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, wanikeza ukubhujiswa okusheshayo lonke uhlelo zezindiza ePoland, ngakho ukuhlaselwa lokuqala akhe wawenzela zezindiza wezwe. Kakade ekuqaleni ubutha uhulumeni Polish uyasiqonda nobuze bempi, kodwa likhona ithemba ukusiza sokusebenzisana anti-undlovukayiphikiswa, ukuze prodolazhalas ukuzivikela.

inkambo imicimbi

Naphezu ukugasela lwamaNazi, amabutho imbangi kwadingeka ukumelana abanolaka. Imicimbi ePoland ngo-September 1939 zenzeka ngesivinini sombani: ngemva kokubhujiswa Air Warsaw, Hitler ake amabutho yokungena ethangini. I imbangi yayingazimisele ukwenza dudula kuba khona okuhlaselayo, ikakhulukazi emathafeni indawo ekuthuthukiseni okusheshayo amaNazi zingena ngokukhululekile kuleli zwe.

Ngo-September 3, iBrithani neFrance iqale impi ngo-eJalimane, futhi, ngokuvumelana Poland, izwe kwadingeka ukuba ngokushesha angenelele odabeni lokulwa. French zamabutho empi, ngisho wawela umngcele, kodwa cishe ngaso leso sikhathi ahoxiswa. Ngakho umbimbi sokusebenzisana antifascist aphuthelwe okwamanje kuphela uma kokungenela yabo zingayeka ngisho kusengaphambili yamaNazi.

Izimpi kakhulu

Border izimpi Pomerania futhi yeSilesia iphelile ngesikhathi ehlulwa ephelele futhi ukubaleka zamabutho Polish. Hlela "Weiss" ngempela wazithethelela: zingakapheli izinsuku ezinhlanu ekuqaleni ubutha amaJalimane ithole indlela ukhululekile Warsaw. ukuhlaselwa ngempumelelo sama-SS sabavumela ukuba wabelane ibutho Polish kwi izingcezu ambalwa ahlakazekile ukuthi kwadingeka azihlangene isikhungo, hhayi plan of action.

Impi yaqhubeka isetshenziswa eduze Warsaw, abavikeli alwa ngesibindi, futhi naphezu ukuphakama abalulekile bamabutho, ezinsukwini ezimbalwa wagcina ukuzivikela. Kodwa ohlangothini German esetshenziswa ukuhlaselwa elilimaza okuvela emoyeni, behliswa amabhomu angaphezu kuka anamahlanu amawaka, ngemva kwalokho-dolobha umaluju.

kokunqotshwa

Operation "Weiss" kuye kwaholela ukuwohloka ephelele yempi Polish. Kakade ngawo-September 17, eziningi Polish amayunithi lempi umaluju noma bathunjwa. Kodwa lokulwa olunzima kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngo-October. ojenene Polish Babefuna ukwephula izivikelo German bese uya Romania, lapho kuhlelwe ukuba ahlele isikhungo yokumelana bese ulinda usizo umbimbi.

Esebenzisa isihluku isimo ukwethulwa amabutho aseSoviet, kuyilapho Stalin kubhekwe ngisho uhulumeni German njengoba ally, ngaphandle kwalawa mazwe amabili baxhunywe nonaggression inhlanganiso, ukuze ibutho laseSoviet langena emazweni Polish ngaphansi kwebhaxa ekuxazululeni isimo ngokuhluleka uthi. iqhaza ngqo zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa kulokhu kubulalana Polish-German engakaze luhlolwe sikhathi ezibiyele uye ayethanda ukuthatha isikhundla sokulinda.

Ngiphakathi England futhi France babe ekujaheni ukwethula amabutho abo, ukuze lapho kuwa Warsaw, futhi ngemva kwesikhashana, kanye namanye amadolobha amakhulu isimo esizimele Poland abasekho. Ezinyangeni ezalandela kwaqhubeka impi yabashokobezi yokufuna, futhi ezinye amabutho wahlulwa laliqhubeka nokulwa kakade amabutho sokusebenzisana anti-undlovukayiphikiswa.

Basabela kanjani iBrithani neFrance

Eqinisweni, njengoba aqala seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, waqhubeka, kukhona ingxenye enkulu icala we oMfelandawonye - iBrithani neFrance. Ukusebenza Polish owawuqondene umzamo kuqala Wehrmacht sika ukuyokudla indawo esebenzisa abezempi ngakho Hitler wayenze konke okusemandleni ukuze bazivikele kuvulwa phambi yesibili esimweni engena mazwe akhungethwe European.

Nge ohulumeni iBrithani neFrance yasayina isivumelwano ku-non-ubudlova futhi elite lempi eJalimane ayekholelwa nokuthi ngisho ngaphansi ukuthuthukiswa okungekuhle Chamberlain akazange alinge angenele manje. Futhi ngakho-ke okwenzeka: emazweni ahlangene kwakungafanele isilungele imisebenzi Polish uHitler kwezinsuku ezimbalwa imisiwe ngesinqumo sempi. Kuphela 3 Septhemba Britain ngokusemthethweni wangena ekulweni wobushiqela, futhi ngemva kwakhe, futhi eFrance, e-Australia, i-African Union nase-Canada. US iphuzu elithile hlangothi.

Ukudalulwa kokuhlomula kwempi, iJalimane ayengenabo benesifiso sezifundo ukusiza abantu Polish, futhi iBrithani neFrance babekhathalela kakhulu mayelana amandla elikhulayo Hitler futhi esaba kwasekuqaleni ngoba ubuqotho emazweni abo.

Imiphumela

Izigidi efile, amakhulu madolobha awile, perekroennye imingcele futhi ayezozibusa - konke lokhu kuye kwaletha nalo seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili. ukuhlaselwa yaseJalimane ku Poland Eqinisweni okuseduze. Njengoba sekunama-amaNazi ekuqaleni impi kwaba kuphela Kuxhomeke isikhathi. Umuzwa wokuqala empini enqobile wahamba kahle, umbuso wamaNazi kwelulwe kakhulu kwemingcele yayo, annexing emzini Lodz, Poznan, Pomeranian, Silesian, futhi ingxenye Warsaw Kielce umhlaba.

Ongazihlwitha Ukunqoba kwabo izingcezu kuhlulekile nakwamanye amazwe, iSoviet Union wabuyela naseNtshonalanga ye-Ukraine futhi Belarus, Slovakia - kwezinye izindawo ngaphambili wamuka Poland ngaphansi Versailles ukuthula naseLithuania ngasibuyisela Vilnius sifunda.

Ukungenelwa Poland, okuhloswe ngaso ukubhujiswa kutimela isimo, ukuhlukaniswa ezindaweni nokuvunywa ukwethenjelwa kwalo njengoba amandla esikhulu, nomvuzo ngazo zonke izinjongo. Ngemva kokunqoba Germany waphinda wazama ukusikhohlisa naseFrance, labanika ukuthula, kodwa ukwenqaba wezwe ukuphendula esiwujuqu futhi waqala umzabalazo ehlelekile ukulwa nombuso undlovukayiphikiswa.