Tiuna - inceku isikhulu noma wohlanga olukhulu

Tiuna - a ezimisiwe igama abajwayelekile ngoba eziningi izigaba, ezazihlanganisa izikhulu siqu nezinceku boyars '. Okuningi ngaleli gama e Rus lasendulo lalibizwa ngokuthi abasebenzi bakahulumeni, noma kunalokho izikhundla zabo ezindabeni zokuphatha kanye zokwahlulela.

Inani

Ekhatsi Kiev Rus Tiunov (tivunom) ngokuthi isikhulu noma imenenja boyar, umabhalane, umphathi e Grand Duchy kanye State eMoscow ngaphambi XVII. - igama lebhizinisi, vicegeral, isonto kanye okuthunyelwe zokwahlulela. Umsebenzi uqobo elisuka zaseScandinavia futhi ensimini eRussia, befika ngokusebenzisa Varangians (lasendulo Scand. Thionn). I etymology ka izwi ikubonise yande kakhulu: ". Umsizi wesikhonzi senkantolo" kusukela igama elidala Russian kusho "ukuphatha" ngesi-Ukraine iyona igama elithi "umbonisi", Tiuna - liphinde inceku wenkantolo Prince, futhi ngisho aphansi isixhumanisi ekuphathweni emizaneni.

Tiuna eRussia

Tiuna eRussia sidilizwa - isilawuli epulazini, enkonzweni sezikhulu boyars, noma banesibopho oda. Ognischny, kamuva igama - esigodlweni, wayenomthwalo wokusingatha noma endlini, egcekeni. Stables Tiuna, ngokulandelana, obhekene amahhashi ezitebeleni, umsebenzi ezitebeleni. On ezolimo kanye rataynom wabantu umsebenzi ensimini, nokunye. D. Tiuna ukusekela ezidingekayo kakhulu kanye nosizo ukuze abanikazi bamazwe izinduna ekuphatheni kanye isivivinyo. Abaningi babo kwakungabantu hhayi khulula. Njengoba "Russian Iqiniso", njengoba nje omunye wathatha isikhundla ngokuthi "Tiuna", engena isigaba salabo abakubiza ngokuthi inceku. Ukuze silondoloze inkululeko yayo, kwakudingekile kuleli cala isivumelwano esikhethekile. Esikhathini "Iqiniso Russian" lithi futhi "tivunskom ezingenasibalo" (okusho ukungabikho inkontileka efanele) njengoba omunye wemithombo lobugqila. Naphezu kwalokhu, isikhundla social tiuns kwesikhulu laliphezulu kakhulu. Ukuze ukubulala wezolimo noma rataynogo - 12 hryvnia, ngoba ukubulawa boyar umthumeli - 40 hryvnia. Ukuze ognischnogo kwesikhulu Ukusetha usayizi ngobukhulu - 80 hryvnia.

Nceku-Chiune avunyelwe ukuba umkhuba wokuba ufakazi wenkantolo, uma kungekho ezinye mahhala, nakuba umthetho kwaba "poslushestva encekwini skladayut." Inkantolo mathupha kuphela isikhulu esasichitha kuso. izikhulu Minor, ababengabendlu iziphathimandla zokwahlulela zokuphatha, ebizwa nangokuthi Tiuna. Basuke aqokwe Prince, volosteli noma kubabusi. Ngo 13-14 eminyaka umbusi inombolo tiuns kunqunywa efuze. Uma siqhathanisa izikhulu ezincane enkantolo ukuthi umbusi, owokuqala kwaba nkantolo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi Chiune umvuzo kwenziwe ku-nokuwumisa alinganayo, isigamu izimali zalo akazange afinyelele umbusi efika. Labantu wayihlubuka wazonda nezikhulu zakhe (singakhumbula kokuhlubuka kuka izakhamizi Kyïv e 1146). Ngo izincwadi Tiuna - ngobugovu umcindezeli isizwe (isibonelo, eZwini Daniila Zatochnika).

Tiuna e Muscovy futhi Omkhulu Duchy of Lithuania

Lapha, kunaka zashintsha ekubeni kwezomnotho ukuze imisebenzi yokuphatha kanye zokwahlulela. Emakhulwini eminyaka 14-17. ayaqhubeka ekhona isikhulu Tiuna, wathatha emnothweni. Kukhona futhi afakwe ama-apharathasi vicegeral nalawo nemisebenti yebulungisa. Grand Duchy of Lithuania ngelika Tiuna noMbusi wababusi enkulu izinduna ababe obhekene ekuphathweni elokishini (kamuva bebizelwa kwababusi) futhi intela eqoqwe (okuyinto "iqoqo lomuntu siqu inkokhiso," wabizwa ngokuthi ngaleso sikhathi kuze kube manje). Kwezinye izingxenye galich, lapho kwakukhona namanje izinsalela amalungelo lasendulo, lezo kwakuyizikhathi amalunga akhethwe emiphakathini yasemakhaya.

Tiuna Nesonto

Isonto Tiunov zazenziwe izinhlobo ezimbili: labo abalalela izikhulu umbhishobhi wokuziphilisa, futhi labo ababezibiza ngokuthi "Vladycha". Iqembu yokugcina wayehlala emzini thempeli wakhonza eduze umbhishobhi. Ngokusho isinqumo Angamakhulu Izahluko lombhishobhi, duty eyinhloko Chiune ubenikeza abapristi abavakashele lombhishobhi baqatsha ukukhonza izimfundiso, amabhanela. I wokugcina iyona ilungelo afeze isenzo esinjalo. Kamuva Tiunov obhekene oda esontweni. Babukeka njengezihlahla abefundisi nabapristi abadala ukwenza umsebenzi wabo.

Tiunskaya eqhugwaneni

Tiuna, owawungumnyaka ongowenani elikhulu esontweni, ngabadala labapristi wahlala ndawonye Popovski endlini, bese Tiunskoy kuze 1667. Nokho, isimo sesishintshile. Tiunskaya eqhugwaneni ngemiyalo yezikhulu wezindaba zenkolo eyabuyiselwa 1674 by Kusukela 1690 uMbhishobhi Omkhulu Joachim. Ngo-1724 kwathiwa ekugcineni ivaliwe. ababhishobhi Isibonelo balandela inzalamizi busuka vogue kokuvula Tiunskih maqhugwane noma ama-oda. Kugcine owabekwa icala izindaba efanayo ezimayelana nokuphathwa Diocesan, njengasezikhathini zangaphambili futhi Tiuna. Ukusiza ukudala esiGungwini phakathi nesikhathi uPetru mina wadalwa Chamber, okuthiwa futhi ehhovisi, kodwa ngonyaka olandelayo uyekwa.

Tiuna - umuntu iye besaboshiwe yakhe, kodwa futhi endowed eningi yemfanelo. Laba bantu olandela indlu, inkambu, izilwane, anesikhundla ezithile emasontweni noma izikhulu.