Portrait kaPetru 1. Nikitin, Portrait kaPetru 1. Portrait zomlando kaPetru 1

Ubuntu Petru 1 ngakwesokudla ingenye indawo evelele emlandweni isimo Russian. Futhi kwakungeyona ukuba le ndoda wasungula Empire njengoba enjalo, kodwa iqiniso lokuthi ngesikhathi kubusa uPetru Russian waba Vector entsha ngokuphelele yentuthuko. Ibhalwe nezinkulungwane zezincwadi zomlando oluchaza, kwakheka isithombe Petru 1, kodwa kusobala ukuthi ukuchaza imisebenzi yalo muntu, izazi-mlando, ososayensi abakwazi kube yilolu suku. Ezinye zazo deify umbusi wokuqala Russian, echaza ezintsha wakhe ohlelweni lomphakathi nomgomo wezangaphandle. Abanye, kunalokho, uzama ukumbonisa engumashiqela futhi umashiqela, ebhekisela ziphila ngokweqile nonya maqondana izikhonzi zakhe. Kodwa lo mfanekiso kaPetru 1 isithombe oboniswe ngezansi, sibonisa indoda wabashukumisa futhi abafundile.

Criticised umbusi wokuqala nezinqubo ezintsha kabi kubhekwe okuhloswe, ngokusho kwezazi-mlando, wokuqeda bonke isiRashiya, esikhundleni amagugu ayo Western. Noma kunjalo, kokubili nakanjani uyavumelana entweni eyodwa: kwaba ngempela impikiswano, eyingqopha kanye sibalo esikhulu emlandweni isimo Russian.

Wahlulele kungenjalo, ukuba ningasheshi ahlulelwe

Uma silitadisha ngokucophelela Kwesimo zomlando kaPetru 1, adalwe abalobi imisebenzi ezingenakubalwa, singakwazi ukufika khona esiphelweni elula: kungaba ahlulelwe ungubani emikhulu efana ngeke eyodwa sidedly. ukurhunyezwa okuqinile yohlobo "omnyama nomhlophe" lapha azamukeleki. Ngaphezu ukugxeka, noma, Ngakolunye uhlangothi, udumo kuyadingeka ukuba bawuqonde ngokucace emithethweni ke ekhona nemikhuba. Futhi lokho kubonakala ngezinye izikhathi zasendle nokwesabekayo besikhathi sethu, kwaba yinto evamile nje izingqimba ezahlukene labantu Russia ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVIII.

Portrait IPetra Velikogo ngeke ukwazi ukusebenzisa ekuphila nekutiphatsa yesimanje. indlela afana nalawa abengeke abe "flat" nangokomzwelo. Yena ubuhlungu ukuhlolwa nizithibe sokungokoqobo komlando Muscovite isimo, bese Russian Empire kwekhulu XVIII.

Ngakho-ke, udinga nje zama ukugxila elibanzi ku biography hlangothi umbusi wokuqala Russian nakho konke okwakubhekwa njengokubalulekile ephathelene nayo. Phela, abantu abanjalo bavame ukuba ziyabuthonya hhayi kuphela kwezombusazwe isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona.

Imfundo - isisekelo ubunikazi esizayo

Petr Alekseevich Romanov wazalwa ngo-May 30, 1672. Kanye yonke inzalo yenkosi, umbusi wesikhathi esizayo ukuthi kuphela ekhaya-safundiswa. Futhi kumelwe ngivume ukuthi, ngisho ngezindinganiso lanamuhla, kwakukuhle kakhulu. Abanakekeli yabonisa umfana propensity enkulu ngoba ezinye izilimi futhi isayensi. Ngamanye amazwi, lo mbusi wesikhathi esizayo kusukela ebuntwaneni yahlanganiswa nezifiso womuntu futhi lobuchwepheshe. Nakuba preference esafuna wanika sciences esisebenzayo.

Uthunjana Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich kanye Natalia Naryshkin, uPetru kancane, wakhula ingane ngokuphawulekayo beshesha futhi eqinile. Ngaphezu Ukuthanda yakhe ngesayensi, Uyakujabulela akhwela phezu ezicijile, balwa ontanga wekuvana emjikelezweni kwangaphakathi enza neminye enza imigilingwane enjengeye isici walonyaka.

Craft - anomsebenzi uyakufanelekela amakhosi

The isimanga esikhethekile wonke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, wokuphila bekulokhu abanothando indodana yenkosi + zenza abasebenzi abavamile, lowo wabonisa isithakazelo ngisho esemncane. Akekho portrait zomlando kaPetru 1 kuqedile ngaphandle ochaza indlela wayechitha amahora ukubukela umsebenzi lathe noma injabulo ukuphefumula evala ashisayo esigodlweni sokukhanda.

Isithakazelo sabantu indodana yenkosi yaqashelwa. ababazi ekhethekile zanikezelwa, okuyinto waqala ukufundisa izisekelo sikaPeter yezandla elula: ukuvula ibhizinisi futhi ekwakheni. Kuyadingeka ukuba sicabangele ukuthi awuhambanga ngezithukuthuku ukuqeqeshwa core esimisweni indlalifa abasha. isayensi nse, zifunde ezinye izilimi, eziyisisekelo isayensi lezempi engakaze kukhanselwe. Kusukela zisencane, lo mbusi wesikhathi esizayo wathola kubasekeli nekhwalithi imfundo (ngokuphambene ezinye izazi-mlando zaseNtshonalanga ikhaya safundiswa Russia kuleyo minyaka kwahluka sidedness kanye nokuntuleka efaneleyo).

Nokho, "simpleton" imithetho yombusi ngeke ngokuthi ngenxa yamakhaza, zibuka umculi wabhala isithombe Antropov Petru 1: zobungoma bobukhosi, ukuma namehlo ikhuluma nomuntu omkhulu futhi onamandla. Futhi nakuba ngesikhathi isithombe sombusi ufile ngenxa cishe engu-50 edlule, umlobi ukuboniswa ke enokwethenjelwa kakhulu.

Ekumisweni futhi isixhumanisi

I-portrait zezombusazwe kaPetru 1 kufanele uqale ukubhala kusukela 1682. Ngemva kokufa engenabantwana Tsar Feodor Alekseevich abasha Romanov wakhushulwa okwakufanele abe inkosi. Nokho, ngokudlula nomfowabo omdala Ivan, kuka akayekanga ukusizakala Miloslavskys party (udade izihlobo ezikhulile Petra - Sofia) lenhlangano kombuso esigodlweni. Miloslavsky ngempumelelo wasebenzisa injabulo Royal, futhi ngenxa yalokho we Naryshkin clan okungeyentatheli unina uPetru, u cishe ubhujiswe. "Omdala" Inkosi waqokwa Ivan futhi UZandile baba ibamba-umbusi.

ukuvukela Streletsky nokubulala esisobala ngesihluku abathintekayo njengokubaluleke kakhulu ubuntu, uPeter Omkhulu. Izazi-mlando eziningi iyihlanganise nalezenzakalo okwengeziwe, alibhalansile njalo, inkosi izenzo.

inkosi uSophia, ekubeni inkosikazi ematheni izwe, cishe abathunjelwe isimo encane - encane izindlu suburban patrimony. Kukulo muzi lapho uPetru bahlangana Youngs yizicukuthwane eduze imvelo, wadala edumile "yomshini emashalofini." imfundo Military kwadingeka leli fomu, izikhulu kanye amasosha futhi silalele lesi siyalo. Peter Yiqiniso, owayeyinhloko. Ngoba ukuzijabulisa yenkosi abasha lakhiwa "inqaba ezihlekisayo", okuyinto, honing "amakhono ukulwa" yakhe, bahlasela ibutho ezihlekisayo. Kodwa, bambalwa abantu sikhathi, babazi ukuthi kwaba play abafana walo mntwana egijima ezungeza ngezibhamu lokhuni bese izinkemba, ukuqala unogada kaPetru abadumile nezinzima.

Akekho portrait kaPetru 1 kuqedile ngaphandle ukuphathwa Aleksandra Menshikova. Bahlangana endaweni efanayo, e-isimo. INdodana umkhwenyana eminyakeni eyalandela baba ngakwesokunene sombusi futhi enye yamadoda anamandla kakhulu embusweni.

Icebo lika Miloslavskys

Ubuthakathaka futhi soreness we "amadala" Tsar Ivan le ibamba UZandile njalo ophoqelelwe ukucabanga mayelana autocracy ngokugcwele kuleli zwe. Njengoba ayezungezwe izikhulu zabantwana eqinile clan Miloslavskys, umbusi ubekade siqiniseka ngokugcwele ukuthi uzokwazi ukuthatha amandla. Nokho, endleleni eya sobukhosi nguPetru. Yena wagcotshwa nguNkulunkulu oyinkosi efanelekayo.

Ngo-August 1689 Sophie wenza isinqumo khona lapho Ukuketulwa état, injongo okuyinto kwakuwukubabulala uPetru wathatha ubukhosi. Nokho, abantu abathembekile baye watshela inkosi abasha, futhi kwadingeka ukuba baphume isimo, kufihlwe KuZiqu-zintathu-uSergiyu Monastery. Isigodlo awuzange ekhethwe ithuba. Ukuqina izindonga, ube nemigodi ngemigodi nemihubhe bayisigaba isithiyo enkulu ngamanye nokuhamba Streltsov Sofi. Ukuhlaselwa zonke wemithetho yesayensi lempi ngesikhathi UZandile babengenawo isikhathi noma izindlela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umyalo elite musketeer izingxenye ngokungagwegwesi wazabalaza ukwazi ukuthi iluphi uhlangothi ukukhetha.

Ababengabendlu isiqunto sokubuyisela emva ke KuZiqu-zintathu-uSergiyu? Lokhu awukhulumi iyiphi portrait zomlando kaPetru 1. Ngamafuphi, le ndawo ekugcineni kwahlaluka ukuthi inhlekelele Sofia lesecophelweni ngenkosi. Ezicukuthwaneni asekelwe uPetru. Combat amabutho abakhwele amahhashi ahlukile futhi elihamba "ezihlekisayo" futhi Musketeers kweqiniso ezungezwe eMoscow. UZandile owagwetshwa futhi wagqunywa ejele esigodlweni, futhi zonke bangane Miloslavskys clan abo abulawa noma abulawa ababedingisiwe.

Ngemva kokufa Tsar Ivan UPetru waba Umnikazi ongayedwana sesihlalo sobukhosi eMoscow. Mhlawumbe ukuthi Wachaza izenzakalo samenta kabusha ezibucayi yonke indlela Russian zokuphila. Ngempela, abameleli "izinsuku ubudala ezinhle" lapho sibhekene abacibisheli futhi Miloslavskys njalo sizama ukususa ngokwenyama lo mbusi osemusha, esamenza nokwesaba enganakile ukuthi, njengoba abantu besikhathi umangalele ukuthi ukupenda isithombe ngokwengqondo kaPetru 1, kwabonakala ngobuso awasukela ngigeza cishe kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe. Ngisho abadwebi uqaphela futhi kabusha i sinamandla ngokungajwayelekile kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ubuso ukhathele kakhulu inkosi. Umculi Nikitin, Portrait kaPetru 1, okuyinto akumangalisi ngamagama alula kanye nokuntuleka ngezivatho eyayinayo Sasimane lo muntu nginenhliziyo futhi enamandla, kodwa ngobuqotho ngokujulile. Nokho, a baxgeki sithambekele "okususa" inkazimulo Nikitin, omema engajwayelekile ekuqaleni kwekhulu Umdwebo isitayela.

Iwindi eYurophu - Emaphethelweni German

Against ngemuva yalezi zigigaba kubonakale isifiso kungokwemvelo kwenkosi abasha kuyo yonke into-European. Akunakwenzeka ukuba uqaphele indima Kukui - Colony isiJalimane, eyithandayo ukuvakashela kuKesari. AmaJalimane friendly futhi indlela yabo Lihle zokuphila kakhulu ehlukile kulokho ayewubonile uPetru lonke eMoscow efanayo. Kodwa-ke, hhayi izindlu zihlanzekile. UMbusi yagcwala ngendlela yokuphila yalo obuncane Europe.

Izazi-mlando eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi lokhu ukuvakashelwa Kukui buyingxenye isithombe zomlando kaPetru 1. Ngamafuphi, imibono pro-Western esizayo. Akufanele sibakhohlwe ngezothando, inkosi zavedonnyh ku ukubhuka German. Kube wahlangana nesikhulu umhlalaphansi Swiss Frantsem Lefortom, owaba uthishanhloko umeluleki wezempi, futhi ebukekayo Anna Mons - ozithandayo ikusasa umbusi wokuqala. Womabili la madoda esadlala indima ebalulekile emlandweni Russian.

Ukufinyelela kolwandle - umsebenzi amasu

Peter kakhudlwana futhi unesithakazelo ngoxhaxha ngaphezulu. Ngokukhethekile waqasha amakhosi ngesiDashi nangesiNgisi simfundise tricks namacebo yokwakha imikhumbi. Kamuva, lapho ifulegi Russian ngizoya mnogopushechnye yempi futhi frigates, uPetru hhayi kanye nje kuphela noma kabili ulwazi oluzuzisayo ezicashile shipbuilding. Zonke ukukhubazeka nomshado ukwakhiwa, yena kuchazwa yena. Shono lalibizwa King-umbazi. 1 Petru ngempela ingakha umkhumbi kusuka umnsalo stern ezandleni zakhe.

Nokho, ngesikhathi esemncane Muscovy kwadingeka eyodwa kuphela phuma ukuze kolwandle - emzini Arkhangelsk. imikhumbi European Yiqiniso, waya ethekwini, kodwa ngokwendawo endaweni kwaba ngeshwa kakhulu izixhumanisi sina commercial (ngenxa eside futhi ezibizayo lokuthumela izimpahla ku-Russia). Lo mbono ngokuvakashela Yiqiniso, hhayi kuphela Poroshenko. Ukuze ikwazi ukungena olwandle futhi ezazingaphambi kwayo baye balwa, ikakhulukazi kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya.

UPetru wanquma ukuqhubeka imikhankaso Azov. Ikakhulukazi okwaqala e 1686 baqhubeka empini eTurkey. Ibutho, lapho afundisa khona ngendlela European, kwakuyinqubo okwase kuyiminyaka umbuso amandla esesabekayo. imikhankaso eziningana lempi iye uzibophezele emzini Azov ulwandle. Kodwa zihlala kuphela impumelelo. Nokho, ukunqoba safika ngesikhathi intengo. A amancane, kodwa eyakhelwe ngaleso sikhathi kanye zobunjiniyela inqaba zakamuva esabulala abantu abaningi Russian.

Nakuba iqiniso ukuthunjwa Azov esithile eYurophu beqonda ngempela obusolisayo (ngenxa isilinganiso ukulahlekelwa), kwaba ngempela Ukunqoba kokuqala yecebo inkosi esencane. Futhi okubaluleke - Russia bagcina beyitholile yokungena olwandle.

Northern impi Omkhulu

Naphezu lokho kugxeka acubungula osopolitiki European, Petru 1 uqala ukucabanga mayelana oLwandle iBaltic. Iqembu elibusayo kwakuholela ngaleso sikhathi Sikhatsateke kakhulu izifiso elikhulayo omunye owaleli abasha - IsiSwidi King Karl XII. Ngokwengxenye lokhu kungani baseYurophu wasekela Tsar eMoscow ekufuneni kwakhe ukuze uthole ucezu emazweni aseBaltic ugu ukuvula khona le shipyards nezimbobo. Kwakubonakala sengathi ukuba emachwebeni amabili noma amathathu Russian kungenzeka unike amandla futhi impi okuseduze ngoba oLwandle iBaltic sina buthaka Sweden, okuyinto, nakuba ababuthakathaka win isiRashiya, kodwa yizinkulumo sina phansi in mpumalanga Muscovy zasendle.

Ngakho ngaqala lapho ukuba eside Northern neMpi. Lo mbuso waqhubeka ubusa kusuka 1700 kuya 1721 futhi saphela ngokukhululwa ukunqotshwa okungalindelekile ibutho isiSwidi at Poltava, kanye nokugunyazwa khona isiRashiya e oLwandle iBaltic.

wezinguquko

Yiqiniso, ngaphandle izinguquko ezinkulu kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe eRussia Petru 1 kwakungeke besika adumile "ifasitela eYurophu". Abashisekeli bezinguquko ngokoqobo kuzo zonke indlela esibalulekile Muscovy. Uma sikhuluma ahlomele impi, ukuze lasungulwa ithole ke eMpini Northern. Peter bathole izinsiza sesimanje yayo futhi inhlangano imodeli European. Futhi uma ekuqaleni ekulweni abaseSweden kwakudingeka abhekane nesimiso amayunithi angahlelekile, ngokuvamile ongaqeqeshiwe nengenawo ahlomile ekupheleni kwempi kakade kwase ibutho eqinile European, wakwazi ukunqoba.

Kodwa hhayi kuphela ubuntu uPeter Omkhulu, has a talent ngokuphawulekayo kumlawuli, wamvumela Ukunqoba omkhulu. I nobuchwepheshe ojenene bakhe abaseduze futhi zizincishe injabulo - ngesihloko ukuze izingxoxo eside futhi okunenjongo. On the ubuqhawe of isosha elula Russian sakhiwa lonke legend. Yiqiniso, alikho ibutho ayikwazanga uwine ngaphandle ezingemuva sina. Lokho izifiso lempi zagxila umnotho Russia ubudala, waliyisa kwenye ezingeni ngokuphelele. Phela, amasiko ubudala asikwazanga ukuhlangabezana ngokugcwele nezidingo yebutho likhula futhi lasolwandle. Cishe zonke sokuphila portrait kaPetru 1 sichaza imvunulo yakhe yempi yamasosha noma ngezivatho zempi. Abaculi uncome kuKesari emfanele.

Hhayi bayibutho olulodwa

Portrait kaPetru 1 ngeke ephelele uma thina umphumela ngokwethu kuphela ekunqobeni kwezomnotho nakwezempi. Umbusi kufanele ngincome ekuthuthukisweni kanye nasekuqalisweni kokusebenza endaweni zokubusa kabusha. Okokuqala, isikhungo iSigele kanye amabhodi esikhundleni akusebenzi futhi abasebenza isimiso lombhalo we Boyar Duma kanye oda.

Yakhelwe uPetru 'Uhlu Amazinga "by uye eyaqanjwa ukuvela okuthiwa ncono kwesive. Ngamanye amazwi, lo Umbiko Ikhadi wanika ithuba lokuthola ezinhle futhi izikhulu kuphela ngobunjalo babo. Kwenziwa ushintsho kanye nawo. Esikhundleni ubudala noboya amajazi amakhulu nezigqoko boyars highborn, nobemele i-Russia, lenxusa osomaqhinga wayesevele ezingeni European.

Incazelo Petru 1 portrait luyobe lungaphelele uma sikhuluma ngakho kuphela luyamangalisa. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukwanda jikelele eRussia geopolitical, izimpilo zabantu abavamile ayikashintshi kakhulu kuleli zwe, futhi kwezinye izimo (isibonelo, ngiyofundela ezempi) isibe sibi kakhulu. Life is serf elula angizisoli esingaphansi ukuphila ihhashi. Lokhu kwaphawuleka ngokukhethekile e "global" zokwakha kaPetru. Izinkulungwane zabantu zabulawa ngokwakha idolobha elihle eYurophu - Petersburg. Akekho wacabanga sabafileyo, futhi ukwakhiwa kwalesi Ladoga Canal ... Futhi eziningi izinsizwa akazange abe amasosha, befa ngaphansi izinti officer, ethula isiyalo amayunithi ezempi.

Kungenxa indiva ngokuphelele ukuphila komuntu umbusi wokuqala nokugxeka, engababaleli kuye ubudlova obungenangqondo kanye nenamba enkulu izisulu okungasekelwe ndawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sibhekene yonke indawo nge yayo abatelekile ngobulwane amaqiniso imisebenzi kaPetru 1.

Eziphendulela yale ndoda kungaba into eyodwa. Umbusi wokuqala Russia akukaze kude ngokwakhe kusukela abantu bakhe labo amabanga, okuyinto zavumela ababusi okwalandela. A izikhathi eziyinkulungwane isitha core kungenzeka likhiphe ngaphandle. Kwamenywa izikhathi Petr Alekseevich Romanov nje minza ngemikhumbi abangaphelele. Futhi ngesikhathi emisebenzini yokwakha yomhlaba wonke, okwathi ngemva kwalokho walala emabhalekisini efanayo neziguli abakhi, kokubanga ukubamba izifo, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi yayingekho izidakamizwa.

Yiqiniso, esiqashwe amachashazi isitha uMbusi kunokubuthwa isosha abavamile, waphathwa odokotela okuhle, hhayi okubulawa kusukela umkhuhlane ayenakho kakhulu kunokuphikisana ongumlimi abavamile. Noma kunjalo, ake ukuqedela incazelo isithombe Petru 1 inkumbulo isizathu sokufa kwakhe. UMbusi wabulawa i-pneumonia, eyamukelwa, ukulondoloza amanzi abandayo ikhishwe Coast Guard elula isosha iNeva. Iqiniso liwukuthi, akukhona nje kangako uma ziqhathaniswa izenzo ukuphila kwakhe, kodwa wathi: eziningi. Cishe, akunakwenzeka ukuba umuntu kusukela yesimanje "okusezingeni eliphezulu nesinamandla" uyakwazi ukwenza lokho ...