Slaves - ngubani ezinjalo? Isimo ngokomthetho yezigqila eRoma lasendulo

Kuwo wonke umlando wesintu eningi amacala ezibikiwe lapho maqondana nezigaba ezithile zabantu ukusebenzisa umthetho, lokuhlobanisa ukuba impahla. Ngokwesibonelo, kuyaziwa ukuthi isimo esinjalo enamandla njengoba Ancient Egypt futhi uMbuso WaseRoma yayakhiwa izimiso ebugqilini.

Ngubani Inceku

Sekuyizinkulungwane zeminyaka izingqondo engcono yabo bonke abantu abasemhlabeni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi abaluphi uhlanga nenkolo, elwela inkululeko ngamunye futhi ugomela ngokuthi bonke abantu kufanele kulingane e amalungelo abo phambi komthetho. Ngeshwa, kwathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwenkulungwane ngaphambi kwalezi izimfuno ziyabonakala emthethweni emazweni amaningi emhlabeni, kanti ngaphambi kwalokho, izizukulwane eziningi abantu baye bazibonela ukuthi kusho ukuba ulinganiswa nezinto ezingaphili wancishwa ithuba bachithe ukuphila kwabo. Umbuzo: "Ngubani inceku? ' Ungayiphendula ngokucaphuna -Universal Declaration of Human Rights UN. Ikakhulukazi, lithi incazelo enjalo kufanelekile yimuphi umuntu akakwazi bebodwa kudingeka bawushiye phansi umsebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, igama elithi "inceku" ubizwa nangokuthi umuntu, okuyinto is owned by omunye umuntu.

Kanjani ebugqilini njengoba enzeka mass

Njengabangaqondakali kungase kuzwakale, kodwa izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi uyisicekelo ukugqilazwa kwabantu kwaba ekusungulweni kobuchwepheshe bokuthuthukisa. Iqiniso liwukuthi phambi Umuntu angase adale ngomsebenzi wawo inani imikhiqizo ezingaphezu kuka kwakudingekile ukuba ngokwayo ukuze baqhubeke bephila, ubugqila base kwezomnotho kuyinto engenakwenzeka, ngakho labo ekuthunjweni, babemane wabulawa. Isimo sashintsha lapho kwezolimo babeba sibonga engabizi ukuvela amathuluzi amasha. Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala khona uthi lapho kwakusetshenziswa izigqila, ubheke ekuqaleni III yeminyaka. BC. e. Abacwaningi wazi ukuthi lokhu omncane laseMesophothamiya. Ziningi ukhuluma yezigqila ezitholakala iTestamente Elidala. Ikakhulukazi, icacisa izizathu ezimbalwa ezenza abantu kokushintshela rừng aphansi isitebhisi nomphakathi. Ngakho, ngokuvumelana Encwadi izincwadi, izinceku - akusiyo kuphela iziboshwa, kodwa futhi abazithola ehluleka ukukhokha izikweletu, washada waba yisigqila kukho, noma amasela, abangakwazanga alulame intshontshiwe noma isinxephezelo umonakalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yokufuna isimo umuntu kwakusho ukuthi inzalo yakhe nazo cishe babengenalo ithuba esisemthethweni ukuba ukhululwe.

izigqila waseGibhithe

Kuze kube manje, izazi-mlando eziye asikafiki ukuze ukuvumelana mayelana nesimo abantu "lumahhala" yombuso wasendulo obuswa oFaro. Kunoma ikuphi, kuyaziwa ukuthi wawuyinceku ezweni laseGibithe babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli yingxenye yomphakathi, futhi babephathwa ngempela enozwela. Ikakhulukazi eziningi abantu wayelapho ophoqelelwe ngenkathi balo Mbuso Omusha, lapho ngisho abavamile khulula abaseGibithe babengenakuphuza unazo izinceku ezihlala fanele kuze them ngelungelo ubunikazi. Nokho, njengoba umthetho, kungukuthi esetshenziswa njengoba abakhiqizi yezolimo kanye uvunyelwe ukudala umndeni. Ngokuphathelene kwesikhathi yamaGreki, beyizigqila eGibhithe phakathi nokubusa uPtolemy wahlala ngendlela efanayo njengoba yabo nabo nangabanye abanale nkinga, kwamanye amazwe, okuyinto akhiwa ngemva kokuwa kwalo mbuso Aleksandra Makedonskogo. Ngakho, singasho ukuthi mayelana IV ekhulwini BC umnotho yilona lizwe amakhulu kunawo wonke endaweni enyakatho ye-Afrika, babusekelwe ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo abalimi khulula.

Izigqila in Ancient Greece

ngempucuko yesimanje aseYurophu, futhi phambi yavuka sasendulo saseRoma ngesisekelo yamaGreki asendulo. Futhi yena, yona, yonke impumelelo yakhe, kuhlanganise namasiko, waphoqeleka ukuba yizikhonzi imodi zokukhiqiza. Njengoba sekushiwo, isimo indoda khulula endulo ngokuvamile elahlekile ngenxa ukuthunjwa. Futhi njengoba ngesiGreki lizisho njalo elwa nomunye, inani izigqila anda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu isimo inikezwe okweletayo ezikweletini futhi metekam - abezizwe abaphakathi ababecashe kusukela ukukhokhwa kwezintela endaweni yomcebo isimo. Phakathi kwezinto avame wemfanelo izinceku eGrisi lasendulo, singakwazi ukuhlukanisa izindlu, kanye nomsebenzi ezimayini, lemikhumbi yempi (abagwedli) ngisho kwezempi. Phela, in the mBhalo, amasosha abaye babonisa isibindi ezehlukile, sezidedelwa zaya endle, futhi zabanikazi ihlawulelwa ekulahlekelweni elihlobene ne-ukulahlekelwa inceku, bangakunaki isimo. Ngakho, ngisho nalabo azalelwa hhayi khulula, sathola ithuba bashintshe isimo sabo.

lezigqila zamaRoma

Njengoba kufakazelwa basinda izincwadi zomlando, eGreece yasendulo, iningi labantu ophucwa ilungelo labo bachithe ukuphila kwabo, baba namaGreki. Okuhluke kakhulu kwakunjalo eRoma yasendulo. Phela, lo mbuso kuyinto njalo ukulwa nomakhelwane balo abaningi, yingakho izinceku Roman - kuba ikakhulukazi abantu bangaphandle. Iningi lazo bazalelwa khulula, futhi ngokuvamile Uzamile ukubaleka kodwa ukubuyela ekhaya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuvumelana Amathebula Nambili, okuyizinto ngesihluku ngokuphelele ekuqondeni umuntu wesimanje, ubaba wayengenayo bathengise izingane zabo ebugqilini. Ngenhlanhla, ukuhlinzekwa yokugcina sekuneminyaka kuphela kuze ukwamukelwa yomthetho buxhomeke okuyinto izigqila komthetho wamaRoma - ngubani lutho kodwa amaRoma. Ngamanye amazwi, umuntu mahhala, a plebeian ngisho patrician ngaphezulu noma kunjalo ayikwazanga abe yisigqila. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, akubona bonke abantu kulesi sigaba azizange ziphatheke kahle. Ngokwesibonelo, esimweni kunalokho nelungelo ayeyizigqila yasendlini, ngokuvamile abahlala ziqondakala abanikazi amalungu omndeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zingase zibe khulula nguMnu bequest noma amasevisi emndenini wakubo.

Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke inceku kuvukela Roman

Isifiso inkululeko ehlala kuwo wonke umuntu. Ngakho-ke, nakuba abanikazi wacabanga ukuthi izigqila zabo - kuyinto isiphambano phakathi amathuluzi ezingaphili futhi ukupakisha izilwane, bavame rose ekuhlubukeni. Lezi amacala mass yokungalaleli ngokuvamile ngesihluku ukuyiveza yiziphathimandla. Lo mcimbi edume kunazo efana nayo - we ezilotshwe izincwadi zomlando - ubhekwa ukuvukela inceku uSpartacus. Yenzeka esikhathini kusuka eminyakeni 74 kuya 71 ezitholakala kule nkathi yethu, futhi kwakuhlelwa izilwi. Iqiniso ukuthi lezi zihlubuki ephethwe lapho cishe iminyaka emithathu ukugcina at bay iSigele SaseRoma, izazi-mlando zithi yokuthi ngaleso sikhathi, iziphathimandla azikwazanga ukuphonsa ngebutho lamadoda yezigqila abaqeqeshiwe amayunithi lempi, njengoba cishe wonke amabutho alwa eSpain, e-Asia Minor futhi yaseThrace. Ngemuva kokuwina eziningana ngokunqoba ephezulu sephrofayela, ibutho uSpartacus, umnyombo okuyinto ayeyizigqila Roman waqeqeshwa karate kwaleso sikhathi, nakuba Saphulwa, futhi bafa empini, mhlawumbe ngokuthi esuka ngezandla isosha eliyingane okuthiwa noFeliksi.

Uprising e Ancient Egypt

izenzakalo ezifanayo, kodwa yebo, is ingasaphathwa eyaziwayo, sekube emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ngaphambi kokusungulwa eRoma, loMfula iNayile, ekupheleni Ephakathi Kingdom. Ziyakwazi isibonelo ezichazwe "Isifundo Noferrehu" - ngesitshalo sebungu, lilondolozwe Petersburg Hermitage. Nokho, kule dokhumenti liphawuleka ukuthi lokhu kubhikisha wavuswa abalimi abampofu, bese kamuva kwangena izigqila, ikakhulukazi abasuka e-Asia Minor. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ubufakazi walondoloza okubonisa ukuthi amalungu inhlokomo wafuna ngokuyinhloko ukubhubhisa imibhalo eziye amalungelo kanye nenzuzo yokuba abantu abacebile eqoshiwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinceku wayekholelwa ukuthi akuyena obangele leso simo lenhlupho akuyo unjust thetho iGibhithe, okungathi ihlukaniswe abantu ku khulula nezigqila. Njengoba ukuvukela uSpartacus, ukuvukela waseGibhithe uye nako ukuyiveza, futhi amalungu alo - okwalapha ubhujiswe.

wamaRoma ephathelene nezigqila

Kuyaziwa ukuthi imithetho yesimanje emazweni amaningi zisekelwe komthetho wamaRoma. Ngakho, ngokusho kwakhe wonke amadoda zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili: izakhamuzi khulula (ingxenye elibusisekile umphakathi) nezigqila (lena engezansi, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, waphonsa). Ngokomthetho, hhayi indoda khulula akubhekwa ehlukile inhlangano esemthethweni futhi akanawo amandla angokomthetho. Ikakhulukazi, ezimweni eziningi - kusukela iphuzu lomthetho umbono - wenza noma njengoba into ubudlelwane zomthetho, njengoba kungaba "ekhuluma ithuluzi". Kulokhu, uma inceku umfazi khulula noma uyisigqila ushade nomuntu khulula, abakwazanga ufanelekele yokukhululeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isibonelo, zonke izigqila owayehlala Mr ngaphansi kophahla olulodwa, kwadingeka ukuba abulawe nakanjani uma umnikazi wabo dlulisa ezindongeni zendlu. Uzokwenza kumelwe kuthiwe zangenkathi okubi okwakugcwele eMbusweni WaseRoma, t. E. Ngemuva 27 BC, kwangena izinhlawulo namanenekazi ngokuba nesihluku ezigqileni zakhe siqu.

Imithetho ehambisana beyizigqila eGibhithe lasendulo

Indlela izinceku esimweni zibuswa oFaro, zibe semthethweni emthethweni. Ikakhulukazi, kwakukhona imithetho evimbela izigqila ukubulala, isiqinisekiso kubo ukudla ngisho edingekayo yokukhokhela uhlobo oluthile izigqila. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kwezinye izenzo zomthetho zezigqila ngokuthi "ilunga izidumbu umndeni", lapho abacwaningi elihlobene ne izici of isimo yenkolo ka abakhileyo eGibhithe lasendulo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abantwana indoda khulula, ozalwa kwesigqila, ngesicelo uyise bangathola isimo khulula ngisho ufanelekele isabelo sefa belingana inzalo esisemthethweni.

Ubugqila US: ohlangothini osemthethweni walo udaba

Esinye isimo, ukuchuma kwezomnotho kuyinto efanele usaqala yentuthuko yayisekelwe ukusetshenziswa izigqila, kuyinto e-United States. Kuyaziwa ukuthi izinceku black uqala ukuvela kuleli zwe ngo-1619 eyaziwa. Negros izigqila amazwe e-United States kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu le-19, futhi ngokuvumelana ososayensi kule kuyiqiniso izwe ngomkhumbi esuka Afrika ukuze ingqikithi abantu 645.000. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi iningi imithetho ephathelene ezinjalo "abavela kwamanye amazwe madolonzima", senziwe namashumi okugcina eminyaka ngaphambi Ukwamukelwa Ukuchitshiyelwa Nantathu. Ngokwesibonelo, ngawo-1850-US sashaya isenzo okuba nomthelela omubi umiphi endabeni yezigqila. Ngokusho ke, inani labantu bonke uthi, kuhlanganise nalezo lapho ngesikhathi wokutholwa yayo kakade waqeda ukugqilazwa kwabantu, sayalwa ukuba sibe nezinhloli ukuthatha ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo ukuthunjwa izigqila runaway. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthetho sihlinzekela isigwebo ngisho nalezo izakhamuzi khulula owasiza abamnyama, wabaleka ngalolo suku ngokwesaba azo. Njengoba wazi, naphezu kwayo yonke imizamo Abatshali kusukela uthi eningizimu ukulondoloza ubugqila, namanje kwakungavunyelwe. Nakuba-ke namanje sekudlule cishe ikhulu leminyaka e ahlukahlukene US uthi isinyathelo ehlambalaza labamnyama ukuhlukaniswa imithetho ezephula amalungelo abo.

Ubugqila ezweni lanamuhla

Ngeshwa, isifiso sijabulele netitselo tawo khulula zomsebenzi zabanye abantu is aluzange luqedwe, futhi kuze kube namuhla. Ngakho-ke, ulwazi ilethwa nsukuzonke ku ukuhlonza amacala amasha kushushunjiswa - ukudayiswa nokuxhashazwa zabantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yesimanje ngezigqila nabanikazi inceku ngezinye izikhathi anobudlova okuningi kuna, isibonelo, Roman. Phela, eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane edlule ngesimo esingokomthetho izigqila senziwa eziqondile babethembele intando labaninizo kancane kuphela. Ngokuqondene abongazimbi bokurhwebelana ngabantu, ngokuvamile kuba ngazo, akekho owaziyo, futhi abantu abampofu ithoyizi ezandleni 'amakhosi "yabo.