Umlando umshini wokuthunga. Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo nemishini yokuthunga

Isihloko lesi sihloko - indaba umshini wokuthunga. Sikhuluma lapho umshini wokuqala, futhi obani idaliwe. Cabangela indaba edume kunazo ukwenziwa imishini lenkampani - "Umculi". Futhi sizama ukuthola lapho ngemishini yokuthunga lokuqala eRussia.

Indlela Bonke baqala

Umlando lokuthunga machine beqala yazi ngesikathi ukhokhokazi zethu ezikude lokuqala wacosha inaliti ithambo. Phawula ukuthi leli thuluzi bese lalibukeka njengejele usungulo, kunokuba inaliti. Kamuva wasungula hook Ukuchusha ngokusebenzisa izimbobo ngesibhakela e lendwangu. Ngemva kwalokho kuhlangana khona inaliti nge eyelet. Futhi umgodi ukuze ntambo senziwe kakhulu phansi inaliti njengoba ku ngakho nemishini yanamuhla.

Nokho, ezinye uhlobo umshini wokuthunga sekukhona kuphela ekhulwini le-14 eHolland. Ngalesi sikhathi, okwenza nokunensa workshop aqalwa ifakwe imishini ezinamasondo, okuyinto ugaye eside ngendwangu imidwebo. Size, ngeshwa, akazange afinyelele igama umsunguli we lo mklamo. Nokho, ukuthi lezi zakhiwo zazizinkulu kakhulu yaziwa futhi kuthatha indawo enkulu. umshini Dutch ngempela like a lokuthunga yesimanje.

Le phrojekthi yokuqala

Hhayi ngaphandle iqhaza umlando uLeonardo da Vinci sika umshini wokuthunga. Libanga 5 ( "Ubuchwepheshe" - njengengxenye kuncike kubhekwa isihloko), ngokutadisha umlando, ngokuvumelana olusha lwezifundo, futhi kuhlanganisa ukudalwa zikagesi. Kulesi sici, abantwana kuyoba ukwazi ukuthi uhlaka lokuqala umshini wokuthunga ezihlinzekwa uLeonardo da Vinci ngekhulu le-15. Nokho, umbono usosayensi omkhulu futhi akukakasetshenziswa.

Kwaba kuphela 1755 Carl Veyzental ukuthola igunya lokwenza kokusungulwa umshini wokuthunga ukuthi ziphindaphindwe le yaseZimbabwe ezenziwe ngesandla. Ngo 1790, i-St Thomas idale umshini eyenzelwe yokuthunga amabhuzu. Khona-ke wadala imodeli ayo a B. umshini wokuthunga Timon. Nokho, lezi zinhlelo ezingazange sisakazwe.

Kwakungenxa nje ekuqaleni 1845 Nokho Ellias Hou yasungulwa ngokuphathelene nomshini owawukwazi ngempela efanelekayo ukuthunga, futhi kwadingeka eziningi kahle.

Ukubukeka kwamakhasi basefektri lokuqala

Ukuqhubeka komlando umshini wokuthunga. Libanga 5, kafushane bajwayelane ulwazi olungenhla, cishe unesithakazelo iqiniso lokuthi lokuthunga machine kuqala, uvele ucishe efana yesimanje ekhulwini le-18.

Zonke kokusungulwa oshiwo ngenhla, ukuthunga ngezandla kuphela kabusha futhi kungaba thunga yintambo kuphela. Kulokhu, indwangu Kwakumelwe nakanjani siyibonakalise ziqondile, futhi suture Kulula sasivumela ukuncibilikisa. Nokho, lokhu akuzange kuvimbele Barthelemy Timonen 1830 waba umsunguli wokuqala ezenzakalelayo lokuthunga kwemboni, okwakubekelwa ifakwe kulezi indlela abangaphelele ngqa.

History of the umshini Singer lokuthunga

Konke lokhu kwaqala e workshop encane onguchwepheshe ukulungisa yemishini yokuthunga. Lapha wayesebenza Isaka Singer, unjiniyela self-wafundisa. Ngolunye usuku, lapho elungisa enye iyunithi engaphelele, watshela inkosi yakhe ukuthi yini okumelwe ngabe wakwenza beveza okuthile okungcono kunamadodana njalo eza amafoni yaphela indaba yalo. Umnikazi anizange nimkholwe. Khona-ke Singer wathatha $ 40 ephuma kumngani wakha umshini omusha lokuthunga. Emsebenzini kwathatha ncamashi 11 izinsuku.

Le divayisi ikuvumela ukwenza ezivuzayo nje ngqo, futhi okufunayo. Kulokhu, indwangu wanamathela usule a "esidladleni" ekhethekile, futhi lo mshini lusekelwa ngamandla elula unyawo isinyathelo ukuthi ukhulula izandla Umthungi wezingubo futhi bavunyelwe ukuba babuye beluleke Indwangu. Nokho, Singer akagcinanga lapho, kuchutjekwa nekwenta ncono indlela yakhe.

ukumaketha Umculi

Singasho ukuthi akahlanganisiwe Singer iqala umlando ngempela umshini wokuthunga. Kafushane mayelana nokuthi wayeqinisile yini uma lo muntu, kubalulekile ukuba bakhulume iqiniso wokuthi wayekweleta impumelelo yakhe ngokungagcini nje amakhono ababeqondisa, kodwa futhi izinqumo zabo zokumaketha. Ngokwesibonelo, Singer ngokushesha baqaphela ukuthi abesifazane amakhasimende imikhiqizo yayo esemqoka - abesifazane. Omagazini engazange abe khona, kodwa bonke abantu bobulili fair ehlelekile esontweni. Khona-ke Singer aqala ukusakaza izincwajana imishini zabo zenkolo.

Umlando umshini wokuthunga, ngaphezu kwawo wonke la mazwi angenhla, kakade kuhlanganisa omunye kuyiqiniso ephawulekayo. Kwakuwusuku lokuqala Singer lokuthunga machine nomkhiqizi, okuyinto benquma ukuthengisa ngokuhlukile amayunithi onga izingxenye ukulungiswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mcimbi kungenziwa ngokuthi isibonelo ngqa emlandweni "emva-sales" inkonzo.

yobudala 19-20

Ngalesi sikhathi umlando umshini wokuthunga, ungase uthi, ifinyelela umvuthwandaba wayo. Iqiniso lokuthi kwakunjalo 19 sekwephuzile futhi kulo lonke lama-20 nemishini yokuthunga ekhulwini babé adume. Bona sithengiselane omningi.

Kukhona zonke izinkampani ezintsha futhi esisha ukukhiqizwa zalamaqembu.I, isibonelo: Verits, Pfaff, iKaizer nabanye. Noma kunjalo, inkampani "Umculi" iyona umholi wezwe yokuthengisa imishini.

Russia

Kuhlanganisa i ukubukeka ngomlando emakethe Russian umshini wokuthunga. Libanga 5, abafundi ukuthi usanda kuqala bajwayelane umlando, kumele wazi ukuthi uma izimoto zokuqala yaqala ukubonakala ezweni lethu.

Ngokokuqala ngqá ngo-1866, le mboni ukwenziwa yemishini yokuthunga wavulwa e-Russia. Umsunguli wawo kwakungu uRobert Goetz, futhi wawusegunjini Petersburg. Kamuva lo ukukhiqizwa enwetshiwe Leon Kasteleyon, ukulungisa ukukhiqizwa izinhlobo ezahlukene imishini.

Phakathi nale minyaka, nemishini yokuthunga babé adume - basuke kubhekwe izipho best futhi isipho.

"Umculi" ngesiRashiya

Hhayi ngaphandle inkampani "Umculi" futhi umlando Russian umshini wokuthunga. 5 isigaba kumelwe nakanjani babe nentshisekelo ukwaziswa okunjalo.

Ngakho, ngo-1902, yasungulwa ngo Podolsk imboni imishini zingerovskih. By the way, okusebenza kuze kube yilolu suku. Ekuqaleni, le nkampani usebenzisa izitolo eziningana ezincane, umshini ukuhlangana. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ifektri yandile, kangangokuba kwakudingeka Amahhovisi 65 ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene zezwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ne "Umculi", okokuqala wabambisana Court Imperial, futhi kamuva lokuphikisana neziphathimandla zamaSoviet.

amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo

Ngokwawo Umlando othakazelisayo kakhulu umshini wokuthunga. Tshela izingane, Nokho, kungcono ukuba amaqiniso athakazelisayo ephathelene nayo. Lalela nomlando omude kuyoba nzima, kodwa izenzakalo ezimbalwa zomlando elikhanyayo wakhumbula kubo kahle.

Kufanele uqale nge amaqiniso ambalwa ethakazelisayo inkampani "Umculi" futhi umkhiqizo wawo. Ngakho, izimoto yokuqala yale brand kwakubiza kakhulu - $ 125. Ngalezo zinsuku kwaba kwesabelomali umkhaya ovamile American cishe 3 izinyanga. Kuyadingeka ukuba sikhumbule ukuthi ngokuvamile ezizuzwa abathungela abesifazane abangashadile noma abafelokazi, ingeniso kwaba ingasaphathwa. Khona-ke Singer wathatha, ungase uthi, isinqumo kwesibhamu: ukuthengisa imoto in izitolimende. Lesi sinyathelo anda yokuthengisa kumakhophi 1,000 ngonyaka. Futhi ngo-1875, i-inzuzo yenkampani yakhe rose kakhulu ngendlela 200 izikhathi. Lokhu kungase kuqubule iye yasiza ekunciphiseni izindleko izimoto nge 200 ku- $ 10.

Umlando umshini wokuthunga ecebile omunye amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo ezihlobene inkampani "Umculi". Akanalo ubuhlobo ngqo langempela lokuthunga machine, kodwa Kuhle kokusho. Ngo-1908, i-corporation uyakhile isakhiwo waba ngowokuqala New York phezulu - it has 47 izibuya. Kunombhalo simangalele Broadway House 149.

Ezinsukwini Mao Zedong e China abekusho ezazivamile enhlalakahleni yomkhaya: ". Omunye ukhuluma, ezintathu ukuphotha" Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi umndeni kukhona clock, umshini wokuthunga, umsakazo kanye ibhayisikili.

Kusukela 1990, kowezi-2000 ngo-amahemuhemu okuthi abanye ingxenye imishini ubudala lokuthunga kuthiwa esenziwe ngezinto ezihlukahlukene eziyigugu, isib, palladium kanye platinum. Lokhu kuchaza ukubukeka abathengi abaningi rarity. Ngo-2001, ngenxa la manga kwakukhona ubugebengu - intsha wabulala uhola impesheni kodwa kudingeka ukuthi kwenziwe efulethini lakhe elidala lokuthunga machine. Yiqiniso, ulwazi amatshe ayigugu abanalo maqondana iqiniso.

Njengoba kuphawulwe ngenhla, namuhla sifundwa kuwo wonke umlando esikoleni umshini wokuthunga. Libanga 5 (GEF - uhlelo olusha ukuqeqeshwa, okuhlanganisa isihloko), isibonelo, ukufunda udaba kubuchwepheshe izifundo.

Phakathi kwamaqiniso ezithakazelisayo ukuthi ungakwazi ukutshela izingane ngomlando umshini, kukhona isenzakalo sakamuva kakhulu. Ngo-2012, usekela wakhe kusukela Rostov esifundeni leonid Shafirov wasungula indlela ezingase zokuthuthukisa umsebenzi lomama zemindeni esikhulu omama abangabodwa kwelinye izifunda emuva kakhulu yabavukuzi - wabela mahhala abesifazane mayelana imishini engamakhulu lokuthunga. Rally owaqhutshelwa e: imizi emibini. Ukuze izimoto kwadingeka ukuba athumele isicelo ku-yiPhini futhi isiqinisekiso ebhaliwe nezihlobo nomakhelwane ukuthi unina wezingane eziningi ukwazi indlela thunga.

Umlando umshini wokuthunga nensimbi

Kanye umlando umshini wokuthunga, kungenzeka ukukhuluma ngale ndaba namuhla Irreplaceable, ezifana yensimbi. Lokhu lisebenze inomlando lwasendulo. Ngokusho ubufakazi abavubukuli, isifanekiso saloba yensimbi esetshenziswa emuva 4th ekhulwini BC. e. eGrisi lasendulo. Ekuqaleni kwalo kwaba itshe eshubile smoothes izingubo. Kwaba ekhulwini le-18 kwaba khona yensimbi sensimbi, okuyifomu wayefana yesimanje. Ngokuqondene yensimbi kagesi, kwabonakala ngo-1903, futhi wambeka Earl Richardson.

Ngakho, umlando zasendlini kungenzeka engengaphansi ezithakazelisayo kuka umlando impucuko.