Bunge Nikolay Hristianovich: Biography emfushane

UNikolai Bunge kwaba wezeziMali e 1881 - 1886 iminyaka. Wathola umsebenzi ngemva kwesihlalo sobukhosi esikhundleni Alexander III. Bunge wachitha eziningi yezinguquko engathandwa, ngenxa lokho kuphikiswa olandelanayo wenze incwadi yakhe yokusula emsebenzini. Ukudlula kwesikhathi kuye kwabonisa ukuthi inkambo ekhethwe wezimali, kwakuyiqiniso.

uNgqongqoshe ubuntu

Ikusasa uNgqongqoshe wezeziMali Bunge Nikolay Hristianovich ozalwa Novemba 23, 1823 ku udokotela umndeni. Wathweswa iziqu uMthetho Faculty of University of Kiev, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi zaqala i-career yokufundisa. Ngo imibono yakhe, Bunge bekulokhu Liberals pro-Western kanye classical "statist".

izinkolelo zakhe kwahluka ukulinganisela eziye singaba usizo kabi ngesikhathi sokudideka u-Alexander II. Abameli akholelwa ukuthi isimo Russian akakabi ekulungele ukwamukela umthethosisekelo. Umsebenzi yesizukulwane sakhe Bunge Nikolay Hristianovich wabona kwekuhlela kabusha kancane kancane ngezigaba, umphumela okungukuthi nangemva kweminyaka eminingi.

Ukuhambisa enhlokodolobha

Eminyakeni engaba ngu-amathathu uprofesa efundisa e-University of Kiev. Kathathu waba li, ngesikhathi esifanayo isihloko uMnyango Ibhange State. Kodwa ngo-1880, Bunge Nikolay Hristianovich phakade kwesokunxele Kiev futhi zayiswa Petersburg. Enhloko-dolobha, wayengumuntu ngesicelo uhulumeni. Iziphathimandla ukuze bawadinga ngokuphuthumayo imibono emisha ukuguqula isimo futhi ziqede kungevani kahle kutenhlalo. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-Abantu ukwesaba kanye nezinye ezizivelelayo baye kwafinyelela umvuthwandaba.

Ngangibona umeme State Bunge Nikolay Hristianovich? Kwase kuphele amashumi eminyaka-ke yayilungiselela Uhlelo ayo yizinguquko kwezomnotho. Yayisekelwe kuyi-ocebile theory isisekelo podcherpnut kokuhlangenwe nakho amazwe aseNtshonalanga.

Bunge imibono

Uhlelo Bunge uvele kwenkathi yezinguquko ezinkulu, kodwa ekuqaleni kokubusa kuka-Alexander III yena wadabula izibuyekezo eziningana. Ngemva kokunqotshwa umthetho isiRashiya neMpi YaseCrimea wezimali, njengabanye Liberals, okuphiniwe amathemba akhe on ukuthuthukisa isinyathelo wangasese, okuyinto kwaba ukwenza uneqhaza elikhulu ezithuthukisa umnotho wezwe. Lezi okulindele ziye kakhulu dengwane. Isimo, ukuchitha izizumbulu nempi, kwakukhona nhlobo imali sesimanje Russia.

Izinguquko okwadala isimo u-Alexander II wabonisa ngokunamandla ukuthi yini eyayingalungile Bunge Nikolay Hristianovich. Umlando Omfushane ungqongqoshe esizayo afana Umlandvomphilo of abalandeli bakhe abaningi ngokulinganisela ovulekile. Ukukhula komnotho kule-yalolucwaningo 60. It wayengeke kwenzeka ngaphandle uxhaso ezinkulu esimweni. Izwe wake osomabhizinisi. Kakade-yalolucwaningo 70. ukusabela uqalise. State waphinda ekuthatheni izintambo ngokuphelele emnothweni. Kuyeke elikhiphe wesitimela ezivuna ukusungulwa sibambekile kwakunguNk esungulwe amasiko okusezingeni eliphezulu izithiyo. Njengoba sinazo zonke lezi zici rewrote Uhlelo yabo Bunge Nikolay Hristianovich. Biography emfushane zingamesabi umuntu futhi ukuvela imibono yayo ejwayelekile kwenkathi.

aphoyintimenti kaNgqongqoshe

1 Mashi 1881 amaphekula abulala u-Alexander II, ngemva kwalokho wafika ngamandla indodana yakhe u-Alexander III. Umbusi omusha waqala kubasebenzi Ukujikeleza kuhulumeni. Yingaleso sikhathi-ke ngo 1881 esikhundleni sokuba uNgqongqoshe Wezezimali we Empire Russian waqokwa Nikolay Hristianovich Bunge. Photo Economist uvele wonke amaphephandaba yenhloko-dolobha. Umphakathi elinde isenzo kusuka kuye.

Ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu njengoba kwenhloko yomnyango wezimali, uNikolai Bunge wachitha izinguquko ezimbalwa ezinkulu. Umbuso kwehliswe ukukhokhelwa lokumiswa abalimi, kabusha uhlelo kwentela ukuthuthela khona isisekelo imali entsha, futhi uyekwa intela yokuvota. Ngo 1882 yasungulwa umlinyana Bank. Kwaphela iminyaka eminingana, sithola izenzo kuqala komthetho wezabasebenzi.

ukuguqulwa komnotho

Nikolay Hristianovich Bunge, umsebenzi wabo ngokuvamile egxekwa, usuqalise guqula akazange ngokushesha kwaletha izinguquko omuhle emnothweni Russian. Isabelomali Ungqongqoshe wasala kusilela, uMgcinimafa akunakwenzeka uphume ezikweletini nokunye. D. Futhi, nokho, sikahulumeni Nikolay Hristianovich Bunge wenza eziningi ezinhle ezweni lakubo. Ngohlelo yakhe, Customs Service of Russia wakwazi ukuvikela abakhiqizi ezifuywayo mncintiswano angaphandle, esiye saholela ukwenyuka kancane ibhizinisi wasemakhishini. Izinguquko intela avunyelwe yengcebo buthelela isizinda sezimali ezinkulu. Kamuva wahamba ukukhuthaza ukukhula yezimboni.

Nikolay Hristianovich Bunge wazalwa ngesikhathi sokudideka ruble eqinile, lapho lwemali kazwelonke awuzange exhumene emakethe ukuthekelisa, njengoba ekupheleni XIX leminyaka. Ngesikhathi ehlala e-post kaNgqongqoshe Economist isimo ngokuyisisekelo ukuhluka oludala. Uhulumeni kuye kwenza ekulinganiseni izinga lokushintshisana futhi bathuthele standard igolide exchange. Lokhu kabusha yaqedwa owalandela Bunge Sergei Witte.

inqubomgomo nezokulima

Wawusho abantukazana Russian Nikolay Hristianovich Bunge? UNgqongqoshe wezeziMali wafuna ukuthuthukisa umnotho emakethe edolobhaneni, okwakufanele ibe yimfihlo ongumlimi zobunikazi bomhlaba. Bunge wayekholelwa ukuthi ukungenela kukahulumeni kufanele kube sakugcina futhi yavalelwa ukuvikela izithakazelo amakilasi aphansi, e abaningi bayaqhubeka baphile esimweni elingenamthetho maqondana nabanikazi ezinkulu nezicebi. Economist obungenza "narodolyubtsem" hhayi kuphela ngenxa yemibono yakhe nesandla esivulekile, kodwa futhi ngenxa pragmatism zabo nsuku zonke. Uhlelo uNgqongqoshe yayilula - ukusiza abantukazana kuyo, amandla yazuza, wasiza siphakamise izwe.

Kodwa iyini ngempela le izinyathelo ezithathwayo e umbuzo nezokulima Nikolay Hristianovich Bunge? Izithombe nemizana ngaphandle yesimanje imishini kanye nengqalasizinda isikhonzi waphoqeleka ekwenzeni izinguquko sina. Wakhulula yabantu basemakhaya intela ezingadingekile, kuhlanganise nentela usawoti. Abantukazana uhlushwa ukushoda umhlaba futhi Ukuminyana izifundazwe ezisenkabeni. Ukuxazulula lolu hlelo inkinga Izindawo wanikelwa izakhamuzi emaphethelweni amazwe singenamuntu, isimo okuyinto enhle ukutshala ezweni kanye nezitshalo ezikhulayo.

komthetho wezabasebenzi

ubudlelwane Inxanxathela phakathi isimo kwakungafanele abalimi kuphela, kodwa futhi nezisebenzi. Ngemva ukuqedwa serfdom emzini wathela ekusakazeni obunamandla sabasebenzi, ezazifuna ukuba lokuphila okungcono esikhathini namafemu namanye amabhizinisi. Ngokuphambene ukuthi eRussia kuze kube manje akubanga ifektri umthetho ehlelekile.

Ngo-1884, ngokusho umsebenzi Bunge BakaJehova wawuvinjelwe kwabancane amabhizinisi ezinkulu. Isimo osethe embundwini ephansi - engu-12. Intsha ngaphansi 15 ayikwazi ukusebenza angaphezulu kwangu-8 ngosuku. Ngo-1885, ukuvinjelwa emsebenzini ebusuku ngoba abesifazane. Iziphathimandla ukuba bamukele imithetho jikelele ukuthi ezilungisiwe ubuhlobo umqashi nesigaba sabasebenzi. Lezi zindinganiso baye ukhawule kakhulu nangobudlova kanye nokucindezela abakhiqizi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo thina yaqinisa ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu ngokumelene abasebenzi ababamba iqhaza iziteleka kanye iziteleka. Ukubulawa ilungelo ukuhlola isimo ukuhlolwa okukhethekile.

Ukusungulwa nojantshi

UNgqongqoshe wezeziMali Nikolay Hristianovich Bunge, usuku kabani lokuzalwa kwaqondana ukuvela kwezindaba ojantshi e-Russia, kahle ukubaluleka kwabo impilo yezwe. Phakathi kobuholi bakhe emnothweni umbuso lowacala ukufakwa kwezimayini kuhulumeni egcwele emnothweni. Ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX njengoba nojantshi "ogosudarstvlivalis" eBelgium, e-Austria-Hungary, eFrance, eHolland nokunye. D. Ngalesi kabusha, Bunge ukwazi ukugxila emisebenzini umuzwa ofanayo entshonalanga.

Ukulwisana monopolies

Ukusungulwa kwakudingekile zokunqanda esinakho, ukusetshenziswa okuzingela lokhu kusho yokuxhumana. Umphakathi ngazwi linye yafuna neziphathimandla ukuqeda ukuphazamiseka nojantshi. Kuze kube yimanje, i ikhomishana longqongqoshe yasungulwa. Ministry of izikhulu Ezezimali baye bafeza indima ebalulekile kuwo. Bunge yena wagomela ngokumelene ukudluliswa onamawala kakhulu insimbi umgwaqo isimo. UNgqongqoshe njalo wabhala imemorandamu, okuyinto wachaza umbono wakhe inkinga. Lezi zinhlelo waya phezulu futhi zazibhekwa njengokuphela i autocrat.

Ngemva kokuwa uhlelo yokunivumela, isimo esibuyiswe umkhuba ekwakheni nojantshi kuphela ngezindleko zikahulumeni. Ngokuphathelene kakade yethulwa kuleli operation Bunge izindlela olukhulunywa izikhathi eziningana esidlangalaleni mayelana ithoni efanayo. izingxabano zawo, futhi wasiphinda ngokushesha ngaphambi kokuthatha umhlalaphansi. Ungqongqoshe ukholelwa ukuthi iRussia awukwazi asuse ophoqelelwe ijubane ojantshi, njengoba kwakwenziwa, isibonelo, eJalimane, ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi ayengemaningi ngokwanele iziqu ukuba kwemsebenti wahulumende.

Imiphumela imisebenzi

Ukuhlola imiphumela Treasury, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi lomholi Russian Nikolay Hristianovich Bunge ebhekene nezithiyo eziningi endleleni yayo. Wazalwa ifa elisindayo kusukela impi uMbuso WaseTurkey, obumbi zezimboni, isitshalo ukwehluleka, yokujama tsi kwezolimo, ukwanda ngoxhaxha nebutho imali.

ukuphikiswa okulondoloza njalo distaste kwakungekaNkulunkulu ungqongqoshe, benethemba lokuthi ebucayini ingxenye ovulekile emphakathini. Ukuhilizisana kwaqhubeka kuwo Bunge uhlale ekhanda sihlalo we-Umnyango wezimali.

Ukudela futhi umsebenzi esikhathini esizayo

UNgqongqoshe abaphikisi wenza isikhathi sakhe sokuthatha umhlalaphansi ngo-1886. Kodwa lo mbusi ayazi kahle ukuthi ungubani lo Nikolay Hristianovich Bunge, futhi baziswa izinga layo. Ngakho-ke, i-Economist hhayi kuphela ewa umusa, kodwa namanje wahlala uMkhandlu Wombuso. Ukuba ikhanda weKomidi oNgqongqoshe, waqhubeka ukuthonya inkambo okufanele iziphathimandla, nakuba umthamo ezahlukene.

Ebesifuna Nikolay Hristianovich Bunge? Facts izikhulu Life uthi wazama ukumisa ukwesekwa yokufakelwa zemiphakathi yasemakhaya, ngaphandle kokubukela phansi amapulazi ngabanye. I-The Economist kwaba lweli Izindawo kwalesi sigodi kuya empumalanga. Kwase kuzoqala igagasi elisha mass ongumlimi ikoloni yeSiberia senzeka ngemva kokufa kwakhe Nikolay Hristianovich Bunge. emfushane omlando womuntu we ndoda - indaba eyandulela i-career Stolypin sika, waqala ukuba lelisu nokuletha uguquko kwezolimo. UNikolai Bunge washona ngo-June 15, 1895 ku Tsarskoye Selo.