Retardation yengqondo - kuwukuthi ... degrees futhi izinhlobo retardation engqondo. Izingane nge retardation engqondo

Ucabangani uma uzwa ibinzana njengokuthi "retardation sengqondo '? Lokhu, ngokuqinisekile, kuhambisana hhayi izinhlangano ezimnandi kakhulu. Ulwazi abantu abaningi lokhu isimo ngokuyinhloko esekelwe imibukiso zethelevishini namabhayisikobho, okuyinto ngenxa ukuzijabulisa ivame wahlanekezela amaqiniso angempela. Khanyisa retardation engqondo, isibonelo, akusiyo uhlobo pathologies lapho umuntu kufanele behlukene umphakathi. Ngenxa yalokho, sivame ukuhlangana nabantu abanjalo, kodwa ukuhlukanisa abantu abavamile emgwaqweni phakathi umuntu enempilo futhi ebhasha ngokwengqondo kunzima kakhulu.

isingeniso

Njengoba odokotela bathi, retardation sengqondo - inamba isifo, isici esiyinhloko okuyinto noma uthenge (umntwana kuze iminyaka 3) noma ukwehla azalwa naso intelligence. Kulokhu, kukhona nhlobo ikhono ukucabanga ngendlela yazo esabalele. Kodwa sphere ngokomzwelo kule isifo akahlupheki: iziguli zingase zibe nomuzwa antipathy nozwela, injabulo kanye ukudabuka, usizi nenjabulo. Nokho, abantu nge retardation engqondo abazizwa hhayi njengoba enezici futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi nemizwelo, njengoba abantu enempilo. Kufanele futhi wazi iqiniso lokuthi lesi sifo akakwazi ukuba bathuthuke. retardation kwengqondo - ezingeni ozinzile semicabango ngaphansi evuthiwe. Nakuba izimo iye yabonakala ngisho izithelo zawo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngenxa umthelela imfundo, umphakathi, imfundo.

Izimbangela retardation engqondo

kokuhlakanipha kwabantu kuchazwa njenganoma okuthonywa nayizimo zendawo kanye zofuzo. Lezo zingane ezinabazali babe retardation engqondo kwatholakala ukuthi unesifo - lena iqembu ingozi. Cishe ziyothambekela kakhudlwana ukuthuthukisa nokuphazamiseka engqondweni, nakuba kuba ukudluliswa zofuzo, ngenxa yalokho, kuyinto evamile. Naphezu ukuvela zofuzo, futhi abanye intuthuko kule ndawo, kubangela 70-80% of amacala kanye akukwazi ukusungulwa. Ngokuvamile zembula kulezi zimo ezinzima ngendlela exakile. Kodwa namanje sinikeza ukubukeka zibe izici ezivamile ukuthi avuse lokhu isimo.

izimbangela kokubeletha

Isimo isizathu esanikezwa ngokuvamile babonakala kahle kwezinso chromosomal, zofuzo, isifo esithinta izinzwa. retardation kwengqondo futhi azalwa naso imbangela izifo zibangelwa cytomegalovirus, rubella igciwane, HIV. abazali, ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa, utshwala, imiphumela embungwini ubuthi kuholele yokuthi izingane zizalwa retardation engqondo. Ukuchayeka emisebeni, methylmercury, okuhola izidakamizwa chemotherapeutic futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuholela imiphumela enjalo.

intrapartum izimbangela

Izinkinga ezihlobene yokungavuthwa, nokuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi kwengane, futhi ukopha e isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko, lokuzalwa nge esebenzisa, breech isethulo, nokukhulelwa izingane eziningi ngasikhathi, intrapartum asphyxia kwandisa ingozi retardation engqondo. Kodwa izinto ziyafana nangaleso kuzoncika isaneli ezinyangeni zokuqala ezimbalwa ngemva kokuzalwa kwakhe.

izimbangela nangemuva kokuzalwa komntwana

Ukuntuleka kokukhulumisana ngokomzwelo, ngokwenyama ukwesekwa engqondweni yethu, okuyilona elidingekayo ukuze umuntu ukuthuthukiswa, ukukhula, lithathelwe kwezenhlalo, ukungondleki kahle eminyakeni yokuqala yokuphila - yezimbangela ezivame kakhulu retardation engqondo emhlabeni wonke. Izifo kungaba ngenxa webhaktheriya, encephalitis viral, meningitis, ukungondleki, ubuthi, ukulimala ekhanda nokunye.

I degree of retardation engqondo

Lesi sifo, njenganoma iyiphi enye, has a zindlela ezahlukene ngalo luhlukaniswe degree, amafomu, njll Ukwahlukaniswa lokhu sifo sibangelwa buyisiphi futhi izifundo. Ukwabela degrees elandelayo retardation engqondo:

• ukukhanya uma ileveli IQ kuyahlukahluka ngaphakathi 50-69 amaphuzu;
• isilinganiso lapho amazinga isukela 20 KUYA KU-49 amaphuzu;
• esindayo, lapho engaphansi kwengama-20 IQ amaphuzu.

Njengoba lesi sibalo kunqunywa? Isiguli lanikezwa adlulisela umsebenzi test, imiphumela okuyinto onganquma ukuthi ngokwezinga elikhulu noma elincane izifo. Nakuba, kufanele siqaphele ukuthi ukwahlukana salokhu ngempela ngaphandle kokubonisana nomkayo. Ukwahlukanisa kufanele bacabangele hhayi kuphela degree of ukuncishiswa ikhono ukuhlakanipha kwakho, kodwa ezingeni lokunakekela adingwa umuntu. Hhayi ehlisiwe kanye umthamo elinganiselwe okuxhumana, Ukuzinakekela, ukuzenzela, ukusetshenziswa izinsiza zomphakathi, njll

Yini izibalo?

Very interesting Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi abangaphezu kuka-3% abantu emhlabeni uhlala esingaphansi 70 IQ level, kodwa retardation kakhulu engqondweni ebonwe% 1 kuphela. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi uma inkinga itholakala lapho kunakwe eziningi izici ezengeziwe. retardation engqondo Ezinohlonze ebonwe izingane, kungakhathaliseki nemindeni yabo lenye isigaba sezenhlalo ezithile, imfundo abazali nezihlobo. Futhi nakhu kuvela elinye iqiniso elithakazelisayo. Ngakho, Isimanga siwukuthi, retardation engqondo ngokulinganisela, lapho isiguli sidzinga edlulayo usizo, sivame ukuba izingane emikhayeni ezikhulisa isimo ongaphakeme tekuhlalisana kutemnotfo.

Izimpawu zesifo

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, uphawu eyinhloko lesi sifo ukunciphisa biko. Nokho, zonke izimpawu kungcono cabanga, kuye ngezinga zokugula. Ake sihlole kubo.

1. Okuncane (noma debility). Kulokhu, ukubukeka indoda elula emgwaqweni abasoze bakwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi umuntu retardation engqondo yentuthuko kusukela enempilo. Njengomthetho, laba bantu kunzima ukufunda ngenxa yekhono zabo zilalele ancipha kakhulu. Kodwa ukukhunjulwa kwabo muhle kakhulu. Ngokuvamile iziguli ezinalesi sifo ngezinga elithile nezinkinga zokuziphatha. Ngokwesibonelo, izingane retardation engqondo zincike othisha nabazali, zakhuza kuyabethusa izimo eziguquguqukayo. Lezi ziguli noma vula ku ngokwabo (kungakho nobunzima lokukhulumisana), noma, kunalokho, ozama ezidonsela ukunakekela umuntu wakhe nazo zonke izinhlobo zezenzo elikhanyayo, ngokuvamile kungazwakali, ngisho 'idla yodwa. Ziyizinto Kulula kakhulu ugqozi. Ngoba lezi iziguli edonsa abameleli emhlabeni lobugebengu, ngokwabo ngokuvamile baba yizisulu imikhonyovu. Isici nobuntu retardation omnene wukuthi iziguli kahle isifo sakhe, kodwa ngazo zonke izindlela ulifihle kusuka kwabanye.
2. Izinga isilinganiso (imbecility). Laba bantu bayakwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi isijeziso nokudumisa, ukuthola injabulo, ububele, zingabantu kalula amakhono sifundiseke self-service, ngezinye izikhathi ukufunda, ukubhala, izibalo eziyisisekelo, kodwa ukuphila bebodwa, ngeke baze bakwazi ukuwenza. Ngemuva kwabo zidinga ukuhlala zinakekelwa kanye nokuqondisa.
3. Sinzima (idiocy). Abantu abanjalo abanalo izwi, baye yokufunda ukunyakaza kwabo kukhona kunemibhalo eyayihunyushwe kabi futhi unfocused. Imizwelo anqunyelwe ukubonakaliswa aphansi ngentukuthelo noma injabulo. Iziguli lesi silima abadinga ebhekiwe, ngoba ukuba eziqukethwe izikhungo abafanele.

Kancane okwengeziwe izimpawu

I ukubonakaliswa yokuqala isifo zihlanganisa ukuziphatha angavuthiwe, ukubambezeleka ekukhuleni, amakhono ngokwanele self-service. Nokuthuthukisa kahle izingane retardation engqondo ngezinye izikhathi uya njengoba kufanele kube kufika ku yonke iminyaka zisesikoleni. Izimpawu ababhekwa esimweni lapho kukhona isifo omnene. Kodwa ezinye degrees ezimbili uxilongwe, ngokuvamile ekuseni kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma ehlangana abanokukhubazeka zentuthuko, kwezinso ngokomzimba. Kulokhu, ukugula kuyoba elula ukuxilonga kudala njengoba yobudala zasenkulisa.

Nokho, ezinye izingane endleleni wazi khona i-cerebral palsy, motor neziyaluyalu, ukulahlekelwa ukuzwa, inkulumo imisiwe nakwezinye iziyaluyalu zentuthuko. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, nobuntu retardation engqondo "yene" nge izimpawu ezintsha. Izingane zithambekele ukukhathazeka, ukucindezeleka, ikakhulukazi uma they bhunkula noma kubhekwe njengento engaphelele.

Uma e izinkulisa izingane ezinalesi sifo waphawula yinkimbinkimbi lithathelwe nobunzima e sokuhambisana umbuso kosuku, futhi imisebenzi aphansi abonakala engaphezu kwamandla akho kubo, abafundi yokufunda kufanele wazise abazali kuyinto ngezinga eliphezulu kakhulu ukungahlaliseki futhi inattention. izizathu engeziwe sokukhathazeka omama nobaba kumele kube ukukhathala, ukuziphatha okubi nezilinganiso eliphansi kakhulu izingane zabo.

retardation kwengqondo

Lapha sizobe beze kwenye ngezigaba. Ngokuhambisana ngezigaba international izifo, unquma ukwaba amafomu alandelayo ka retardation engqondo:

• retardation kwengqondo ezingeyona inkimbinkimbi. Kuleli fomu izinqubo kwemizwa eziyisisekelo libhekene ingane poise. Ukukhubazeka emsebenzini ephawulekayo hhayi kuhambisane ngeziphambeko ikakhulukazi anolaka. Londoloza ezingeni ngokomzwelo, ingane ingaba ngenjongo, kodwa kuphela uma bonke kakhulu ngokucacile. Lapho isimo noma imvelo awumusha kuye, konke kuzobuyela esimweni esijwayelekile, akukho kwezinso ngeke ubone.
• retardation kwengqondo ukuqeda iziphazamiso ezazingase neurodynamic. Leli fomu libhekene nokuntengantenga ngentando, ezinhlakeni ngokomzwelo lohlobo ukucobeka noma ukuphatheka kabi. Ukwephulwa esivela ingane, ebonakaliswa ngokucacile wokwehla kahle, izinguquko ukuziphatha.
• retardation kwengqondo nge ukuphambuka umsebenzi analyzer. Oligophrenics kuleli fomu lesi sifo, lesion ehlasela umzimba we- cortex is kuhlangene ukuhlukumeza enamandla ethile uhlelo ingqondo. Izingane ngaphezu kwalokho imakwe wendawo ukukhubazeka yokukhuluma, ukubona, ukuzwa, locomotor uhlelo.
• Psihopatopodobne ukuziphatha nge retardation engqondo. Lokhu retardation engqondo, ukuthuthukiswa lapho lags ngemuva ngenxa yokuphazamiseka ezingeni ngokomzwelo-volitional. Okokuqala, iziguli enjalo uqaphele nokwehlisa criticality maqondana ngokwayo, nokungathuthuki izingxenye eziningi zobuntu, disinhibition of imizwelo engokwemvelo. Ingane enokuthambekela ukwethula uthando akanangqondo.
• retardation kwengqondo nge zimakwe ukuntula engaphelele. Kulesi uhlobo retardation izingane ngokwenqondo yokwenziwa, evilaphayo, ngingakwazi nhlobo ukuzisiza. inkulumo yabo lide-winded, kuyinto imitative ngokwemvelo, kodwa it has nhlobo akukho okuqukethwe. Izingane abakwazi zingaphazamisi ngokwengqondo ngokwanele ukuhlaziya isimo ngokubhuduzela.

Ukuhlolwa uma ukugula

Njengoba sishilo, ezimweni eziningi, retardation engqondo wabonakaliswa zisencane. Futhi uma sifo sibangelwa ufuzo, ezifana Down Syndrome, ukuphambuka kungenziwa okwatholakala ekuseni njengoba ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Ngenxa yale njongo, imitholampilo womama manje anikele zonke izintokazi kumele bahlolwe zokuqala zokukhulelwa, ukuba khona kwale zokugula kwadingeka ithuba lokwenza isinqumo esifanele - kufanele asikhiphe isisu noma ukugcina ingane. Futhi, le nqubo lubaluleke ezimweni lapho abazali umntwana esikhathini esizayo noma izihlobo kukhona izifo noma izimo engabangela ukuba okuvela retardation engqondo.

Ezinye uhlobo retardation ngokwenqondo ngenxa yokuthi othile uhlelo enzyme ingane ampofu. Lesi sifo ezivamile kuleli qembu - phenylketonuria. Ngokushesha ngemva kokuzalwa izingane nale Ihlahlubo musa ihluke enempilo, kodwa ezinyangeni zokuqala zokuphila, ziba ucobekile Baphawula ukuhlanza njalo, has ukuqubuka, ukujuluka yanda, futhi has a nephunga eyinqaba. Uma uqale ukwelashwa ngokushesha, kuyilapho ingane engaphansi kwezinyanga 2-3, ungagcina biko. Yingakho neze indiva luhlolo ekuseni izingane by kudokotela wezingane.

Uma udokotela kukhona noma yikuphi ukungabaza, kuyoba liqoke kokubonisana isazi sezinzwa, umchamo kanye igazi, Bheka. Ocwaningweni izingane ezindala edingekayo ukwelulekwa okungokwengqondo noma zengqondo.

Uma impatho ithoma ngendlela esifike ngesikhathi, ngokuvamile ungakwazi ukuthwebula ingane ukuba kalula ukuzivumelanisa abaphilayo ozimele. Kodwa endabeni lapho abazali kanye nezinye izihlobo umntwana enquma kalula ukwenza ngaphandle odokotela abaqhuba yokuzithiba, imiphumela edabukisayo azinakugwenywa. Futhi ungakhohlwa ukuthi ngaphansi kungase ezicashe retardation engqondo kuzofihlwa nezinye izifo - yisithuthwane ngokulandelana kwawo, nokugula ngengqondo amaningi, i-hypothyroidism.

Izingane nge retardation engqondo - yini okumele ngiyenze?

Abazali noma kunjalo, ningatatazeli. Khumbula ukuthi retardation engqondo - ukugula ngeke engokwengqondo isimo eyinqaba, lapho ekukhuleni kukhawulwe ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene.

Imfundo yezingane ne retardation engqondo angase abe kanye nentuthuko yabo, kodwa ngangokuthi ziyekwe ukwenza lokhu umthamo begazi. Lesi simo neze ukuphulukisa ngokugcwele. Yiqiniso, udokotela imithi yokwelapha ezifanele, kodwa umphumela wawo ngeke yesiteleka. Nakuba kuye ngezinga of retardation engqondo kungenzeka ukufezekisa imiphumela ethile ngokusebenzisa imfundo nokuqeqeshwa. Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi izingane nge idiocy futhi imbecility - ke ikhutshaziwe kusukela ebuntwaneni, baze bathole impesheni. Ikakhulukazi izingane retardation engqondo lamafomu ziyatholakala yokuthi badinga umnakekeli okhathalelayo, noma ngosizo lochwepheshe kusukela luhlobo ezifanele yezokwelapha, lapho bangakwazi ukubona. Kube nabo ukuqhuba zokwelapha, kwezimilo, umsebenzi ngokwengqondo. Izingane nge retardation engqondo omnene akunzima kangako. Ngisho naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi abakwazi ukufunda uhlelo ezivamile, futhi kufanele kwisi esikoleni esikhethekile. Nokho, emfundweni lezi zingane, zikhona izinkinga eziningi, ngoba ukulungiswa okwanele ukunquma ikusasa yezabasebenzi futhi lithathelwe nomphakathi. Uma kunjalo efanele, njengoba abadala, umane "eziyoncibilika 'empilweni - umsebenzi, uzozala umndeni, ikhula kakhulu ezindaweni zomphakathi.

ekwelapheni retardation engqondo

Namuhla kukhona omningi imali for ekwelapheni lesi simo, kodwa kufanele sithathe kuphela udokotela nazo zonke izici zalesi sifo. Kuye isizathu esiholele isifo, kungaba hormone noma ufake i iodine amalungiselelo (uma retardation engqondo kuwumphumela yegilo iziyaluyalu ukusebenza). Uma PKU impela olukhethekile lokudla, okuyinto uzoqoka udokotela.

Ukuze kulungiswe retardation engqondo, nootropics ngokuvamile odokotela enqunyiwe (elisho ukuthi "Piracetam," "Encephabol", "Aminalon" kanye nabanye). Zisetshenziswa ngqo ngcono izinqubo umzimba kwezicubu ingqondo. Izinjongo ezifana ebekiwe amino acid, amavithamini B Yiqiniso, bona angathengwa ngaphandle kadokotela, kodwa zibheke ekusebenziseni udokotela kuphela kungacacisa.

Uma iziguli unesifo echazwe ezibangela ukuziphatha okuyinqaba samanje, isazi sezifo zengqondo ukukhethela izidakamizwa kusukela iqembu zinhlungu noma neuroleptics. Isihluthulelo ukulungiswa yimpumelelo - indlela olunzulu, okungukuthi, ukusetshenziswa kwemithi kufanele kuhlanganiswe amakilasi nge inkulumo abelaphi, odokotela bengqondo, indlela siqu lemfundo.

Ngo Folk imithi, izitshalo athandwa okwelapha nomthelela Iqalisa ngomhlaka isimiso sezinzwa. Lezi zihlanganisa magnolia Chinese mvini, ginseng, Aloe. Nokho, khumbula ukuthi abanye evuselela nalesi sifo kungase kubangele ezibangela ukuziphatha okuyinqaba, kwengqondo. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokuzisebenzisa kufanele kudokotela.

Ayikwazi ehlisiwe kanye nokuvuselelwa nomphakathi. Amahlelo la asiwa ngokuyinhloko okuhloswe ngaso ukunikeza umsebenzi abantu nge retardation engqondo omnene. Ngenxa yalesi zikhona izikole ezikhethekile nohlelo oluthile ingashintshwa lapho iziguli ungafunda umsebenzi elula.

zokuvimbela

Ukuvimbela retardation yengqondo - kuwukuthi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ngokucophelela futhi ukunganaki kuphela impilo lwabo kodwa futhi nokuzibonakalisa impilo izizukulwane ezizayo.

Ngokushesha nje lapho umbhangqwana unquma ukuba ingane, bobabili kufanele ihlolisiswe ngokugcwele, iphumelele ekuhlolweni, khona zofuzo. Kuyoba ukuhlonza kanye belaphe ukugula okukhona noma izimo, ukukhomba izinkinga ezingase zibangele retardation engqondo umntwana ongakazalwa.

Uma owesifazane kakade ekhulelwa, kufanele sikhumbule umthwalo oba kuso ngoba ngisho ingane engakazalwa. Ngakho, kubalulekile ukuba banamathele endleleni efanele yokuphila, ukudla ngendlela efanele, ukuhambisana nayo yonke izincomo odokotela bakugweme kakhulu ukuchayeka kubo nezici eziyingozi, vakashela emtholampilo ngesikhathi esasihleliwe.

Lapho ingane izalwe, kufanele ningilalela zonke ezingane futhi uhambisane wonke amalungiselelo ayo. Futhi uma udokotela esola ukuthi kukhona okungahambi kahle, waya ukuhlolwa eyengeziwe noma ukubonisana, ungazami, njengoba besho, ukuze ubalekele inkinga. Ngempela, kulesi simo, ungase ulahlekelwe isikhathi esibalulekile, njengoba kamuva uzozisola kuphela.

Ikakhulukazi imithi akemi namanje. Ngokwesibonelo, umgomo rubella ngokumelene igciwane ziye zasiza ubelethe umntwana imibhangqwana enempilo eziningi, futhi eqinisweni ngaphambi kwakucishe imbangela ebaluleke kakhulu retardation engqondo azalwa nako. Namuhla, ososayensi usuqala ukuba efanayo anti-CMV ukunikeza ukuthula kwengqondo impilo kwabazali nezingane zabo. Kuvamisile ukuthi izingane futhi inciphise ngenxa ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokukhula, lokwelapha izinsana ezisanda kuzalwa azoya, ukusetshenziswa immunoglobulin, ukumpontshelwa igazi nezinye amaphuzu amaningi, kuze kube muva nje kuphela baphupha. Into esemqoka - ningatatazeli, ungadikibali futhi zama ngokusemandleni akho, kungcono othandekayo, okuyinto kuphela ungenza ujabule futhi ukubuyela ekuphileni okuvamile ngangokunokwenzeka nhlobo namuhla yakho. Lalela odokotela, ngesikhathi, ukufuna usizo olukhethekile futhi silandele zonke izincomo.