Isimo amakhosi asendulo: imfundo nentuthuko

kwavela Feudalism ekuqa- zasendulo Ephakathi. Ukuze uhlelo ezinjalo ubudlelwane emphakathini singafika ngezindlela ezimbili. Esimweni sokuqala isimo izinduna livela esikhundleni ukubola isimo senceku. Kwenzeka isimanga ephakathi eYurophu. Indlela yesibili kwaba indlela yoguquko kusukela feudalism kumphakathi bakudala, lapho izikhulu, abaholi noma abadala baba abanikazi elikhulu izinsiza ezibucayi - umhlaba nemfuyo. Ngokufanayo owasungula ebukhosini futhi ukugqilazwa abantukazana yayo.

feudalism Ezemfundo

Ekuqaleni kwawo-izikhulu lasendulo futhi ephakathi kweziphathimandla zempi tribal baba amakhosi, imikhandlu babadala iguqulwe ukuze amathiphu eseduze, abezempi kabusha ibutho unomphela futhi izidlamlilo. Nakuba isizwe ngasinye isimo izinduna savela ngendlela yalo, ngokuvamile, le nqubo zomlando kwaba okufanayo. izikhulu Engokomoya wokuziphilisa elahlekile izici lasendulo, yakha landholdings ezinkulu.

Okuhambisana yasemaphandleni u ukubola kanye nabalimi khulula uzolahlekelwa. Zaba sincike izinduna noma isimo uqobo. Umehluko phakathi kwe kubo nezigqila walala yokuthi abalimi engaphansi bangase babe ipulazi lakubo elincane nangokuthi amanye amathuluzi siqu.

ukuxhashazwa abalimi

Ngokulinganayo yingozi ubuqotho wezwe kwehlukana izinduna isimo isekelwe esimisweni impahla amakhosi asendulo. Iphinde yakha ubudlelwano serfs futhi kulendawo - ukwencika wangaphambili phezu yokugcina.

Kwezingane elilodwa isigaba sezenhlalo ngomunye eyenziwa esebenzisa iqoqo okuphoqelekile okwenziwa ezikhungweni iqashwe izinduna (kukhona izinhlobo ezintathu zimali). Uhlobo lokuqala kwaba iyisibusiso. Lapho-ke waphoqeleka ukugcwalisa umlimi setha inani lezinsuku zabasebenzi ngesonto. Eyesibili uhlobo - a nezintela zemvelo. Naye umlimi esidingekayo ukuze uJehova ingxenye sokuvuna yabo (njengoba ingcweti - imikhiqizo). Uhlobo lwesithathu kwaba imali nezintela (noma imali-iqashwe). Lapho ababazi wakhe futhi abalimi ikhokhwe Amakhosi lwemali.

Isimo izinduna yayisekelwe hhayi kuphela kwezomnotho kodwa futhi ku ukuxhashazwa non-kwezomnotho zezendlalelo abacindezelekile sabantu. Ngokuvamile ukuphoqwa elinjalo batheleka udlame evulekile. Ezinye izinhlobo ziye ebhalisiwe embhalweni izindlela esisemthethweni kokuphula umthetho. Kuyinto ngenxa ukusekela amandla isimo izinduna eyathatha amakhulu ambalwa eminyaka, lapho ngokuvamile isikhundla lonke umphakathi waba inhlekelele. Iziphathimandla emaphakathi basuke ehlelekile labacindezela ukuyiveza uquqaba, ukuvikela yangasese futhi ukuphakama zezenhlalo nezombusazwe ebukhosini.

isigaba sabaphathi zezombusazwe Medieval

Kungani amakhosi asendulo uthi yeYurophu babe nemithi ngakho ezinseleleni zokubamba isikhathi? Esinye sezizathu - yokwehlayo okuqinile ubudlelwane zezombangazwe nezenhlalo. Uma abalimi ukulalela bamazwe, labo, ulalele abaninimhlaba ngisho enethonya ngaphezulu. Umvuthwandaba walesi isici isikhathi sakhe ukwakhiwa ekuhlaleni kwenkosi esihlalweni sobukhosi.

Allegiance kwezinye izinduna kusukela ezinye ukuvumela ngisho ukulawula isimo eyodwa ukugcina imingcele yayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho noma abanikazi bamazwe ezinkulu (ezo, ibala, ezo) ukushayisana nomunye, babekwazi hlanganani usongo ezivamile. Ngenxa yalokho, ngokuvamile kwenziwa Ukuhlasela ngaphandle nezimpi (ayehlasela abayimizulane eRussia, kokungenela angaphandle eNtshonalanga Yurophu). Ngakho, kwehlukana izinduna isimo, kuyindida ukuthi uluhlukanise izwe, futhi sabasiza ukuba usinde izinhlekelele ahlukahlukene.

Kanye emphakathini, futhi ngaphandle enkundleni ngamazwe okuzisholo igunya esimaphakathi imoto kwezinhloso zenzuzo akuyona isizwe, okungukuthi lesigaba esibusayo. Kuzo zonke lezimpi amakhosi engumakhelwane wayengeke akwenze ngaphandle abezempi elafika kuye ngesimo amaqembu yamakhosi abasebasha. ISilo ngokuvamile baya ukungqubuzana yangaphandle kuphela ukuze banelise tidzingo elite yayo. Ekulweni ezweni elingumakhelwane Lords inkunzi wenza inzuzo, kusale ukunotha omkhulu emaphaketheni abo. Ngokuvamile ngosizo ahlomile ukungqubuzana ezo futhi Earls ashaqe ukulawula ukuhweba esifundeni.

Izintela isonto

Ukuthuthukiswa kancane kancane isimo izinduna ubelokhu kuhilelani ukunwetshwa apharathasi isimo. Le ndlela yokwenza kugcinwa kusukela izinhlawulo labantu, izintela ezimba eqolo, imisebenzi kanye nokukhokha intela. Konke lokhu imali ezathathwa izakhamuzi eziningi zakuleli dolobha nezingcweti zemisebenzi yezandla. Ngakho-ke, ngisho noma isakhamuzi akuxhomekile uJehova amakhosi asendulo, yena kwadingeka ayeke inhlalakahle yabo esivuna zababusi.

Enye insika elalimi isimo izinduna kwaba esontweni. Amandla abaholi benkolo Ephakathi kwakubhekwa njengesenzo amandla alinganayo noma nakakhulu le nkosi (yinkosi noma umbusi). Ngo arsenal of isonto ngemibono, tembusave netemnotfo izindlela nomthelela labantu. Le nhlangano hhayi kuphela ukuvikela isimo sabo siqu, kodwa wahlala phezu abaqaphi isimo ngesikhathi amakhosi asendulo.

Ibandla isixhumanisi esiyingqayizivele phakathi izingxenye ezahlukene ihlukaniswe eyenziwa ngenkathi ephakathi emphakathini. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umuntu kwaba ongumlimi, yamasosha noma nkosi feudal, sasibhekwa umKristu, futhi ngenxa yalokho ukulalela uPapa (noma inzalamizi). Yingakho iBandla inamandla, ukufinyelela noma yimaphi amandla wokuziphilisa.

isigaba sabaphathi sezenkolo esontfweni okunganambitheki futhi ayikwazanga abaphika service ensimini ka izinduna, nabo kunokulwa. Lezi zinyathelo bebelokhu amathuluzi amahle ngicindezeleka kwezombangazwe medieval European. kwehlukana izinduna Omdala isimo Russian kulo mqondo, ehlukile kancane okwakuvela West. abaholi Orthodox ngokuvamile baba abaxhumanisi phakathi engqubuzanayo ezilwayo izinduna.

Ukuthuthukiswa feudalism

Okuvame kakhulu eyenziwa ngenkathi ephakathi emphakathini isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona kwaba ohlanga. republic Ngaphansi ezivamile, okwakuyizici ezifundeni ezithile zaseJalimane, Northern Russia nase Northern Italy.

Early isimo izinduna (V-IX eminyaka.), Njengomthetho, kwaba lapho sebebuswa inkosi, lapho wabusa ekilasini izinduna kwakuseyisiqalo nje ukwakheka. Yena basekela nizungeze emandleni obukhosi. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi kwakheka ezinkulu uthi medieval zokuqala zaseYurophu, kubandakanya ama-franc ohlanga.

Amakhosi wakwa-lawo makhulu eminyaka kwakunemifanekiso ababuthakathaka futhi bokuzisholo. akhonze ngaphansi kwabo (izikhulu nezikhulu eziphakeme) ukuqaphela "omncane", kodwa empeleni bajabulela ukuzimela. amakhosi asendulo isimo kumiswa iphutha ngokuhlanganyela ukwakheka classical izingqimba amakhosi asendulo: Knights abasebasha, izikhulu, aphakathi nendawo kanye amagrafu ezinkulu.

Ngo-X XIII eminyaka e-Europe abangu libhekene ngaphansi kwesizwe-Liege ohlanga. Phakathi nale nkathi, isimo izinduna kanye ilungelo kwaholela ekubeni zezimbali ukukhiqizwa medieval emnothweni mihlangano. Ukuphothula wukwehlukana zezombusazwe. Kwakukhona umthetho ayisihluthulelo ubudlelwane izinduna "ngaphansi kwesizwe of ngaphansi kwesizwe sami - hhayi ngaphansi kwesizwe sami". Njalo Umninindawo ezinkulu izibopho kuphela enkosini yabo ngokushesha. Uma eyinkosi ekhonza ngaphansi kukaNebukhadinezari izinduna esephula imithetho yakhe kakhulu balindele ukuba angene ngendlela enhle, kanti okubi - impi.

yinye

Ekhulwini XIV, ke waqala inqubo yinye Europe-wide kwamandla. Nokho Old Russian isimo izinduna kule nkathi kwaba ngo ukuncika Golden zidlamlilo, yize ke wayebilisa ngaphakathi kuye umzabalazo ukuhlanganisa izwe elizungeze eyodwa ubukhulu. Nabaphikisi lomcoka nesimo kwesibhamu baba eMoscow Tver.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo emazweni asentshonalanga (eFrance, eJalimane, eSpain) babe nemizimba kuqala omele: United-Jikelele, le Reichstag, Cortez. Uhulumeni emaphakathi kancane kancane lwaqina futhi nkosi bagxila ezandleni zakhe zonke entsha Izilawuli umphakathi. Inkosi kanye Grand Duke wencike kwemiphakathi yasemadolobheni, kanye asho izikhulu eziyize.

Ukuphela feudalism

abaninimhlaba elikhulu, ngoba ayengasazi baye bamelana eqinisa mithi. isimo izinduna Russia esiye sabhekana eziningana olunegazi zombango, naphambi kwezikhulu, naphambi eMoscow sakwazi ukumisa ukulawula kakhulu zaleli zwe. izinqubo ezifanayo ezenzeka eYurophu ngisho nakwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba (isibonelo, eJapane, lapho wayebuye abaninimhlaba sakhe esikhulu).

kwehlukana izinduna into yesikhathi esidlule ekhulwini XVI-XVII. Lapho eYurophu baye bahlakulela ohlanga ngokuphelele nge lokuhlushwa ephelele amandla ezandleni zamakhosi. Babusi kwenziwa imisebenzi zokwahlulela, sezimali kanye nangokushaywa kwemithetho. Ezandleni zabo babe bayibutho elikhulu professional kanye umshini omkhulu bureaucratic abathuke ngazo elawulwa isimo emazweni abo. emizimbeni Class-omele walahlekelwa ukubaluleka yayo yangaphambili. Ezinye izinsalela ubudlelwane izinduna ngesimo serfdom wahlala edolobhaneni ngokuphelele kwaze kwaba sekhulwini XIX.

Republic

Ngaphandle nje kokuthi monarchies Ephakathi kwakukhona republic ahlukile. Babesesenkathini ethile engavamile isimo amakhosi asendulo. ERussia, yokuthengisa weRiphabhulikhi kwakheka Novgorod futhi Pskov, futhi e-Italy - Florence, Venice nakwamanye amadolobha.

Amandla ophakeme kuzo kwakungekaNkulunkulu umkhandlu collective kamasipala, ezazihlanganisa abameleli izikhulu zendawo. Izilawuli ezibaluleke kakhulu ingeyamakhosi abathengisi, abefundisi, ababazi, abanikazi bamazwe acebile. Council ukuqapha zonke ibhizinisi idolobha: commercial, ezempi, zamanxusa, njll ...

Izikhulu kanye Chamber

Njengomthetho, republic ubelokhu endaweni ngempela nesizotha. EJalimane basuke ikakhulu zivalelwe emazweni nhlobo, okuyinto eduze eseduze nedolobha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, republic ngamunye izinduna kwaba nobukhosi bawo, uhlelo malini, enkantolo, inkantolo, ibutho. angase Ehola kwezinhloko zamaviyo (njengaku Pskov futhi Novgorod) umenywe kokwesikhulu.

Republic Russian babukhona Chamber - khulula umkhandlu edolobheni kabanzi nangamaphesenti zezakhamizi, abenza ngemisebenzi yasekhaya (futhi ngezinye izikhathi angaphandle) imibuzo. Kwakumelwe amahlumela medieval yelinyenti, nakuba bengakutholanga khansela njengegunya eliphakeme elite ahlukile. Noma kunjalo, ukuba khona izithakazelo eziningi emikhakheni ehlukene sabantu Imvama zombango ngxabano civil.

izici ezifunda feudalism

Kuwo wonke amazwe eziyinhloko zaseYurophu kwadingeka izici zayo amakhosi asendulo. Avowed lenkaba irherho elihle letjhebiswano ngaphansi kwesizwe ubhekwa France, okuyinto, ngaphezu kwalokho, ekhulwini IX kwaba maphakathi Empire Frankish. ENgilandi zakudala feudalism yangeNkathi Ephakathi yayiwukuphela "amazwe" Norman abanqobi ekhulwini XI. Kamuva lo nezinye uhlelo zezombangazwe nezomnotho iye yasungula eJalimane. AmaJalimane ukuthuthukiswa feudalism sibhekene inqubo okuphambene ukuhlanganiswa monarchical, okuyinto emenza izingxabano eziningi (isibonelo obuhlukile iyona yeFrance, lapho feudalism kwamiswa ohlanga ngaphambili eyodwa).

Kungani-ke kwenzekani? EJalimane, obuswa amakhosi ohlanga ka Hohenstaufen, owazama ukwakha umbuso nge yokwehlayo eqinile lapho ngamunye rừng ephansi kuya phezulu balalela. Nokho, inkosi akazange abe yinqaba yabo siqu - endaweni eqinile, owawuzobanika ukuzimela ngokwezimali. Korol Fridrih Ngazama ukukwenza lesizinda monarchic ngakho inyakatho ye-Italy, kodwa kukhona wangena ezingqubuzana uPapa. Impi phakathi kuhulumeni futhi izinduna eJalimane waqhubeka iminyaka engamakhulu amabili eminyaka. Ekugcineni, ngawo-XIII leminyaka, isihloko lombusi waba akhethwe kunokuba ngofuzo, ukulahlekelwa ithuba lokubusa phezu kwabanikazi bamazwe ezinkulu. EJalimane isikhathi eside yaphenduka inhlonhlo esendaweni eyinkimbinkimbi principalities ezimele.

Ngokungafani umakhelwane enyakatho, e-Italy, ukusungulwa feudalism okuhambe yashesha ijubane kusukela ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi. Kuleli zwe, njengoba ifa endala wahlala emzini ekuphathweni ezimele kamasipala, eyagcina ngesisekelo kwehlukana zezombusazwe. Uma eFrance, eJalimane iSpain ngemva kokuwa koMbuso WamaRoma abangu bakamalalahlengezela ugcwale namaqaba angaphandle e-Italy, amasiko abadala alukapheli. Ngokushesha, emadolobheni amakhulu baba izikhungo imali eningi ukuhweba iMedithera.

ISonto e-Italy wayebhekene owalandela endala Izicukuthwane senatorial. Ababhishobhi kuze kube ekhulwini XI kwakuvame abaqondisi ayisihluthulelo imizi Apennine nhlonhlo. ithonya okukhethekile IBandla onyakaziswa abahwebi abacebile. Badale umasipala ehlukile, waqasha abaphathi yangaphandle futhi ngek nezifunda ezisemaphandleni. Ngakho emhlabeni emadolobheni yimpumelelo kakhulu baye basungula awabo, lapho komasipala eqoqwe izintela okusanhlamvu. Ngenxa izinqubo ngenhla e-Italy lapho baba baningi republic ahlukile ukuthi ukuhlukanisa izwe zibe yizicucu eziningi ezincane.