Isimo Nceku: imfundo, ifomu, isakhiwo

Lesakhiwo ubugqila base le womnotho wethu endala futhi endulo. Ukugqilazwa kwabantu sikhiqiza izinzuzo emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka. Egypt, edolobheni yase-Aramu Naharayimi, iGrisi neRoma - ubugqila base kuyingxenye ebalulekile zonke mibuso. Ekuqaleni kwawo-zasendulo Ephakathi esikhundleni sakhe kwavela feudalism.

kumiswa

Ngokomlando, ukuthi isimo eyisigqila yayiyisikhonzi esiphansi Uhlobo lokuqala uhulumeni, kwakhiwa emva noqhekeko we bakudala uhlelo ngokuhlanganyela. INhlangano yayisisebenzisa yizigaba, kukhona abacebile nabampofu. Ngenxa yalokhu ingxabano, kanye nesikhungo lobugqila ezaphakama. Yayisekelwe ngempoqo uJehova futhi kwaba isisekelo ke uhulumeni.

Eyokuqala nceku ithi kuphakama ekuqa- yesine - enkulungwaneni yesithathu yeminyaka BC. Lezi zihlanganisa embusweni waseGibhithe, i-Asiriya, kanye emzini Sumerians esigodini-Ewufrathe neTigrisi. Ngenkulungwane yesibili BC, zokwakheka ezifana kwakhiwa iChina neNdiya. Ekugcineni, inceku uthi yokuqala wahlanganisa, futhi umbuso bakwaHeti.

Izinhlobo kanye namafomu

izazi-mlando zanamuhla ukwehlukana lasendulo inceku uthi ku izinhlobo eziningana kanye namafomu. Uhlobo lokuqala lihlanganisa despotism asempumalanga. Isici esibalulekile of them was ukulondoloza ezinye izici ubudala omphakathi lasekuqaleni. ubugqila wezinzalamizi laliyisidala - inceku wavunyelwa ukuba umndeni wakhe kanye nempahla. Esikhathini kamuva uthi Antique, lesi sici eye yanyamalala. Ngaphezu ubunikazi yangasese yezigqila, kwakukhona ebugqilini elakhiwa abantu abaningi, lapho izigqila ephethwe noma emathempelini.

bokusebenza komuntu isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko emkhakheni wezolimo. despotism Oriental kwakhiwa ezigodini semilambo, kodwa ngisho kunjalo, kwadingeka ukuthuthukisa ezolimo ngokwakha eziyinkimbinkimbi ngenkasa izinhlelo. Mayelana lezi zinceku wasebenza iqembu. Nge lesi sici despotism Oriental exhunywe nokuba khona imiphakathi ke wezolimo.

Kamuva lasendulo slaveholding uthi bakha uhlobo lwesibili lamazwe - yamaGreki namaRoma. Ayevelele okukhiqiza okuthuthukisiwe ayenqaba ephelele izinsalela lasekuqaleni. amafomu athuthukisiwe yokuxhaphaza, ukucindezelwa esinonya uquqaba kanye nodlame olubhekiswe kubo oye yayina kakhulu. ubunikazi sabaqashi ushintshe yangasese sezinhliziyo zabanikazi bezigqila. Kwaba abukhali ekungalinganini emphakathini ukubusa nokungabi nabulungisa amakilasi okuphambene.

isimo senceku yamaGreki namaRoma khona ngokuvumelana nesimiso izinceku wavuma ngaphansi kwazo zinto nabakhiqizi umcebo zabanikazi. Abanaso ukuthengisa yomshikashika wabo, bona ababethengiswe azo. Izincwadi zasendulo nezinto zobuciko ngokucace uyakufakazela lokhu eziyimbangela. Inceku uhlobo isimo wasikisela ukuthi isiphetho yisigqila ukubaluleka kuyinto isiphetho izilwane noma imikhiqizo.

Abantu ababa yizigqila ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene. ERoma lasendulo, izigqila kwathiwa iziboshwa zempi nezakhamuzi ezabanjwa phakathi nomkhankaso. Kanti futhi, abantu bazolahlekelwa uma ayengahluleka sikhokhele izikweletu ababoleka. ezivamile Ikakhulukazi lo mkhuba e-India. Ekugcineni, isimo senceku engenza inceku okonile.

Izigqila semi khulula

Nokuxhaphaza futhi bexhashazwa aba isisekelo somphakathi wasendulo. Kodwa ngaphandle kwabo lapho, futhi third-party amakilasi abayizakhamuzi isigamu-mahhala futhi mahhala. EBhabhiloni, iChina neNdiya, lawa kwakungamadodana artisan kanye abalimi-abakhululekileyo nabayizigqila. E-Athene, kwakukhona isigaba metics - esezinzile izwe sabezinye izizwe namaGreki. Futhi kubo abangu zibalwa omnene intando kwezigqila. Ngokufanayo kwaba ekilasini Peregrino, yayikhona uMbuso WaseRoma. Ngakho madoda okuthiwa khulula ngaphandle saseRoma. Esinye isigaba kuyadida zomphakathi wamaRoma ibala amakoloni - wasekela abantu banamathela amasayithi yaqashiswa futhi ngezindlela eziningi wayefana eziboshiwe abalimi ka medieval feudalism isikhathi.

Kungakhathaliseki indlela isimo senceku, smallholders kanye netingcweti temsebenti babehlala besengozini lwencithakalo zababolekisa ngemali nabanikazi bemihlaba ezinkulu. abasebenzi Mahhala babe akunakunisiza abaqashi, njengoba yomshikashika wabo wahlala ebiza kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa kanzima isigqila. Uma abalimi phasi, manje noma ngokuhamba kwesikhathi bahlanganiswe kwababusi lumpen, ikakhulukazi ezinkulu e-Athene neRoma.

isimo inceku inertia ukuyiveza kwephule i amalungelo azo amalungelo aphelele yezigqila. Ngakho, amakholomu kanye Peregrines ningaweli ngomphumela ogcwele yomthetho waseRoma. Abalimi awudayise, kanye indawo lapho kwakuhlangene. Hhayi siyizigqila, abakwazanga kubhekwe futhi mahhala.

imisebenzi

incazelo egcwele isimo senceku ngeke akwenze ngaphandle kukhulunywa imisebenzi yayo ngaphakathi kanye nabangaphandle. Imisebenzi ka amandla okunquma okuqukethwe komphakathi yayo, izifiso, izimpokophelo kanye Isifiso sokulondoloza oludala. Ukudalwa zonke izimo ezidingekile ukusetshenziswa izigqila futhi zonakalise abantu khulula - esiyinhloko imisebenzi yangaphakathi ukuthi enze isimo senceku. Amazwe izinhlelo idivayisi ezifana ehlukile ukuhlangabezana izithakazelo evelele isigaba sezenhlalo Izicukuthwane, abanikazi bamazwe ezinkulu, nokunye. D.

Ikakhulukazi ngokucacile lesi simiso sabonakala eGibhithe lasendulo. Esikhathini umbuso empumalanga kwamandla elawulwa ngokuphelele umnotho nemisebenzi yomphakathi zihlelekile, lapho uquqaba ezinkulu abantu abebenza. Imisebenzi enjengale futhi "ukwakhiwa kwekhulu" yayidingeka ngenjongo yezinto ukwakhiwa kwemisele kanye nezinye izingqalasizinda, ukuthuthukisa amandla ngezinye izimo zemvelo okungekuhle ipulazi.

Njenganoma yiluphi olunye uhlelo isimo, uhlelo inceku lalingekho ngaphandle ukuqinisekisa ukulondeka kwawo. Ngakho-ke, amandla kula mazwe zasendulo zazikwenza konke ukucindezela umbhikisho yezigqila futhi lonke uquqaba abacindezelwe. Lokhu Ukuvikelwa kwakuhlanganisa nokuvikelwa kwempahla yangasese wenceku. Isidingo kwaba khona. Ngokwesibonelo, eRoma, kwezakhi engezansi kwavukelwa senzeka njalo, futhi ukuvukela uSpartacus eminyakeni 74-71. BC. e. futhi bonke baba edume.

amathuluzi ukucindezelwa

Uhlobo isimo senceku njalo esetshenziswa amathuluzi anjenge izinkantolo, ibutho ejele ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu ngokumelene ukukhononda. Ngo Sparta, ke aqala umkhuba wokuhlangana ukuboniswa gqwa okwabulawa kuyo inqwaba yabantu abantu ababengenamandla-domain yomphakathi. Izenzo ezinjalo ingajezisa ngokuthi mfihlo. ERoma, uma inceku wabulala inkosi yayo inamandla okujezisa umbulali wabulawa akuyona kuphela, kodwa futhi zonke izigqila owayehlala naye ngaphansi kophahla efanayo. Lolusiko emenza kwesisekelo umthwalo collective.

Nceku isimo, isimo izinduna nezinye zithi esidlule futhi uzama ukuthonya abantu ngokusebenzisa inkolo. Ukugqilazwa kanye nokuntuleka amalungelo wamemezela oda zenzisa. Izigqila eziningi angazanga ukuphila, njengoba kwaboniswa e impahla ngesikhathi umnumzana ngokuzalwa, ngakho kunzima ukucabanga inkululeko. zezinkolo zamaqaba endala, ideologically sivikele ukusebenza, kwaqinisa izinceku ukufezwa isikhundla salo esivamile.

Ngaphezu imisebenzi yangaphakathi bebelokhu okunamandla imisebenzi kahulumeni kanye nabangaphandle. Ukuthuthukiswa inceku uthi kwakusho impi njalo nomakhelwane balo, ukunqotshwa futhi ukugqilazwa ubungako entsha, sivikele izimpahla zabo siqu kusuka izinsongo zangaphandle, ukuze ukwakha isimiso ukuphathwa kuhle ezweni matasa kuwo. Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi le misebenzi bangaphandle sisondelene imisebenzi yangaphakathi. Bona baqinise futhi umphelelisi nomunye.

Ukuvikelwa ukuhleleka

Ukuze afeze imisebenzi zangaphakathi nezangaphandle yayikhona kungaphefumuli isimo. Ngendlela efanele usaqala yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezinhlangano kohlelo senceku, lokhu indlela kwaba ampofu futhi engeyona inkimbinkimbi. Kancane kancane, waba namandla futhi lakhula. Yingakho imishini zokuphatha yamadolobha nesi ngeke kuqhathaniswe nge apharathasi okubi okwakugcwele eMbusweni WaseRoma.

Ikakhulukazi kwaqina amaqembu ahlomile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, enwetshiwe lwebulungisa. Institutions kuyenzeka ihlangane. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Athens VV eminyaka. BC. e. ukuphathwa inqubomgomo kwaba bule - yemidlalo yeCouncil of Five Hundred. Nge ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo isimo ukuze ungeze ke izikhulu akhethwe Onogada ezindabeni zezempi. Kwaba Hipparchus futhi strategist. Ukuze imisebenzi zokuphatha, nabo bebekhona umuntu onokwethenjelwa - arhopty. Yaba enkantolo ezimele nama-ejensi elihlobene ne amahlelo enkolo. Ezemfundo slaveholding uthi savela cishe ngendlela efanayo - izinkinga zokwenza amalungiselelo zokuphatha. Izikhulu kanye bamasosha nabo abakwazanga ngqo exhumene ebugqilini, kodwa imisebenzi yabo ngandlela-thile wavikela ezimisiwe isimiso sezombangazwe nokuzinza yayo.

Ikilasi zabantu abazithola kwemsebenti wahulumende, kwamiswa kuphela ngokuhambisana izizathu ekilasini. izikhundla eziphezulu kungathatha azi kuphela. Abamele eminye kwezakhi yezenhlalakahle icala engcono, kuvela kwi rungs engezansi apharathasi isimo. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Athens, ngezinye zezigqila kwakhiwa ezindaweni eziqhelelene, ukwenza imisebenzi amaphoyisa.

Indima ebalulekile kukhala ophathwa ngabapristi. Nabo isimo sabo, njengoba umthetho, benzelwe kule nomthetho, kanye nethonya kwabo bekulokhu okuphawulekayo amandla amaningi asendulo - Egypt, iBhabhiloni, eRoma. Bona sithonye ukuziphatha nasezingqondweni uquqaba. amathempeli izikhonzi nonkulunkulu bezinto ezingabonakali namandla ezifakelwa ubuntu yokukhulekelwa kukankulunkulukazi yinkosi esikhundleni sakhe. Umsebenzi wabo ngemibono kanye labantu kakhulu kwaqinisa ohlelweni ezifana inceku States. abapristi amalungelo babe olubanzi - bagubha ithuba elihle futhi ngajabulela kwenhlonipho emhlabeni, ukwesaba akhuthaze abanye emphakathini. namasiko enkolo namasiko abangu njengengcwele, enika bangasephula abefundisi impahla kanye umuntu.

isimiso sezombangazwe nemithetho

Zonke lasendulo nceku ithi, kuhlanganise inceku uthi lokuqala ensimini ka-Russia (amakoloni ngesiGreki ogwini Black Sea), fixed ukuhleleka ngemithetho. Basuke oluyonqunywa uhlamvu ikilasi emphakathini wesimanje. izibonelo ezisobala imithetho enjalo imithetho Solon, le-Athene futhi komthetho wamaRoma Servius Tullius. Baye esungulwe njengoba ukungalingani kuyinsakavukela impahla kanye ihlukaniswe umphakathi ku kwezakhi. Ngokwesibonelo, e-India amaseli ezinjalo ngokuthi lombhalo futhi Varna.

Ngenkathi uthi inceku endaweni izwe lethu uyasala imitsetfo, izazi-mlando emhlabeni wonke ukuhlola endulo yaseBabiloni uHammurabi noma "Encwadi Imithetho" of China lasendulo. ithuluzi yayo yalolu hlobo ukhona e-India. Esikhathini BC II leminyaka. e kwakukhona imithetho Manu. Babelana izinceku ngezigaba eziyisikhombisa: kunikelwe ngayo kwabanye, uthenge, esitholakala ngofuzo kubantu ifa, naba yizigqila njengesijeziso ezithathwe impi, izigqila okuqukethwe kanye nezigqila ezizalwe endlini yomnikazi. Sinenkosi laliwukuthi bonke laba bantu kwahluka ngokuphelele ngaphandle amalungelo ayo, futhi isiphetho sabo kuncike ngokuphelele umusa umnikazi.

Ama-oda Okufanayo alotshwa imithetho kwenkosi yaseBhabhiloni uHammurabi, esihlelwe ngomumo BC XVIII leminyaka. e. Lokhu egumbini kwakuthiwa uma okuyinhloko isigqila, benqaba ukukhonza noma eziphikisana kuye, kufanele waquma indlebe yayo. isigqila usizo ukubalekela kujeziswa ngesigwebo sentambo (lokhu kuyiqiniso ngisho amadoda khulula).

Kungakhathaliseki imibhalo esiyingqayizivele yaseBhabhiloni, India kanye nezinye uthi lasendulo, imithetho ephelele kakhulu kucatshangwa ukuthi imithetho eRoma. Bayamthonya, kwakheka amakhodi nezinye emazweni amaningi okuqondene nesiko laseNtshonalanga. Umthetho wamaRoma, elaba WaseByzantium ukuthonywa isigqila uthi endaweni Russia, kuhlanganise Kievan Rus.

Esikhathini umbuso amaRoma phelelisa ifa ezakhiwa izikhungo ezimele impahla, indlu, imalimboleko, isitoreji, ukuthengwa nokudayiswa. Into ubudlelwane ngesimiso esinjalo somthetho kungaba niyizinceku, ngoba babebhekwa hhayi kuphela njengoba umkhiqizo noma impahla. Umthombo le mithetho yayivela amasiko Roman eladabuka endulo, lapho kwakungekho umbuso noma umbuso, futhi kwakungekho umphakathi bakudala kuphela. Nakabuka emasikweni Ezizukulwaneni ezidlule, abameli eziningi futhi kamuva kwakhiwa isimiso somthetho sangaleso kwamazwe main endala.

Kukholakala ukuthi imithetho yaseRoma sisebenza, njengoba "isinqumo futhi yakwamukela abantu baseRoma" (njengoba lokhu mqondo ingxenye plebs futhi abampofu). Lezi imikhawulo kugadwa ubuhlobo inceku emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka. izenzo zomthetho Okubalulekile babe izimemezelo of izimantshi, okuyinto yashicilelwa ngokushesha ngemva kunikezelwa esinye isikhulu esiphakeme.

ukuxhashazwa yezigqila

Izigqila isetshenziswe kuphela umsebenzi wezolimo kuleli dolobhana, kodwa futhi ukuze kugcinwe endlini Manor. Iziboshwa kuqashelwe izigodi nokuhleleka kwabo, uzilungiselele ekhishini, walinda etafuleni, ayothenga izinto esizidingayo. Babekwazi ukwenza imisebenzi ye-wokugada, kulandela umnikazi wakhe sithi ukulula izinyawo, umsebenzi, ukuzingela noma ngabe ethubeleza icala. Sithathe ngenxa yokwethembeka yayo nokuhlonipha engqondweni, inceku uthole ithuba lokuba izingane umfundisi yomnikazi. Iningi lezinceku eseduze babesebenza icala noma ababonisi abamisiwe izigqila entsha.

umsebenzi okhandlayo wabelwa izigqila, ngenxa yokuthi elite babematasa ukuvikela isimo nokwanda kwalo maqondana nomakhelwane bayo. Ama-oda Okufanayo ayevamile ikakhulukazi republic ahlukile. Amandla kwezohwebo noma amakoloni, lapho yaqhakaza ukudayiswa izinsiza eziyindlala, abacindezeli babesebenza ukuthengiselana commercial inzuzo. Ngenxa yalokho, umsebenzi wokulima waphathisa izinceku. Lokhu ukusatshalaliswa amandla athuthukile, isibonelo, eKorinte.

Athens, kunalokho, isikhathi eside aqhubeka nemikhuba yabo wezinzalamizi wezolimo. Ngisho ngaphansi Pericles, uma le nqubomgomo safinyelela nenkathi yokudlondlobala kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe, izakhamuzi khulula zithanda ukuhlala kule ndawo. Izejwayezi ezinjalo basindza isikhathi eside, naphezu kwandzisa ukuhweba idolobha kanye ehlotshiswe nezithombe esiyingqayizivele.

Izinceku ababekwa ziphethwe yidolobhakazi, kwenziwe umsebenzi ngcono zabo. Ezinye zazo bekwi ukuvikelwa umthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Athens, ehlanganisa umzimba enkulungwaneni abacibisheli umSkithe ekwenzeni imisebenzi amaphoyisa. Izigqila eziningi babekhona kwezempi lasolwandle. Ezinye zazo ngesikhathi inkonzo ngokuthumela abanikazi ngabanye. Lezi zigqila baba amatilosi, anakekela imikhumbi kanye nemishini. Ngo ibutho, izigqila kwakufanele ikakhulukazi abasebenzi. Amasosha abenziwe kuphela ingozi ngokushesha isimo. EGrisi, isimo esinjalo savela ngesikhathi Izimpi Persian, noma ekupheleni ekulweni amaRoma phambili.

umthetho impi

ERoma, izigqila ozimele basutha ziqhamuka ngaphandle. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kuleli zwe, bese abakulowo mbuso isinyathelo kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi umthetho empi. Isitha, owathunyelwa isiboshwa, zibancishe wonke amalungelo. Wazithola ngaphandle komthetho, ngiyeke phansi ukuba kubhekwe umuntu ngomqondo ogcwele wegama. Umshado isiboshwa inqanyulwa, igalelo lakhe lisavuliwe.

kwakungenza abantu bezizwe abaningi bayizigqila zezinkolelo kwabulawa emva sokunqoba migubho. Izigqila babengase iqhaza ukuzijabulisa ukuba laseRoma izimpi lapho ababili alien kwakufanele abulalane ukuze usinde. Ngemva ukuthunjwa Sicily ekutheni izisebenzisa kwemihlambi. Wonke umuntu yeshumi wabulawa - ukuze abantu athumba esiqhingini ngobusuku obubodwa kwehle ngo eyodwa kweziyishumi. ESpain Cisalpine eGaul ekuqaleni bahlubuka njalo emelene ukubuswa amaRoma. Ngakho, lezi izifundazwe kwakungamadodana abahlinzeki eyinhloko izigqila republic.

Ngesikhathi sempi yakhe edumile eGaul, uKhesari ngesikhathi esisodwa endalini izigqila entsha 53.000 kusukela phakathi namaqaba. Emithonjeni efana UPlutarch futhi Appian, okukhulunywe ngaye emibhalweni yakhe mayelana izinombolo ezinkulu nakakhulu. Ngoba noma yisiphi udaba isimo senceku kwakungeyona ngisho bamba yezigqila, futhi nokugcinwa yabo. Ngokwesibonelo, izakhamuzi zase-Sardinia naseSpain, ezazidume ngokutshala recalcitrance yayo, ngenxa yalokho amadoda amazwe Izicukuthwane amaRoma ayezama ukuthengisa, hhayi ukugcina kuhlanganise nezinceku zazo siqu. Lapho Republic baba uMbuso futhi izithakazelo zayo baye bawusibekela lonke Mediterranean, izifunda main yezigqila esikhundleni abahlinzeki entshonalanga babé amazwe empumalanga, njengoba kukhona isiko lobugqila kwakuyinto yansuku zonke ezizukulwaneni eziningi.

Ukuphela nceku ithi

UMbuso WaseRoma uwa ngo-BC V leminyaka. e. Nguye okwakubhekwe ukuthi zokugcina endulo classical States baletha ndawonye cishe lonke izwe lasendulo eduze noLwandle LwaseMedithera. Kusukela kwaba isinqamu enkulu empumalanga, eyaziwa kamuva ngokuthi uMbuso WaseByzantium. E-West, ayakha lokho okuthiwa imibuso ngowezizwe, okwaba prototypes European isizwe uthi.

Zonke lezi izifunda kancane kancane wathutha enkathini entsha zomlando - Ephakathi. isisekelo yabo engokomthetho baba nobuhlobo amakhosi asendulo. Bafaka Institute lobugqila zakudala. Ukwencika abalimi kusukela izikhulu abacebile ngaphezulu basinda, kodwa sekuyinto nezinye izinhlobo, okuyizinto luhluke ebugqilini lasendulo.