Ngubani Timur? Iminyaka yokuhamba kwakhe, biography, izimpi futhi ngokunqoba ka Tamerlane

Igama eliphelele umnqobi omkhulu endala, okuzokwenza hamba inkulumo ku-athikili yethu, Timur bin Taragay Barlas, kodwa ezincwadini ngokuvamile aye abizwa ngokuthi Tamerlane, noma Iron Hromets. Kumele kucaciswe ukuthi wethiwa Iron hhayi kuphela izimfanelo siqu, kodwa futhi ngoba lihunyushwa lisuselwa olimini Turkish egameni lakhe Timur. Izinyonga kuwumphumela amanxeba awathola empini. Kukhona isizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi le umholi okuyimfihlakalo esidlule kwakuhilela igazi omkhulu elachithwa ekhulwini XX.

Ngubani Tamerlane futhi lapho avela khona?

Ekuqaleni, amagama ambalwa ngekusasa ingane uKhan Omkhulu. Kuyaziwa ukuthi Timur Tamerlane wazalwa ngo-April 9, 1336 ku ensimini Uzbek emzini Shakhrisabz, ababekade ngaleso sikhathi edolobhaneni okuthiwa Khoja-Ilgar. Uyise - umninindawo isizwe wendawo Barlas - Muhammad Taragay abazibiza Islam, futhi wakhulela khona ukholo ngenxa yendodana yakhe.

Ukulandela siko sikhathi, wafundisa kusukela zisencane umfana izisekelo ubuciko bempi - ihhashi ogibele, kyokushin nengcula Simoni. Ngenxa yalokho, cishe ukufinyelela ukuvuthwa, wayesefile kakade elingumakadebona. It ke bethola ulwazi oyigugu umnqobi esizayo Tamerlane.

Biography ekhuluma ngokubusiswa komuntu, noma kunalokho, ukuthi ingxenye ukuthi uye waba yingxenye yomlando, eziqala iqiniso lokuthi iminyaka yakhe yobusha wazithoba ukuzakhela igama Tuglika Khan - umbusi Chagatai ulus, omunye State-Mongolian likabani endaweni okwazalelwa kuyo umkhuzi webutho.

Ukuba ngazise izimfanelo elwa, kanye nokuhlakanipha Timur okungavamile, wamyisa inkantolo ngokwenza umfundisi indodana yakhe. Nokho, imvelo isikhulu, ukwesaba ekuphakameni kwakhe, kwaba ukwakha izingobe ngokumelene naye, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ngenxa yokwesabela impilo yakhe, uthisha esanda kuzalwa waphoqeleka ukuba abalekele.

Ehola squad mercenary

Tamerlane neminyaka yokuphila kwaqondana nenkathi lapho Central Asia kwaba khona inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini okuqhubekayo empi. Wahlukana ezifundazweni eziningi, lalilokhu ezikhungethwe yizingxabano khans zendawo, njalo sizama wasithatha emazweni angomakhelwane. Esebenzisa isihluku isimo ezingenakubalwa isigebengu igenge - dzhete, hhayi bona igunya futhi waphila kuphela kuphangwa.

Kulesi simo, uthisha ekhungathekile Timur Tamerlane wathola ukubizwa kwakhe kweqiniso. Ngokuhlanganisa eziningana gulyams kweshumi - amasosha professional waqasha - edala ihlukane yezimfanelo zakhe zesibhakela nonya okudlula konke okunye amaqembu ezigelekeqe angomakhelwane.

Ukunqotshwa kokuqala

Bekanye yakhe esanda kuzalwa thugs umkhuzi wenza sibambe ukuhlaselwa nokuseshwa amadolobha namadolobhana. kubahlanganyeli ukunyakaza kazwelonke ngokumelene amaMongol umthetho - It is ukuthi 1362 wase egasela nezinqaba eziningana okuqondene Sarbadars ezaziwayo. Ukuthwebula izithombe kubo, wayaleza ukuba odongeni kuze abavikeli abasindile izindonga. Kwakuyisenzo esasibonisa zokusatshiswa wabo bonke abaphikisi bayo besikhathi esizayo, isihluku esinjalo kwakubasiza kwaba esinye sezici eziyinhloko bobuntu bakhe. Maduze, ngokuthi ngubani Tamerlane, ngafunda lonke East.

Yingaleso sikhathi lapho omunye izimpi walahlekelwa iminwe emibili yesandla sakhe sokunene futhi sina kwalimala emlenzeni. Imiphumela yako aye alondolozwa kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kokuphila futhi wakha sisekelo izidlaliso - Timur le Lame. Nokho, lokhu kwaba ukulimala akuvimbeli kuye ekubeni sibalo ababedlala ngekota yokugcina yekhulu XIV indima ebalulekile emlandweni hhayi kuphela Central, West naseNingizimu Asia, kodwa futhi eCaucasus neRussia.

Ubuholi ithalente kanye nokuzithemba okungavamile wasiza Tamerlane anqobe insimu yonke Ferghana, Samarkand anqoba futhi wenza le nhloko-dolobha yase-mbuso omusha kaRemaliya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nempi yakhe waphuthuma endaweni ongoweGceke Afghanistan zamanje futhi zonakalise ezikhukhula ke balawulwa inhloko-dolobha Balkh, lapho emir lasendulo - Hussein - ngokushesha walengiswa. Isiphelo sakhe uye ihlukaniswe futhi iningi inkantolo.

Unya njengoba ithuluzi zokusatshiswa

I isiqondiso esilandelayo umthelela izinqola zakhe waqala eningizimu Balkh Isfahan futhi Fars, futhi iye yakhipha abameleli zokugcina Muzaffarids lwamakhosi WasePheresiya. Esokuqala kwaba esendleleni eya Isfahan. Ithwebule, walinika yokuphangwa Amasosha zabo, Timur le Lame ngaphambilini lapho ingacamelisa khona ikhanda yabo Kushone mbhoshongo, okuphakama kwawo kudlulwe ukuphakama ngabanye. Lokhu kwaba phambili amacebo akhe okuqhubekayo ukusabisa labamelene.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi wonke umlando alandelayo Tamerlane - umnqobi futhi jikelele, imakwe kuwukubonakaliswa nobudlova obedlulele. Ingxenye ke zingachazwa ngezinqubo yokuthi waba kalowo nezinqubomgomo lalo. Uzobe engusihlalo bayibutho professional kakhulu, Lame ukuthi akhokhe njalo Amasosha yabo, ngaphandle kwalokho scimitars kwabo okuhle kuyoba bamphendukela. Lokhu kwenza ukuba abantu ukufuna ngokunqoba entsha nokunqoba ngakulahla nganoma iyiphi indlela etholakalayo.

Ukuqala emzabalazweni kanye Golden zidlamlilo

Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-80-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu XIV esigabeni esilandelayo ekunqotshweni Tamerlane ukuthi ukugibela Golden zidlamlilo, noma ngenye indlela Jochi Ulus. Kuyo kusukela kudala ubuswa Euro-Asia asemaqeleni isiko nenkolo yabo polytheism, okuyinto zazingenzelwanga nge Islam, ababezibiza ngu iningi amasosha akuleli. Ngakho-ke empini, olwaqala ngo-1383, waqala ukuxabana hhayi kuphela wamabutho eziphikisanayo, kodwa phakathi kwamasiko amabili ahlukene.

Orda Khan Tokhtamysh, lowo e 1382 wenza Uhambo lokuya nokubuya eMoscow, ngilangazelela ukufika ngaphambi isitha sakho futhi isiteleka kuqala, wenza uhambo Harezm. Ukuba baphumelele zesikhashana, baphinde bashaqa insimu enkulu Azerbaijan samanje, kodwa ngokushesha amabutho akhe baphoqeleka ukuba ashona ngemuva kokuxinwa ukulahlekelwa esindayo.

Ngo 1385, sibambe yokuthi Timur namabutho akhe kwaba ePheresiya, wazama futhi, kodwa kulokhu kuhlulekile. Njengoba yayazi ayehlasela zidlamlilo, umlawuli esesabekayo ngokushesha wabuya amasosha akhe ukuba Asia Ephakathi futhi bangquzula isitha, ephoqa yena Tokhtamysh abalekele Western eSiberia.

Kuchubeka emzabalazweni kumelwene nombuso AmaTatar

Nokho, ngalesi ukunqoba Golden zidlamlilo ingakamiswa igcwaliswe. ukunqotshwa kwalo kokugcina kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe eminyakeni emihlanu, egcwele engapheli nomkhankaso wempi nokuchitheka kwegazi. Kuyaziwa ukuthi zidlamlilo Khan 1389 baze bakwazi ngisho siphikelele ngokuthi akuyona ingozi impi ne amaSulumane ke sasekelwa onogada Russian.

Waba nesandla kokufa Grand UMbusi eMoscow Dmitriya Donskogo, ngemva kwalokho ngendodana nendlalifa yakhe, Basil kwadingeka ukuya zidlamlilo for ilebula ukubusa. Tokhtamysh waqinisekisa amalungelo akhe, kodwa ukuzibandakanya amabutho isiRashiya e dudula ekuhlaseleni amaSulumane.

Ukunqotshwa kwe-Golden zidlamlilo

Prince uVasili bavumelana, kodwa kwaba bemvelo esisemthethweni. Ngemva kokunqotshwa, uchinonnogo Tokhtamysh e Moscow, omunye Russian engafuni ukuchitha igazi ngenxa yalo. Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-impi yokuqala kondurcha komfula (owumthelela iVolga) baphonsa AmaTatar awelela ogwini olungaphesheya, gone.

Ukuqedwa kokunqotshwa Golden zidlamlilo, yiMpi we Terek River, okuyinto Apreli 15, 1395 bavumelana amabutho Tokhtamysh futhi Timur. Iron Hromets iphethwe yini owehlisela inqotshwa kabuhlungu ukuba ophikisana naye futhi ngaleyo ndlela uqede le Tartar kuphangwa endaweni ngaphansi kophiko lwayo.

Usongo lwezigebengu emazweni Russian futhi ayehlasela India

Igalelo elilandelayo yayilungiselela nabo kakhulu enkabeni yeRussia. Inhloso yalo mkhankaso kuhlelwe babe eMoscow Ryazan, eyayingamazi kuze kube yileso sikhathi ubani Tamerlane, futhi zivalelise Golden zidlamlilo. Kodwa, ngenhlanhla, lezi zinhlelo awazange ezimiselwe igcwaliseke. Misa ukuvukela Ossetic omdabu futhi Circassians, baqhumuka ezingemuva amatutu Timur futhi ziphoqelelwe ukuba ngibuyele emuva ngingahambi umnqobi. Isisulu kuphela ke baba stranded indlela yakhe emzini Elec.

Eminyakeni emibili ezayo, amabutho akhe wenza umkhankaso enqobile neNdiya. Ukuthwebula izithombe Delhi, amasosha Timur sika aphanga futhi washisa umuzi futhi izinkulungwane 100. Abavikeli bathunjwa, abulawe, funa wokuvukela kungenzeka kwabo. Uma he finyelela loMfula iGanges, futhi iya endleleni nezinqaba eziningana enezivikelo eziqinile, ibutho izinkulungwane eziningi wabuyela Samarkand impango abacebile izithunjwa eziningi.

Ukunqoba kuka-Elisha futhi igazi elisha

Kulandelwe-India, kwaba ukuqala sultanate WaseTurkey uhambise inkemba Tamerlane. Ngo 1402, wanqoba kuze kube manje esinganqobeki Janissaries Sultan Bayezid, futhi yena ngokwakhe bathunjwa. Ngenxa yalokho, ngaphansi kokubusa kwakhe kwaba yonke indawo ye-Asia Minor.

Asikwazanga ukumelana amabutho Tamerlane and Knights inhlaka ukuthi avalelwa khona iminyaka eminingi ezandleni zayo inqaba yedolobha lasendulo eSmirna. Hhayi nje okubonisa ukuhlaselwa Turkish ngaphambi kokuba owayezinikele umnqobi nezinyonga. Lapho efika ukusiza imikhumbi Venetian nabaseGenoa babephethe ne ukusekelwa, abawinile yokudlala ngaphandle catapult castle elinqunywe izinhloko abavikeli.

Umqondo okungase kungabi Timur

Biography of lokhu umkhuzi ezivelele futhi wayeyisazi okubi ubudala bakhe, zinyanga igcwaliswe iphrojekthi wokuvelela, elaqala umkhankaso wabo wokulwa China, okwaqala ngo-1404. Inhloso kwakuwukuba wasithatha Omkhulu Silk Road, okwakunginika ithuba lokuthola intela kusukela odlulayo abathengisi agcwaliswa ngezithukuthuku igadle kwezwakala nasezimalini zabo zichichima kakade. Kodwa ukuqaliswa ezihlelelwe uvinjelwe ngokufa okuzumayo akazifinyezanga lezo ukuphila umlawuli ngo-February 1405.

Omkhulu Emir Timurid Empire - ngaphansi kwalesi sihloko wehlela emlandweni wabantu bakhe - wembelwa Mausoleum ka eGuri Emir e Samarkand. Nge ingcwaba lakhe kuyinto legend, isuka kwesinye isizukulwane iye kwesinye. Lithi uma Tamerlane sarcophagus ayovulwa, nothuli yayo kuyaphazamiseka ke inhlawulo lokhu kungaba mpi esabekayo futhi igazi.

Ngo-June 1941, e Samarkand ngokuba lokumbiwa izinsalela induna uhambo ucwaningo wase-USSR Academy of Sciences wayalwa. Ukuvulwa kwengcwaba wenza ngobusuku 21 Juni, futhi ngosuku olulandelayo, njengoba sazi, ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe.

Kuvela elinye iqiniso elithakazelisayo. Ngo-October 1942, umhlanganyeli lezo zenzakalo Umthwebuli Malik Kayumov, ukuhlangana Marshal Zhukov, wamtshela ngeSikhumbuzo yisiqalekiso ukufeza ahlinzekwa ukubuyela izinsalela Tamerlane endaweni yayo. Lokhu kwenziwa ngo-November 20, 1942, futhi ngosuku olufanayo kulandele ushintsho olukhulu enkambweni Battle of kwaseStalingrad.

Abagxeki bathambekele baphikisa ngokuthi kuleli cala lapho kwakugcwele zenzakalo, ngoba ukuhlasela ecebeni Soviet yasungulwa eside ngaphambi kuvulwa ethuneni abantu, okuyinto, nakuba babemazi ngubani Tamerlane, kodwa yebo, akazange acabangele nethonya phezu necebo lakhe ethuneni. Ngaphandle bengena mpikiswano, ngaphandle ukusho ukuthi wonke umuntu unelungelo ukuba abe kulesi senzakalo umbonwabo.

umnqobi umndeni

Sinesithakazelo ngokukhethekile abacwaningi kukhona Amakhosikazi nezingane Timur. Njengazo zonke ababusi baseMpumalanga, umnqobi omkhulu esidlule enomkhaya omkhulu. abafazi nje esemthethweni (singabali nezancinza) ayenakho abantu 18, intandokazi zazo ubhekwa Saray Mulk Khanum. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi le ntokazi ngagama olusankondlo enjalo wayeyinyumba, yena ungethenjwa uMnu ukukhulisa eziningi yamadodana abo nabazukulu. Wehlela emlandweni njengoba engumxhasi wezobuciko nesayensi.

Kuyaqondakala ukuthi nge izamba ezinje nezancinza ezinganeni nakho sekuyingxenye akukho ukuntula. Nokho, kuphela ezine amadodana akhe athatha indawo buyafaneleka umsuka omkhulu onje, futhi baba ababusi umbuso adalwe uyise. Lapho ebhekene umlando kwabo Tamerlane wathola ukuqhubeka yayo.