Sezibalo sidilizwa ngesiGreki sefilosofi. Ezivelele sezibalo ngesiGreki nangezinto abazifezile

AmaGreki asendulo enza khona umnikelo omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni sciences ngqo: nezibalo, isayensi yezinkanyezi, i-physics. Okunye izizwe zangaleso sikhathi, futhi, abe ulwazi oluthile. Kodwa uma labaseGibhithe abaseBhabhiloni base okuqukethwe kakade futhi ukuhlola indawo, amaGreki baye badlulela ngisho nakakhulu. Abazange bayeke khona asichazele khathizwe entsha kuyo yonke imikhakha yempilo.

wezibalo Greek

Lokhu isayensi ingenye endala futhi ethandwa. Yiqiniso, amaGreki nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni amasiko geography, logic nakwezomnotho. esikoleni sabo yokucabanga kwaba eziphambili ngakho ukuthi ngisho nanamuhla kuyabamangaza ababephila ngesikhathi izitatimende nokwatholakala. Kodwa izibalo inikezwa niche kulesi simiso yolwazi eyinkimbinkimbi ngokwesayensi.

Abaningi impumelelo emkhakheni we-arithmetic edingekayo ukuze izingxoxo ezibe ethandwa kangaka nge amaGreki. Abantu bahlangana isikwele, wagomela, ngaleyo ndlela isinqumo esifanele. "Ngo-impikiswano ozalwa iqiniso" - lemfundiso yaba ifinyelele kithi ke kusukela kuleso sikhathi.

Noma yimuphi sezibalo ngesiGreki wayekujabulela lokhu ukubonisana udumo nenhlonipho. Etholakale theorems amafomula, kunzima ukuqonda abantu elula bemdumisa kuya phezulu esisekelweni, kwababusi nezinye izingqondo ezinkulu. Ukuthuthukiswa wezibalo njengoba isayensi ukweleta kakhulu Archimedes, Pythagoras, Euclid nezinye ubuntu, imisebenzi nokwatholakala ukuthi zakha isisekelo yesimanje algebra futhi geometry izifundo ezikoleni kanye emayunivesithi.

Pythagoras futhi esikoleni sakhe

Lokhu sezibalo ngesiGreki, isazi sefilosofi, wezombangazwe zomphakathi kanye izibalo zenkolo. Wazalwa cishe ngo-580 BC esiqhingini Samos, ukuze abantu wabizwa Samos. Ngokusho yetinsita Pythagoras kwakungumuntu limnandi futhi emuhle. Bekangadinwa kokuhlola zonke ezintsha kanye engaziwa, kwaba ngempela imfundo elite. Watadisha nsizwa hhayi kuphela ekhaya kodwa futhi e-India, Gibhithe neyaseBhabhiloni.

Pythagoras, isazi sezibalo sidilizwa isiGreki nomvikeli slaveholders kanye ukhomba ngophakathi. Idealist umnyombo, e Croton, wamisa esikoleni sakhe, okuyinto lalibonisa isakhiwo senkolo nezombangazwe. Sula inhlangano ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, imithetho eqinile kanye canons - izici zako ezisemqoka. Ngokwesibonelo, amalungu omphakathi kungenzeka ongenawo yangasese, ahlale edla ukudla imifino, ezimisele hhayi ukuvula abangabazi izimfundiso uthisha wakhe.

Lapho intando yeningi kwasakazekela kubantu Croton, Pythagoras nabalandeli bakhe babalekela Metapontum. Kodwa kwaba nesiteleka ethandwa zahlasela idolobha. Kwelinye izimpi sezibalo oneminyaka engu-90 ubudala wabulawa. Kanye naye lashabalala nesikole zayo ezidumile.

ukuvulwa Pythagoras

It is for ethile eyaziwa ukuthi kwaba wazo kungokwalabo incazelo integers, izakhiwo zawo kanye olinganise. Ube engumlobi njalo omunye ososayensi lokuqala owathi umhlaba nxazonke, uthi amaplanethi ungenalo endleleni ukunyakaza njengoba izinkanyezi. Lezi imibono kwakha isisekelo izimfundiso abadumile heliocentric uCopernicus. Njengoba impilo yonke usosayensi iye sizungezwe imfihlakalo, ukuthi ngasinda hhayi eziningi amaqiniso athakazelisayo mayelana nemisebenzi yayo. Abanye bayangabaza ukuthi ayebonisa theorem abadumile. Ngokwemibiko ethile, babazi wakhe, kanye nezinye izizwe eziningi zasendulo eside ngaphambi kokuzalwa wezibalo.

Isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki nesazi sezibalo, kwadingeka okuningi ngekhono, hhayi kuphela emkhakheni wesayensi. Igama lakhe nemisebenzi zimbozwe izinganekwane kanye izinganekwane, nezimfihlakalo. Kukholakala ukuthi Pythagoras uphatha mimoya lemimoya uyaqonda ulimi izilwane, ukukhuluma nabo, ubeka indiza wezinyoni okuyiyona kuye, uyakwazi ukubikezela ikusasa. Futhi isibaluli kuye voodoo ikhono.

Archimedes: imisebenzi esemqoka

Lona omunye abameleli esivelele kunazo zonke inkathi, edumile usosayensi, isazi sefilosofi, isazi sezibalo bese umsunguli. Yazalwa ngo-287 BC eSirakhuse. Kulesi edolobheni elincane ayephila cishe konke ukuphila kwakhe, khona-ke wabhala azibhala yakhe edumile nokuhlolwa tindlela letinsha. Uyise wayengumGreki sezinkanyezi enkantolo Phidias, ngakho ukuqeqeshwa Archimedes okwenzeka ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu. Wayefanele ukufinyelela umtapo kakhulu isikhathi, emakamelweni ukufunda zazo wachitha esingaphezu kosuku olulodwa.

Eye yasinda imisebenzi eminingana zezibalo usosayensi. Evamile, zingase zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko.

1. Isebenza ivolumu ozinikele futhi endaweni zemizimba curvilinear futhi izibalo. Ziqukethe izinto eziningi theorems efakazelwe.
2. ukuhlaziywa e-Jomethri zezinkinga hydrostatic futhi static. Lolu cwaningo mayelana ibhalansi lezinombolo, ngesidumbu isikhundla emanzini nokunye.
3. Okunye umsebenzi zezibalo. Ngokwesibonelo, mayelana calculus ka zesihlabathi, theorem mechanical nihlola.

Archimedes ubulawe ngesikhathi ukuthunjwa Syracuse kwamabutho aseRoma. Wayelethwa ngakho umxhwele umdwebo yenkinga entsha yejeyomethri, akazange uqaphela leli sosha eyabuya. Leli sosha lafika base wabulala usosayensi, engazi ukuthi ukaputeni wanika ukuze asindise ukuphila sezibalo esidumile sefilosofi.

Archimedes umnikelo ekuthuthukiseni sciences ngqo

Njalo ingane ujwayelene nalesi ovelele kusukela esikoleni esiphakeme. Ingubani, sezibalo lwesiGreki sakuqala, wababaza: "Eureka"? Impendulo yalo mbuzo ilula - kuyinto Archimedes. Ngokusho yetinsita inkosi yamyala ukuba uthole - ngegolide elihlanzekile wenza umqhele yayo ngamagugu noma bekhohliswa, ekukhipheni ngayo nezinye izinsimbi. Ukucabanga ngale nkinga, Archimedes walala endaweni okugeza wawugcwalisa ngamanzi. Bese lafika kuye kwatholakala into emangalisayo: i-ubungako balokho okusamanzi okungaphathwa kuthululwe phezu konqenqema kubhavu, namanje umthamo wamanzi dengwane omzimba wakhe. Njengoba sebezinikele kule ngemiphumela yalolu cwaningo, yamemeza zonke ukwazi igama elithi "i-eureka". sezibalo sidilizwa ngesiGreki nale isibabazo Waphuma okugeza wagijima ekhaya, in the buff, bezama ukuqopha kangakanani lokhu ayekutholile.

Futhi, Archimedes, eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbili ngaphambi kokutholakala integrals ukububala ngokuthe kwendawo ingxenye parabolic. Wavula inombolo "pi" emhlabeni, okubonisa ukuthi isilinganiso ububanzi kumbuthano futhi ubude selilonke ngaso sonke isikhathi noma yikuphi okunjalo okufanayo ngamajamo weJiyomethri. He qamba okuthiwa Archimedes 'isikulufa - sibonelo zanamuhla izindiza futhi umkhumbi ophephela. Phakathi impumelelo yakhe uphonsa futhi ephakamisa imishini. Imfihlo ukudalwa "mirror incendiary" yakhe, ngayo nefunda ngayo baqothulwa imikhumbi yezitha, kuze kube manje, abacwaningi akazange ukudalula usuku.

Euclid

Isikhathi sakhe esiningi wasebenza phezu imisebenzi zomculo, yembula izimfihlo Mechanics kanye physics, wafunda isayensi yezinkanyezi. Kodwa ingxenye yemisebenzi yakhe namanje izibalo abazinikezele: sangenza ngacabanga bonakaliso eziningana futhi theorems. ngegalelo lakhe ekuthuthukeni kwale sayensi kunzima overestimate, njengoba umsebenzi Euclid sika yaba isisekelo sezinguqulo abanye ososayensi, eyaphila emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ngemva kwakhe.

Kuyini igama sezibalo yamaGreki asendulo owabhala iyiqoqo owaziwa zezibalo we "Qala", ehlanganisa izincwadi 15? Yiqiniso, Euclid. Wakwazi bahlanganise le zinto eyinhloko geometry, waba theorem ezibalulekile mayelana isamba engeli unxantathu futhi theorem kaPythagoras. Njengoba igama lakhe lihlotshaniswa imfundiso mayelana nokwakhiwa polyhedra njalo, okuyinto namuhla bahlonishwe zonke sezibalo abasebasha geometry izifundo. Euclid wathola indlela yokukhathala. It eselineminyaka Newton kanye Leibniz wathola indlela yokubala: ebalulekile futhi umehluko.

Thales

Lokhu sezibalo ngesiGreki ozalwa emhlabeni 625 BC. Kwaphela isikhathi eside, ngokuba wayehlala eGibhithe, futhi lihlotshaniswa umbusi ezweni, inkosi Amasis. Inganekwane ethile ukuthi uFaro kanye bamangala yokukala ukuphakama mbhoshongo kuphela ubukhulu komthunzi walo.

Thales kubhekwa ngukhokho isayensi ngesiGreki, omunye abahlakaniphileyo eziyisikhombisa zaguqula izisekelo ulwazi. Izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi Thales waba ngowokuqala afakazele theorems eyisisekelo geometry. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi alotshiwe engela umkhumbi uhlale emgceni locondzile, umbuthano ubukhulu ihlukane izingxenye ezimbili alinganayo into esiyibonisa ngezikhathi ezithile unxantathu isosceles nge ngesisekelo alinganayo, tonkhe mpo ayafana, kanjalonjalo.

Thales etholakala ifomula, owawuthi onxantathu uyohlale esifanayo, uma ayafana komunye ubuso kanye emakhoneni eseduze nale ndlela. Wafunda indlela ukunquma ibanga umkhumbi uhamba onxantathu okunemibandela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wenza ambalwa okutholakele kuyisayensi yokuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi, ukuthola isikhathi esinembile we ngothi i-equinox futhi solstices. Libuye ngowokuqala ibalwa ngokunembile isikhathi konyaka.

Eratosthenes

Lona impela sibalo ezihlukahlukene. Wayethanda ekutadisheni isikhala, okutholakele womhlaba, inkulumo wafunda, badedelane ulimi kanye nezenzakalo ezingokomlando. Emkhakheni wezingalo algebra futhi geometry, ukuthi kithi eyaziwa ngokuthi sezibalo ngesiGreki, elathola lolu daba ku primes uhlelo. He qamba "ngesihlungo Eratosthenes", indlela ezithakazelisayo, kuze kube manje ifundiswe ezikoleni. Siyabonga kuye, ungakwazi ukuhlunga primes amanani apheleleko. Izibalo kungukuthi nokhishwe, njengoba kunjalo namhlanje, yamhlaba emalini Imininingwane. Kungakho igama - "ziye ngapha nangapha ngesisefo".

Eratosthenes wakwazi ngokuzimela ukwakha mezolyaby - kudivayisi izixazululo esekelwe imithetho Mechanics inkinga Delian mayelana cube ukubuyelela kabili. Wakwazi lokuqala ulinganise Earth. Njengoba ubude Meridian eliwumhlaba, yena esephetha obungazungeza iplanethi - ayizinkulungwane 39 960 amakhilomitha. Engalungile ezinye ezincane amakhilomitha angu-300 kuphela. Eratosthenes ovelele ngempela isikhathi, ngaphandle impumelelo yakhe wezibalo lalingekho injalo evamile.

Geron

Lokhu sezibalo ngesiGreki, wayephila esikhathini BC ekhulwini lokuqala. Idatha eseduze, njengoba ubufakazi ngqo ngokuphila kwakhe wafika izinsuku zethu kancane kakhulu. Kuyaziwa ukuthi Heron asithandayo imithetho yemvelo, omakhenikha, izimpumelelo zenani engineering nesayensi. Nguye owadala iminyango wokuqala ozishintshayo, netiyetha unodoli, a oseyili ophephela, lasendulo "taximeter" - idivayisi sokulinganisa komgwaqo, isibhamu self-ukushaja CROSSBOW.

Kunomsebenzi omningi yakhe yayizimisele nezibalo. Waletha amafomula entsha weJiyomethri, nezindlela kuhlaziywa ngamajamo weJiyomethri. Geron idale ifomula owaziwa, ngegama lakhe, ngawo ungakwazi ukubala endaweni unxantathu uma wazi obuphelele lwaso. Esehambile a lot of izincwadi ngesandla lapho umsebenzi wakhe hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi izifundo kwabanye ososayensi bebelokhu ukuboniswa. Futhi lokhu ngenxa yokufaneleka kwalo enkulu. Ngalezi amarekhodi esikwaziyo namuhla mayelana Archimedes, Pythagoras nezinye zezibalo abadumile, ziye zaba uphawu kwenkathi badumisa eGrisi lasendulo lonke izwe lasendulo.