Old isizwe Russian: sokunquma kwetinhlavu kanye nokubaluleka okungokomlando

Kanjani ukwakha Old ubuzwe Russian? Ukuthuthukiswa ubudlelwane izinduna zenzeka ngesikhathi ukuguqulwa Imifelandawonye bezigodi ubukhulu, ie izinhlangano isimo ngabanye. Nge le nqubo kuqala umlando Kievan Rus. Ezemfundo Old isimo Russian kanye kumiswa Russian ubuzwe lasendulo - ezihlobene izinqubo.

Yini kwandulelwe kumila Kievan Rus? Yiziphi izici ezaba nomthelela ekwakhekeni kweNhlangano ubuzwe Russian lasendulo?

isizinda nesimo

Ekhulwini lesishiyagalolunye umphakathi Slavic ifinyelele ezingeni lapho kudingeka khona ukudalwa lomthetho nohlaka umqondo izingxabano. Wokulwa iphutha ngenxa ukungalingani. State - lena ngohlaka lomthetho ungakwazi ukuxazulula izingxabano eziningi. Ngaphandle-ke, into zomlando, njengoba ubuzwe Russian lasendulo, lalingekho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusho inyunyana zezizwe kwakudingekile ngoba isimo uhlale lapha eqine kakhulu kunangesikhathi hhayi bahlobene principalities.

On lapho isimo sekukhona, ndawonye empumalanga lwamaSlav, izazi-mlando phikisana kuze kube yilolu suku. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu IX izizwe Ilmen lwamaSlav futhi Finno-Ugric waqala uDlamini ukuthi abaholi bendawo lunqunywe isinyathelo yenza ngokuphelelwa yithemba: ukumema ababusi abanolwazi, okungcono kube evela eScandinavia.

Babusi-amaViking

Ngokusho umlando, abaholi abahlakaniphile yathumela umyalezo Rurik nabafowabo, esishoyo ukuthi izwe labo ocebile, elinothile, kodwa akukho ukuthula kulo, abanye feuds nemibango. Le ncwadi wamema Scandinavians lokubusa futhi kwemiyalo eqondile. Lesi siphakamiso sokuthi kube ababusi bendawo mbibi ube namahloni ngokucindezeleka. Noble abantu bezinye izizwe ngokuvamile abamenyiwe le njongo.

Kumila Kievan Rus nomthelela ubunye cishe kuzo zonke izizwe zakwa-Eastern Slavic okuxoxwe ngazo emibhalweni yaminyaka. Belarusian, Russian futhi Ukraine - inzalo ka abakhileyo principalities izinduna abanobunye isimo, okuyinto isibe omunye onamandla kunayo Ephakathi.

legend

Lo muzi wawuyinhloko-dolobha yombuso Slavic isizwe glades. Wayeke usihlalo, ngokusho legend, Ky. Wamsiza uphathe Isihlathi futhi iHorebe. Kyïv wema lapho kwakuphambana, endaweni ekahle kakhulu. Lapha ukwabelana kanye ukuyothenga amabele, izikhali, izilwane, umhlobiso, izindwangu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uyakubona eHorebe & Isihlathi endaweni ethile yase inyamalala. LwamaSlav uncome i-Khazars. Ophasiswe Normans wathatha "ehlangeni" idolobha. Umsuka Kiev ligubuzelwe imfihlakalo. Kodwa ukudalwa edolobheni - omunye izimfanelo ngoba ukwakheka ubuzwe Russian lasendulo.

Nokho, inguqulo okungukuthi umsunguli Kiev izihlathi, wadalula ukungabaza okuningi. Kunalokho, kuyinganekwane, ingxenye yeqhawe lesizwe.

Kungani Kiev?

Lokhu edolobheni yasungulwa ngo inhliziyo insimu okwakuhlala kulo Eastern lwamaSlav. Indawo Kiev, njengoba kuye kwashiwo, Kuyinto elula kakhulu. emaqeleni Wide, evundile nasemahlathini aminyene. Edolobheni kwakukhona zonke izimo emfuyo kube ukulima, ukuzingela, futhi okubaluleke - ukuvikela ayehlasela isitha.

Yini zomlando uthi ngemvelaphi Kievan Rus? On okuvela East Slavic isimo, futhi ngenxa yalokho - kanye ubuzwe Russian lasendulo, ngokuvumelana "The Tale of esidlule Iminyaka". Ngemva Rurik, owafika amandla ngokumenywa abaholi bendawo, waba umbusi wawo Novgorod, u-Oleg. Igor akakwazanga ukuphatha ngenxa esemncane.

Oleg wakwazi ukuqinisa amandla phezu Kiev futhi Novgorod.

imiqondo zomlando

Old Russian ubuzwe - umphakathi yobuhlanga, okuyinto united izizwe East Slavic ukwakha isimo amakhosi asendulo. Kuyadingeka ukuba ukusho amazwi ambalwa mayelana nalokho okuseza ngaphansi leli gama zomlando.

Ubuzwe - into zomlando, ejwayelekile ye ekuqaleni kwenkathi amakhosi asendulo. Lena umphakathi abantu abangekho amalungu esizwe. Kodwa azinakho izakhamuzi isimo, okuyinto has izibopho eziqinile zomnotho. Yini ubuzwe lihlukile isizwe? izazi-mlando zanamuhla namuhla ayifiki ukuvumelana. Kule ndaba namanje okuxoxwa ngalo. Kodwa singasho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi isizwe - kuveza abantu insimu ezivamile, isiko, amasiko nemikhuba.

periodization

Isihloko - Old ubuzwe Russian. Futhi ngakho-ke kuwufanele ecaphuna periodization ukuthuthukiswa Kievan Rus:

1. Ukubukeka.
2. Izimbali.
3. kwehlukana amakhosi asendulo.

Isikhathi sokuqala libhekisela ekhulwini lesishiyagalolunye langaba mabili. Yingaleso sikhathi-ke izizwe Eastern Slavic waqala ushintshwa uba umphakathi owodwa. Yiqiniso, umehluko phakathi kwabo siyaphela kancane kancane. Ngenxa yalokho, zokuxhumana esebenzayo kanye convergence imixhantela eminingi ulimi Old Russian kwamiswa. Lwenza kokuqala namasiko esingokomoya.

Kuhlangana zezizwe

izizwe Eastern Slavic waphila insimu, okwakubekelwa subordinated egunyeni olulodwa. Ngaphandle embangweni njalo okwenzeka endaweni esigabeni yokugcina ukuthuthukiswa Kievan Rus. Kodwa ubuhlobo letihlomulisa kwaholela ukuvela amasiko ezivamile kanye namasiko.

Old Russian ubuzwe - incazelo ukuthi ayihlanganisi kuphela yomphakathi wakho konke okuphilayo kwezomnotho, ulimi, isiko kanye endaweni. Lo mqondo umphakathi ehlanganisa eyisisekelo, kodwa amakilasi ezingahlangani - izinduna kanye abalimi.

Ukwakhiwa ubudala ubuzwe Russian kwaba inqubo ende. Ikakhulu abantu bezilimi namasiko abantu abahlala ezindaweni ezahlukene isimo, eziye zalondolozwa. Umehluko kungukuthi kusulwe, naphezu rapprochement. Kamuva, yayisetshenziswa njengomuzi ngesisekelo kumiswa abantu isiRashiya, isi-Ukrainian futhi Belarusian.

Umqondo "ubuzwe Russian lasendulo" akaphelelwa ngokuhlathulula ukusebenza kwawo, ngoba lo mphakathi ingenye impande izizwe anobuhlobo. Izakhamuzi eRussia, Ukraine kanye Belarus ziqhuba ngokusebenzisa ukuqonda eminyaka budebuduze isiko, ulimi. Ukubaluleka komlando ubuzwe Russian lasendulo mkhulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isimo sezombangazwe samanje somnotho. Ukuze uqinisekise lokhu, kuhle ukucabangela yezingxenye alowo mphakathi, okungukuthi, ulimi, amasiko nezinkambiso.

Umlando kolimi Old Russian

Abameleli bezizwe Eastern Slavic bayazana kusukela ngaphambi kokusekelwa Kievan Rus.

ulimi Old Russian - ke abantu, abahlala endaweni isimo izinduna lesithupha kuya kweleshumi lweshumi nane. A indima enkulu ekuthuthukiseni isiko udlala ukuvela lokubhala. Lapho ekhuluma ngokuphela isikhathi yokuzalwa ulimi Old Russian, izazi-mlando eziyibiza Ngekhulu leminyaka lesikhombisa, ukubonakala imisebenzi yakuqala etemibhalo akunakubangelwa ngekhulu leshumi leminyaka. Lapho kudalwa Cyrillic zamagama iqala ukuthuthukiswa yekubhala. Kukhona okuthiwa IziKronike, futhi imibhalo ezingokomlando ezibalulekile.

ethnos Old Russian waqala ukuthuthukiswa yayo Ngekhulu leminyaka lesikhombisa, kodwa ngo-nane, ngenxa olukhuni kwehlukana amakhosi asendulo, babonakala izinguquko inkulumo izakhamuzi abahlala entshonalanga, eningizimu, empumalanga, Kievan Rus. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho imixhantela, kamuva yaba ezilimini ahlukene: Russian, isi-Ukrainian, Belarusian.

isiko

A reflection of isipiliyoni abantu ukuphila - okuxoxa indaba. Yemikhosi samaholide zabantu eRussia, Ukraine kanye Belarus, futhi namuhla kukhona izinto eziningi ezifanayo. Kanjani izinkondlo ngomlomo?

Emigwaqweni the Old Russian isimo ezulazulayo abaculi emgwaqweni, ezulazulayo nabalingisi zabahlabeleli. Bonke kwadingeka igama ezivamile - Clowns. Folk art Motifs kwakheka isisekelo imisebenzi eminingi etemibhalo zomculo wadala kamuva kakhulu.

Izici yentuthuko ngasekuqaleni isimo izinduna kwaba Epos. Folk singers idealized ubunye Kievan Rus. Abalingiswa bylinas (isb umsubathi Mikula Selyanovich) kusenzo epics ocebile, futhi bekwazi. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kule iqhawe kwaba ongumlimi.

Folk art bathonya tinganekwane izindaba esezikhona esontweni futhi abezindaba yezwe. Futhi leli thonya kubonakala isiko ezinkathini zakamuva. Omunye umthombo ukudalwa kwemisebenzi emibhalo abalobi Kievan Rus baba indaba yamasosha.

ukuthuthukiswa komnotho

Nge ukwakheka abameleli ubuzwe Russian lasendulo sezizwe zakwa-Eastern Slavic zaqala ukuba ngcono amathuluzi. Nokho, Ezolimo, kwakuyinto eyimvelo. The main izimboni - ezolimo - asetshenziswa kabanzi Rahl, abakuthola, amageja abukhali, amageja ezinamasondo.

Inqubekela phambili ebalulekile lapho kumiswa isimo Russian lasendulo safinyelela netingcweti temsebenti. Smiths ngafunda lungadambisa, ugaye, sula. Abameleli kulo msebenzi lasendulo senziwa mayelana ngayikhulu namashumi ayisihlanu izinhlobo imikhiqizo ezensimbi. abadumile Ikakhulukazi lasendulo inkemba Smiths. Ukubumba, ukhuni processing futhi ayenziwa. Imikhiqizo Old Masters babaziwa kude lé nemingcele yezwe.

Ukwakheka kwesizwe nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni lemisebenzi yezandla kanye nezolimo, kamuva kwaholela ekwandeni kakhulu ekuthuthukeni ubudlelwane ukuhweba. Kievan Rus ukuthuthukisa ubudlelwane kwezomnotho kanye namazwe angaphandle. Through the state Russian lasendulo kwaba umzila obalulekile wezohwebo "kusukela amaViking amaGreki."

ubudlelwane izinduna

Ezemfundo Old ubuzwe Russian kwenzeka phakathi kuka ukwamukelwa feudalism. Uyini uhlelo lokuxhumana komphakathi? Feudalists, unya okuyinto kangaka kukhulunywa ngalo mlando Soviet, eqinisweni, bagxila ezandleni zabo ngamandla nangengcebo. Babesebenzisa umsebenzi ababazi zasemadolobheni kanye abalimi nasekuthengeni. Feudalism nomthelela ekwakhekeni ubudlelwane ngaphansi kwesizwe eziyinkimbinkimbi ezaziwa kusukela emlandweni Ephakathi. Yena samuntu amandla isimo the Prince olukhulu Kiev.

ekilasini ukuxabana

smerdy ongumlimi iphathwa izigodi amakhosi asendulo. Ochwepheshe uncome. Olwaba nzima wahlala ukutshela abalimi nezinceku. Njengakwamanye amazwe medieval ku Kievan Rus ekugcineni siphakamisele ukuxhashazwa izinduna ukuze ekuqaleni kuvukela. Sokuqala senzeka ngonyaka 994. Umlando Igor ukufa, lelo, kanye retinue yakhe kanye wanquma ukukhulisa intela okwesibili, kuzwakele kubo bonke. intukuthelo Yabantu - emlandweni lomkhuba esabekayo, entailing ubhebhezela umbango, isihluku, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nempi.

Ukulwisana njengabafokazi

izizwe Channel zaseScandinavia baqhubeka ukuhlaselwa kwabo okuzingela ngisho nalapho izizwe Eastern Slavic kakade emelelwa umphakathi yobuhlanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Kievan Rus zalwa umzabalazo okuqhubekayo kuquqaba le Khazar Khanate. Izakhamuzi Old isimo Russian kubonise ngesibindi isitha ekuhlaselweni. Futhi asilindele okunye ukuhlasela isitha, futhi, ngaphandle kokucabanga kabili, Base bemuka. amabutho Old Russian ngokuvamile ofakelwe nokuhamba isimo isitha. Izenzo zabo ekhazimulayo eqoshiwe encwadini yezindaba zemihla ngemihla, epics.

bobuhedeni

nokubumbana Wendawo lase kakhulu kwaqinisa phakathi nokubusa Vladimira Svyatoslavovicha. Kievan Rus wenze isenzakalo esiphawulekayo, wahola umzabalazo sasivumela ngokuphumelelayo izenzo okuzingela wezikhulu Lithuanian kanye Polish.

Amaqaba kwaba nethonya elibi kwi ukwakheka ubunye yobuhlanga. It uthuthuva okwesikhathi isidingo inkolo entsha, okumelwe ukuba nakanjani kube umKristu. Ayihambise ensimini ka laseRussia laqala Askold. Kodwa ke Kiev athumba iSikhulu Novgorod futhi phansi amasonto muva esakhiwe yobuKristu.

Ukwethulwa lolu kholo olusha

Mission yokwazisa inkolo entsha wathatha phezu uVladimir. Nokho, abalandeli zobuqaba eRussia babebaningi. Impi yokulwa kubo kwenziwa iminyaka eminingi. Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba ukwamukelwa of Christianity Benziwe abuye etame ithuthukise enkolweni yobuqaba. UVladimir Elikhulu, isibonelo, ngonyaka 980 evunyiwe ebukhoneni bonkulunkulu iqembu eliholwa Perun. Kwakudzingeka umbono, bemunye lonke isimo. Kugcila ka lakhe lase ngokuqinisekile eKiev.

Kobuqaba, nokho, uye abaselona usizo walo. Ngakho-ke, uVladimir, ngemva kokucabangisisa, wakhetha Lobu-Orthodox. Ngo ukukhetha wayeqondiswa ngokuyinhloko izithakazelo esisebenzayo.

isinqumo esinzima

Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo, isikhulu wezwa umbono wabapristi amaningana, ngaphambi kokwenza ukukhetha. Ngasinye ukuba iqiniso laziwe. Izwe lamaSulumane ikhangwa uVladimir, kodwa bogey yakhe yokusoka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ithebula Russian akukwazi ngaphandle yengulube newayini. Ukholo Prince amaJuda akazange ezinokwethenjelwa. IsiGreki sasiwulimi ezimibalabala, into eyisimanga ngempela. A izithakazelo zezombusazwe ekugcineni kunqunywa ukukhethwa Vladimir.

Inkolo, isiko, isiko - konke lokhu ihlanganisa labantu emazweni ayeke ahlala izizwe zimunye umbimbi yobuhlanga lasendulo. kamuva Ngisho nangemva kwamakhulu eminyaka, isixhumanisi phakathi kwezizwe ezifana isiRashiya, isi-Ukrainian futhi Belarusian, nolimi.