Izinjini Nuclear ngoba mkhathi

Russia ubulokhu ungumholi emkhakheni ngamandla enuzi isikhala. Experience in ukuklanywa, ukwakhiwa, ethuma kanye nokusebenza mkhathi ifakwe amandla enuzi imithombo kukhona izinhlangano ezifana RSC "Amandla" futhi "Roskosmos". injini Nuclear evumela ukusebenzisa izindiza iminyaka eminingi, abenze sokufaneleka zama-practical ngokuphindaphindiwe.

Ukulandisa okungokomlando

Ukusetshenziswa amandla enuzi emkhathini akuseyona eqanjiwe ku 70-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule. I izinjini lokuqala zenuzi 1970-1988 ezaqaliswa emkhathini futhi yasetshenziswa ngempumelelo emkhathini izimoto (SV) kugcinwa "US-A". Basuke isetshenziswa uhlelo thermoelectric we esikhungweni samandla enuzi (NPP) "Buck" amandla kagesi 3 kW.

Ngo 1987-1988 ezimbili amadivayisi "I-plasma-A" ne amakheli ndawonye NPP "itopazi" 5 kW bekulokhu indiza-ukuhlolwa isikhala, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho amandla ngamandla kagesi (engakafi) kusukela zenuzi umthombo wamandla yaqale awenziwanga.

A eziyinkimbinkimbi eliwumhlaba amandla enuzi ukuhlolwa amakheli ndawonye ukufakwa enuzi "Yenisei" amandla 5 kW. Ngokusekelwe kulezi ubuchwepheshe yasungula amaphrojekthi amakheli ndawonye ngamandla enuzi nomthamo 25-100 kW.

MB "Hercules"

RSC "Amandla" ngawo-70 isiqale abacwaningi yesayensi ezingokoqobo, ngenhloso okwakukhona ukwakha yenuzi isikhala injini enamandla interorbital nethonya (MB) "Hercules". Umsebenzi kwaholela isisekelo iminyaka eminingi wocwaningo lwezindaba zenuzi ngamandla kagesi (YAERDU) ne amakheli ndawonye ngamandla enuzi nomthamo ezimbalwa - emakhulwini kilowatts futhi ngamandla kagesi iyunithi nomthamo amashumi emakhulwini kilowatts.

Design imingcele MB "Hercules":

• ewusizo kwamandla kagesi amandla enuzi - 550 kW;
• ethize ngiyibona ngamandla kagesi - 30 km / s;
• Electric ngamandla wagxila - 26 H;
• Resource NPP futhi ngamandla kagesi - 16.000 amahora;
• ukusebenza umzimba ngamandla kagesi - Xenon;
• isisindo (dry) nethonya - 14,5-15,7 t, kuhlanganise Nei - amathani 6.9.

Contemporary

Ngekhulu xxi sekuyisikhathi sokuba wakha injini zenuzi ezintsha lesikhala. Ngo-October 2009, emhlanganweni project Russian "Ukudalwa ezokuthutha kanye namandla module ne ukufakwa megawatt-ekilasini amandla enuzi" entsha weKhomishani iye ngokusemthethweni evunywe kaMongameli Council for yesimanje futhi Technological Kutfutfukiswa Umnotho waseRussia. kukhona Onjiniyela ehola:

• Ophendulayo isitshalo - JSC "NIKIET".
• Isikhungo sokuphehla amandla enuzi nge gas ophephela amandla ukuguqulwa wesifunda, esekelwe kagesi ngamandla motors kanye ionic electrorocket YAERDU ngokuvamile - SSC "Research Center. M. V Keldysha ", okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi obangela inhlangano uhlelo ukuthuthukiswa kwezokuthutha kanye namandla module (TEM) iyonke.
• RSC "Amandla" njengendlela jikelele TEM umklami kumele sitakhele umshini okuzenzakalelayo ngale mojuli.

Izimpawu ukufakwa entsha

New injini zenuzi lesikhala Russia afuna ukuqala ukusebenza bezentengiselwano eminyakeni embalwa ezayo. izici ashiwo igesi ophephela YAERDU elandelayo. I ophendulayo asebenzisa isisi esikhalisa selehlile umfuyi okusheshayo ophendulayo, izinga lokushisa kwe-uketshezi ukusebenza (ingxube Yena / Xe) ngaphambi ophephela - 1500 K, nekusebenta zokuguqula energy ezishisayo ku-energy kagesi - 35%, kurediyetha-uhlobo ezipholile - ukuvuza. Unit Isisindo (ophendulayo, Ukuvikelwa ngemisebe futhi uhlelo ukuguqulwa, kodwa ngaphandle ifriji emitter) - 6800 kg.

Isikhala izinjini yenuzi (ngamandla enuzi, namandla enuzi, kanye EPS) uhlelo ukusebenzisa:

• Njengengxenye isikhala izimoto esizayo.
• Njengoba imithombo kagesi for izinhlelo amandla khudlwana nemikhumbi-mkhathi.
• Ukuze ukuxazulula izinkinga emibili yokuqala the ezokuthutha kanye namandla module ukuqinisekisa ukulethwa esindayo electrorocket mkhathi futhi izimoto kwi-orbit ukusebenza futhi eminye eside ugesi imishini.

Umgomo we operation enenjini yenuzi

Esisekelwe synthesis nuclei noma ukusetshenziswa amandla ukuqoqwa uphethiloli zenuzi ukwakha wagxila jet. Hlukanisa izinhlobo ukufakwa ishayela-obhubhisayo uketshezi. Blast isitshalo likhipha emkhathini miniature amabhomu e-athomu ukuthi ukucupha a amamitha ambalwa kude, ngokufutha komoya kwaphoqa umkhumbi phambili. Ngo umkhuba, amadivayisi njenge azisetshenziswa.

Liquid ngamandla izinjini, ngakolunye uhlangothi, sekuyisikhathi eside futhi yahlolwa. Emuva ku 60s, ochwepheshe Soviet baklame umfuziselo asebenzayo RD-0410. Lezi izinhlelo zakhiwa e-United States. Isimiso kwabo kusekelwe Ukushisa uketshezi yenuzi mini-ophendulayo, it is iguqulwe ibe umusi futhi yakha ekusakazeni jet, okuyinto odlulela mkhathi. Nakuba idivayisi ngokuthi uketshezi njengoba uketshezi ukusebenza, ngokuvamile i-hydrogen isetshenziswa. Enye injongo isikhala zenuzi izinhlelo - kagesi inikwa amandla yi ugibelile inethiwekhi (imishini) Imikhumbi kanye iziphuphutheki.

ezokuxhumana kumadivayisi Heavy nokuxhumana global isikhala

Okwamanje, umsebenzi uyaqhubeka ku izinjini zenuzi lesikhala ukuthi sizosetshenziswa apharathasi esindayo isikhala ukuxhumana. RSC "Energia" ziye kwenziwe ucwaningo kanye imiklamo of the nokuxhumana global isikhala uhlelo yokuncintisana kwezomnotho nefoni ezishibhile kwamangqamuzana obekumele ukufeza ukudluliselwa "ucingo exchange" kusukela Earth emkhathini.

I izimfanelo indalo yabo yilezi:

• ukugcwaliswa pheze ephelele orbit geostationary (GEO) iziphuphutheki yokusebenza nje kuphela;
• ukukhathala imvamisa isisetshenziswa;
• ukuzwa okuhle ngenxa yokudalwa ukuxhaphaza kwezentengiselwano kolwazi iziphuphutheki geostationary "Yamal".

Uma udala "Yamal" platform, izixazululo entsha yezobuchwepheshe bebelokhu 95%, okwakumenza akwazi zinsizakuphila ukulungela umncintiswano emakethe izwe amasevisi isikhala.

Kusolwa esikhundleni modules ne zobuchwepheshe zokuxhumana imishini cishe njalo ngemva kweminyaka eyisikhombisa. Izodala simiso multi-3-4 iziphuphutheki esindayo ku-orbit geostationary begodu kukhula ngamandla kagesi sokudliwa kubo. Ekuqaleni, mkhathi siklanyelwe ngesisekelo solar amandla 30-80 kW. Isinyathelo esilandelayo izosebenzisa izinjini yenuzi 400 kW ne ngonyaka elilodwa ikumodi ezokuthutha (for the ukulethwa module oluyisisekelo GSO) kanye 150-180 kW e imodi enwetshiwe wokusebenza (okungenani iminyaka engu-10-15) njengendlela umthombo wamandla.

izinjini Nuclear e antimeteoritnoy ukuvikela Earth System

Amafomu RKK "Amandla" ocwaningweni design ngasekupheleni 90 sika selukhombisile ukuthi kudalwa antimeteoritnoy uhlelo Umhlaba ukuzivikela kusukela nuclei lezinkanyezi ezinomsila kanye asteroyidi esikhungweni samandla enuzi kanye YAERDU ingasetshenziswa:

1. Ukudala uhlelo ukuqapha trajectories of asteroyidi kanye lezinkanyezi ezinomsila okuwela nomjikelezo woMhlaba. Ngenxa yalesi ezihlongozwayo ukuhlela mkhathi ekhethekile ifakwe imishini optical futhi radar uzingela izinto eziyingozi, kubalwa kwemigomo trajectories yabo futhi isifundo esiyinhloko izici. Uhlelo zenuzi isikhala injini nge ezimbili-Imodi amakheli ndawonye NPI nomthamo 150 kW ezingase zihileleke. ukuphila kwakhe kufanele okungenani ube neminyaka engu-10.
2. Ukuvivinywa Kokungathathi umthelela (iArmagedoni kudivayisi ukuqhuma) ukuze landfill elisemkhathini ephephile. YAERDU amandla ukulethwa isivivinyo iinsetjenziswa netshe elisemkhathini-ipholigoni incike kunobukhulu bendawo Inkokhelo zilethwe (150-500 kW).
3. Ukuthunyelwa ukuchayeka kuqondwe (Interceptor mass ingqikithi amathani 15-50) I-olusondelayo kuya esiyingozi into emhlabeni. Dinga zenuzi jet injini nomthamo 1-10 MW ukuze ziyiswe esiyingozi elisemkhathini iArmagedoni kwenkokhiso, ebusweni okuyinto ukuqhuma ngenxa jet elisemkhathini impahla ukwazi ungayinqabela kusukela leyo yindlela eyingozi kangangani.

Ukuthunyelwa imishini ucwaningo isikhala esijulile

Ukuthunyelwa imishini zesayensi isikhala izinto (amaplanethi ezikude, lezinkanyezi ezinomsila gqwa, asteroyidi) kungaba kwenziwe nge ukusetshenziswa isikhala ezisekelwe LRE izigaba. Sebenzisa izinjini zenuzi izimoto isikhala kuzuzisa, lapho wabeka okukhishwayo umsebenzi ukuzungeza komhlaba nendikimba esemkhathini we-satellite, ukuthintana ngqo nendikimba ethile esemkhathini, ukukhethwa amasampula impahla kanye nezinye ucwaningo ezidinga ukwanda mass ucwaningo eziyinkimbinkimbi, iinthombe indiza izigaba ukuthatha-off.

amapharamitha izinjini

injini Nuclear ngoba mkhathi ucwaningo eziyinkimbinkimbi sizonwebisa "ifasitela isiqalo" (ngenxa yokugobhoza elawulwa ijubane ukusebenza komzimba), okuyinto lula ukuhlela bese kunciphisa izindleko zalo msebenzi. Ukuhlola okwenziwa nge-RSC "Energia", wabonisa ukuthi YAERDU 150 kW ne iminyaka efinyelela kwemithathu iyindlela ethembisa lokukhulula amamojuli emkhathini elisemkhathini ibhande.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukulethwa iyunithi ucwaningo ngaleso orbit amaplanethi ezikude sonozungezilanga kudinga ukwanda imithombo, yenuzi ukufakwa kuze iminyaka 5-7. It is wafakazela ukuthi YAERDU eziyinkimbinkimbi nge namandla mayelana 1 MW njengengxenye yocwaningo kuzovumela mkhathi yashesha ukulethwa iminyaka 5-7 ukuzungeza satellite yokufakelwa amaplanethi amaningi akude, rovers kwamaplanethi phezu kumasathalayithi zemvelo lezi amaplanethi ukulethwa phansi Earth nabantu lezinkanyezi ezinomsila, asteroyidi, Mercury futhi kumasathalayithi ka uJupiter Saturn.

lift esebenza (MB)

Enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu ukuze ngcono ezokuthutha imisebenzi e Isikhala izakhi esebenza nekambiso yeenthuthi. injini Nuclear ngoba amandla mkhathi okungenani 500 kW ikuvumela ukudala donsa esebenza futhi ngaleyo ndlela kakhulu ngcono multi-mbili sokusabalalisa isikhala zokuthutha. Ikakhulukazi ewusizo for uhlelo anjalo esikhathini hlelo ukuhlinzeka elikhulu yonyaka yizimpahla traffic. Isibonelo kungaba uhlelo ukuhlola kwenyanga ngendalo kanye nokugcinwa isisekelo bavimba imigwaqo njalo anda, izakhiwo zokuhlola zobuchwepheshe nezezimboni.

ukubala inzuzo

Ngokwe-design izifundo RSC "Energia", ukwakhiwa base on enyangeni kufanele usikhiphe amamojuli nesisindo esingaphezu kwamathani angu-10, umzila wokuzungeza Moon -. 30 m wezimpahla Ubude eMhlabeni ekwakhiweni isisekelo bavimba kwenyanga wavakashela kwenyanga esiteshini esemkhathini balinganiselwa ku 700-800 amathani futhi yonyaka yizimpahla traffic for ukusebenza kanye nokuthuthukiswa base - 400-500 m.

Nokho, isimiso sokuthi yenjini zenuzi akuvumeli esithwala ukuhlakaza ngokushesha. Ngenxa isikhathi eside yezokuthutha ke, isikhathi eside ukuthola Inkokhelo amabhande emisebeni akubona bonke wezimpahla kungaba inikelwe besebenzisa tugboats nge injini zenuzi. Ngakho-ke, le mpahla ezingahle zihlinzekwe esekelwe YAERDU kulinganiselwa amathani 100-300 kuphela / ngonyaka.

kahle kwezomnotho

Ngenxa umbandela esebenza kwezomnotho inter-orbit zokuthutha kungcono ukusebenzisa ukubaluleka izindleko iyunithi ezokuthutha per unit kunobukhulu bendawo Inkokhelo (i-GHG) kwekhabhoni kusukela ebusweni bomhlaba zibe orbit target. RSC "Energia" imodeli kwezomnotho kanye zezibalo, okuyinto uyakucabangela Izingxenye ezisemqoka izindleko ohlelweni ezokuthutha lakhiwe:

• ukudalwa nokuqeda orbit nethonya amayunithi;
• ukuthengwa eqhuba sikhungo senuzi;
• izindleko zokuqhuba ibhizinisi lakhe, kanye R & D kanye kungenzeka emikhulu yentuthuko ehlinzekelwe izindleko.

Izindleko imingcele incike nemingcele kahle MB. Ukusebenzisa le model uphenyo kahle ngokuqhathanisa kwezomnotho of esebenza nethonya ngokusekelwe amandla YAERDU ngu-1 MW kanye nethonya alahlwayo ngesisekelo eziphambili ketshezi rocket injini e hlelo ukuqinisekisa ukulethwa uMhlaba Moon orbit engamamitha 100 km Inkokhelo mass ingqikithi amathani 100 / ngonyaka. Uma usebenzisa booster efanayo ethwele amandla emsebenzini alinganayo "Proton-M" futhi dvuhpuskovoy ukwakhiwa wesifunda nekambiso yeenthuthi ethize izindleko zokuthumela per unit kunobukhulu bendawo Inkokhelo usebenzisa nethonya ngesisekelo injini zenuzi zizoba ngaphansi ephindwe kathathu kunaleyo uma usebenzisa alahlwayo esekelwe tugboats nge liquid rocket izinjini yohlobo MM-3.

isiphetho

ngamandla Ngempumelelo zenuzi lesikhala kunomthelela ikhambi izinkinga zemvelo zomhlaba, indiza yomuntu Mars, ukudala uhlelo yokudlulisela engenantambo wamandla emkhathini, ukuqaliswa nokuphepha sithuthukiswe yokungcwatshwa kwa isikhala esiyingozi kakhulu kwemfucumfucu enemisebe yenuzi phansi lemandla enuzi, ukudalwa isisekelo bavimba kwenyanga ukuthuthukiswa commercial of the Moon, ukuqinisekisa ukuvikela Umhlaba ingozi elisemkhathini futhi inkanyezi enomsila.