Okudzhava Shalva Stepanovich: Biography, umndeni

Igama imbongi edumile amaSoviet nasemakamu Russian futhi Bard Bulat Okudzhava ajwayelekile, uma kungewona wonke, khona-ke kakhulu. Nokho, hhayi okuningi waziwa ngokuba ngendaba ebuhlungu ekuphileni kwabazali bakhe. Khonamanjalo Okudjava Shalva Stepanovich ngesikhathi esisodwa wayengomunye walabo abahleli Georgian iYoung Communist League, kanye nendima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni yezimboni amandla Urals.

nozalo

Umkhulu Shalva Okudzhava ngokuthi uhlangothi uPawulu Peremushev likamama. Wathuthela Georgia phakathi nekhulu le-19. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngesikhathi kakade AP Peremushev wakhonza iminyaka engu-25 futhi bavume ukubuthwa nangemva isevisi wathola isabelo e Kutaisi. Kunemibono ehlukahlukene mayelana nemvelaphi yawo. Ngokwe ezivamile, kwaba noma Russian noma laseMordvinia. Abanye abacwaningi sithambekele cabanga kuye umJuda kusukela cantonments. Ngo Kutaisi P. Peremushev waqala ukusebenza njengoba umthungi futhi ngokushesha oshadile ukuba eGeorgia Salome Medzmariashvili. Yena-ke wayenamadodakazi ezintathu, ngingowokuqala kubani - Elizabeth - washada umabhalane UStepan Okudzhava. Kulesi umshado azalelwa izingane eziyisishiyagalombili.

Esakhula

Okudzhava Shalva Stepanovich wazalwa ngo-August 1901. Lapho eneminyaka engu-10 ubudala, wayemuhle ukuzofunda Gentry sokuzivocavoca ka Kutaisi. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-iminyaka engu-16 Shalva bajoyine abavukeli, elandela isibonelo abazalwane asebekhulile uNicholas uMichael, ababe babambe iqhaza elibonakalayo izenzo emelene nohulumeni ezinsukwini we Februwari revolution.

umsebenzi Party

Ngo-1918 Shalva Okudjava bajoyine RCP (B) futhi egameni party wahlanganyela kule nhlangano Komsomol eGeorgia. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuze kube ngu-1921, lapho amandla Soviet yasungulwa kuleli zwe, lapho ucashile kahle isayensi emzabalazweni zezombusazwe. Ngemva Shalva Okudzhava ukuthi uqokelwe kwesikaSihlalo Kutaisi wesifundazwe iKomidi Komsomol, futhi ngo-1921 wakhushulelwa laba yinhloko yomnyango yenhlangano leKomiti Central of Komsomol laseGeorgia.

E-Moscow

Ngo-1921 Okudzhava Shalva Stepanovich wakhethwa uyisihambeli iCongress of the Comintern kanye Lapho ngiqala ukuyobona i-Moscow. Ngelinye ilanga umhlangano lo mbuthano kwakungewona eyenziwe uVladimir Lenin umbiko ophathelene inqubomgomo entsha kwezomnotho. Wenza wazithinta ngokujulile lamaKhomanisi abasha, okwenza isifiso ukwenza imisebenzi ezihlobene ekuthuthukiseni umnotho abasha likahulumeni waseSoviet. Kuze kube yimanje, Shalva Okudzhava wahlala enhloko-dolobha, angena Faculty of Economics wokuqala State University. Ngesikhathi ngisafunda inhlokodolobha, ehlangana Ashkhen Stepanovna Nalbandian, abeza ngokuhlobene imbongi edumile UVahan Teryan. Abantu abasha wamthanda futhi ngokushesha washada. Ngo-May 1924 bathola indodana - Bulat Shalvovich Okudzhava.

Ngo Tbilisi

Ngemva nje kokuzalwa kwendodana yakhe Shalva Okudzhava ukuthi ngokushesha wabizelwa Tbilisi njengoba Georgian party inhlangano idinga izisebenzi abafundile. Kakade ngo-December 1924, wamiswa njengelungu kwenhloko yomnyango ukuyaluza ze we Tiflis City Party Committee, uKomitjhinara kwaba Georgian lempi umyalo esikoleni ngemva kweminyaka 2. Khona-ke, ngo-1929, Shalva Stepanovich wathunyelwa ukufunda enhloko-dolobha, lapho ephothula Isikhungo Marxism-Leninism. Ekubuyeleni kwakhe ezweni yakhe eneminyaka engu-30, i-lamaKhomanisi abasha waqokwa unobhala City Party Committee, kanye wakhethwa ilungu leKomiti Central of Georgia.

Ubudlelwano kanye Beria

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kakusikho ukusoka okusobala enyameni empilweni Shalva Okudjava kwaba ezingaphezu kuka kahle, empeleni, phezu kwekhanda lakhe amafu babehlangene. Uma ekuqaleni umsebenzi wakhe, + wayeneminyaka ngaphansi kokusekelwa kwe-Sergo Ordzhonikidze ke ngemva Georgia baba Commissar Beria, isimo sashintsha ngokuphelele. Okudjava enobulungisa kanye olunezimiso ngokuphindaphindiwe ngikhulume ngokucijile ngokumelene inqubomgomo izisebenzi. Kwakukhona namahlebezi ukuthi Lavrenty Pavlovich akazithelanga ngabandayo ukuze Ashkhen, okuyinto elalibhekwa njengelinye lamazwe nabesifazane abahle kakhulu enhlokodolobha Georgian langaleso sikhathi. Ekupheleni Okudzhava ngabona ukuthi kungcono ukushiya Tiflis, futhi waya nomkhaya wakhe ukuba eMoscow. Kube wathenjiswa isikhundla Nizhny Tagil, futhi walamukela ngenjabulo.

Urals

Umqalisi ukuqokwa Okudzhavy okuthunyelwe ka UNobhala we Party iKomiti Uralvagonstroya e Nizhny Tagil baba Sergo Ordzhonikidze, bawazisa kakhulu bomsebenzi kanye ibhizinisi lakhe acumen. Ngo-February 1934, Ordzhonikidze baba uyisihambeli 17 Party Congress, futhi ngemva konyaka wayenobuhlobo entsha okuthunyelwe - 1st unobhala Nizhny Tagil ekomidini nasemzini CPSU (b). Ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe ngcono izimo ukuthi ngokuphindaphindiwe waphawula Ordzhonikidze ukusebenza, ngokuvamile eza ngaso ukuzohlola ukwakhiwa Uralvagonzavod.

ukubopha

Februwari 18, 1937 abasebenzi NKVD Tagil ahlasela efulethini lapho ayehlala Okudjava Shalva Stepanovich. By ukuqondana ongaziwa, ngalolu suku e Moscow, udutshulwe umngane wakhe futhi nomvikeli Sergo Ordzhonikidze.

Sekuyisikhathi eside Okudzhava waqonda kwesiphetho aboshwe. Ngalezo zinsuku, iyiphi ungathumela amakamu ngaphandle yisiphi isizathu, futhi Okudzhava kwaba isithende the Achilles '- abafowethu counterrevolutionaries ukuthi ngemva isimemezelo amandla zaseSoviet Georgia, lezihlubuki kwesokunxele-wing. Nakuba baye kanye wamuka isixhumanisi, ngo-1936 baphinde baboshwa futhi icala Trotskyism.

Ukuboshwa Umqondisi Uralvagonstroy L. Maryasin isitshalo wanikela 'ubufakazi', owawuthi yena Okudjava wazama ukubulala Sergo Ordzhonikidze ngesikhathi ehambele Nizhny Tagil. Lokhu ukumangalela okungamanga ngo-1937 sibucayi ngokwanele, umbuzo wensindiso kungaba isikhathi eside, ikakhulukazi ngoba kwaba umndeni ukuthi efakwe phakathi izitha siqu Lavrenty Beria.

Shalva Okudzhava uvele ohlwini lwabantu babeboshelwe "nokubacindezela esigabeni sokuqala." Ngesikhathi ijagoni yangaphandle isikhathi lawa magama kwakusho ukuthi lesi siboshwa yayiyobizwa esingu. Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we kule yaphuma ngo-Ephreli 1, 1937, futhi ngaphansi kwakhe kwakungo isignesha kukaStalin, Molotov futhi Kaganovich. Isigwebo wabulawelwa 4 Agasti 1937.

Isiphetho izihlobo

Ngemva kokuboshwa kwala yomkhaya ngumkayo, ngaleso sikhathi njengonobhala wo- leKomiti District Party Nizhny Tagil, amadodana (Bulat Shalvovich Okudzhava noVictor, owazalwa ngo-1934), kanye nomama osekhulile wathutha waseMoscow futhi ngihlala endlini ohlanganyelwe phezu Arbat. Kube bezwa ukuthi le shot futhi umalume ikusasa Bard abadumile. amashwa Umkhaya ayigcinanga lapho, futhi ngo-1938 umama Okudzhava sika waboshwa e Moscow, futhi wathunyelwa Karlag. Wabuyela inhlokodolobha kuphela ngo-1947.

Trotskyism wamangalelwa nodadewabo Shalva - Olga Okudzhava. Le ntombi kwaba umka imbongi edumile Georgian Galaktion Tabidze. Ngesikhathi eboshwa, yena ubangwa nezibi, kodwa akuzange kuwumise NKVD ukuthumela kuye ekudingisweni. Olga ukuzula isuke Kwelinye ijele waze e orel. Septhemba 11, 1941 owesifazane, kanye iziboshwa ezingaphezu kuka-150, i-NKVD wadutshulwa ihlathi Medvedev ekuyi, okuyinto amakhilomitha ambalwa enyakatho yedolobha.

Ngemva kokufa Iosifa Stalina unkosikazi Shalva Okudzhava baba zonke kusho ukufeza umthwalo wokuvuselelwa ngokwendalo umyeni wakhe. Lokhu wakwazi kuphela intengo omkhulu ngo-1956. Kulokhu, baphonswe imibuzo amalungu zangaphambili ekomidini nasemzini Nizhny Tagil kanye nezakhamuzi zedolobha, waqinisekisa ukuba msulwa yomyeni wakhe.

Manje uyazi ukuthi wayengubani nokuthi ushone kanjani Okudjava Shalva Stepanovich. Unkosikazi a lamaKhomanisi uyaqiniseka - Ashkhen Nalbandian - naye waba isisulu yokucindezelwa kukaStalin, kanye nendodana yabo, Bulat konke ukuphila kwakhe ukuzwisa ubuhlungu ngokomzwelo, bekhumbula ukufa kabuhlungu yabazali bazo.